Flood Disaster

Dr. N. Srinivasa Rajamani,

City Project Coordinator,
UNDP-GoI Project, GVMC
Visakhapatnam.
 Definition of Disaster

A Disaster is an event that occurs in most cases

suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe
disturbances to people, objects and environment,
resulting in loss of life, property and health of the
population.

Such a situation causes disruption in normal pattern

of life, generating misfortune, helplessness and
suffering affecting the socio-economic structure of a
region/country to such an extent that there is a
need for assistance or immediate outside
intervention.
Terminology
 Disaster Risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives, health
status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a
particular community or a society over some specified future
time period.

 Disaster Risk Management: The systematic process of

using administrative directives, organizations, and operational
skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and
improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse
impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster.

 Disaster Risk Reduction: The concept and practice of

reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyse
and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through
reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people
and property, wise management of land and the environment,
and improved preparedness for adverse events.
Terminology
 Risk: The combination of the probability of an event and its negative
consequences.

 Risk Assessment: A methodology to determine the nature and

extent of risk by analysing potential hazards and evaluating existing
conditions of vulnerability that together could potentially harm
exposed people, property, services, livelihoods and the environment
on which they depend.

 Risk Management: The systematic approach and practice of

managing uncertainty to minimize potential harm and loss.

 Risk Transfer: The process of formally or informally shifting the

financial consequences of particular risks from one party to another
whereby a household, community, enterprise or state authority will
obtain resources from the other party after a disaster occurs, in
exchange for ongoing or compensatory social or financial benefits
provided to that other party.
Terminology
 Adaptation: The adjustment in natural or human systems in response to
actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm
or exploits beneficial opportunities.

 Capacity: The combination of all the strengths, attributes and resources

available within a community, society or organization that can be used to
achieve agreed goals.

 Capacity Development: The process by which people, organizations

and society systematically stimulate and develop their capacities over time
to achieve social and economic goals, including through improvement of
knowledge, skills, systems, and institutions.

 Climate Change: A change in the state of the climate that can be

identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the
variability of its properties, and that persists for an extended period,
typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal
processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in
the composition of the atmosphere or in land use”.
Terminology
 Contingency Planning: A management process that
analyses specific potential events or emerging situations
that might threaten society or the environment and
establishes arrangements in advance to enable timely,
effective and appropriate responses to such events and
situations.

 Coping Capacity: The ability of people, organizations and

systems, using available skills and resources, to face and
manage adverse conditions, emergencies or disasters.

 Emergency Management: The organization and

management of resources and responsibilities for
addressing all aspects of emergencies, in particular
preparedness, response and initial recovery steps.
Terminology
 Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity
or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health
impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services,
social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

 Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts

of hazards and related disasters.

 Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities developed by

governments, professional response and recovery
organizations, communities and individuals to effectively
anticipate, respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely,
imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

 Prevention: The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of

hazards and related disasters.
Terminology
 Recovery: The restoration, and improvement where appropriate, of
facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of disaster-affected communities,
including efforts to reduce disaster risk factors.

 Resilience: The ability of a system, community or society exposed to

hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of
a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including through the
preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

 Response: The provision of emergency services and public assistance

during or immediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce health
impacts, ensure public safety and meet the basic subsistence needs of the
people affected.

 Retrofitting: Reinforcement or upgrading of existing structures to

become more resistant and resilient to the damaging effects of hazards.
Terminology
 Structural Measures: Any physical construction to reduce or
avoid possible impacts of hazards, or application of engineering
techniques to achieve hazard-resistance and resilience in structures
or systems;

 Non-structural Measures: Any measure not involving physical

construction that uses knowledge, practice or agreement to reduce
risks and impacts, in particular through policies and laws, public
awareness raising, training and education.

 Sustainable Development: Development that meets the needs

of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.

 Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances of a

community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the
damaging effects of a hazard.
India’s Vulnerability to Disasters
 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is
vulnerable to severe earthquakes.

 68% land is vulnerable to drought.

 12% land is vulnerable to floods.

 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones.

 Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are

also vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters and
man-made disasters.
 GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER

 LOSS OF LIFE
 INJURY
 DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY.
 DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PRODUCTION.
 DISRUPTION OF LIFESTYLE
 LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD.
 DISRUPTION TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES
 DAMAGE TO NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
 DISRUPTION TO GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS
 NATIONAL ECONOMIC LOSS
 SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTER EFFECT.
 Damage HAZARD
Potential

Elements at Risk

Societal Elements
Natural Features People & Live-stock
River/Stream Banks Huts & Semi-permanent Houses
Low-lying Areas Weak Buildings
Sea & Sea-coast Agri. & Horticultural crops
Slopes of hills
Livelihood tools / Equipment
Unsecured personal assets
Public Infrastructure
 Damage HAZARD
Potential

Awareness- Effect
on Elements

Quicker
Society Recovery

Elements at Risk
Action
Communities
Plans More
Huge Losses/ Resilient
Damages

Reduced More Stable Society

Losses
 What is DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Earlier we mainly focus on post disaster relief and
rehabilitation measures. Now the focus is shifted. As per
sec.2(e) of DM Act-2005,

Disaster Management means a coordination and integrated

process of planning, organizing, coordinating and
implementing measures which are necessary or expedient
for-
(i) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster
(ii) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity
or its consequences
(iii) Capacity building
(iv) Preparedness to deal with any disaster
(v) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or
disaster
(vi) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster
(vii) Evacuation, rescue and relief
(viii) Rehabilitation and reconstruction
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

“An applied science which seeks, by the

systematic observation and analysis of
disasters, to improve measures relating to
prevention, mitigation, preparedness,
emergency response and recovery.”
AIMS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
 Reduce (Avoid, if possible) the potential
losses from hazards.

 Assure prompt and appropriate

assistance to victims when necessary.

 Achieve rapid and durable recovery.

 Role Players in Disasters
• People : Individuals, House -Holds,
Volunteers
• Gram Panchayat : Sarpanch, Panchayati
Secretary, Panchayati Members
• Village Elders : Caste/Community/Religious
Leaders, Teachers, Doctors, Engineers,
Retired Army & Police Personnel
• Govt. Deptl. Officers : Agriculture, Medical,
Engineers (Housing, Roads & Buildings,
Irrigation) Revenue Department, Public
Health, Police etc. NGOs
Disaster Management Cycle
 PREVENTION & MITIGATION

 Prevention : Action within this segment is designed to impede the

occurrence of a disaster event and/or prevent such an occurrence
having harmful effects on communities or key installations.

 Mitigation : Action within this segment usually takes the form of

specific programs intended to reduce the effects of disaster on a
nation or community. For instance, some countries regard the
development and application of building codes (which can reduce
damage and loss in the event of earthquakes and cyclones) as being
in the category of mitigation.
 PREPAREDNESS

Preparedness is usually regarded as comprising measures which

enable governments, organizations, communities and individuals
to respond rapidly and effectively to disaster situations.

 Examples of Preparedness measures are :

◦ The formulation & maintenance of valid, up-to-date counter-
disaster plans
◦ Special provisions for emergency action
◦ The provisions of warning systems
◦ Emergency communications
◦ Public education and awareness
◦ Training programs, including exercises and tests.
 Disaster Preparedness
Framework

COMPONENTS OF PREPAREDNESS

Vulnerability Planning Institutional

Assessment Framework
Information Resource Warning
System Base Systems

Response Public Rehearsals

Mechanisms Education
and Training
 RESPONSE

 Response measures are usually those which are taken immediately prior
to and following disaster impact.
 Typical measures include :
◦ Implementation of plans
◦ Activation of the counter-disaster system
◦ Search and Rescue
◦ Provision of emergency food, shelter, medical assistance etc.
◦ Survey and assessment
◦ Evacuation measures
 RECOVERY

 Recovery is the process by which communities and the nation are

assisted in returning to their proper level of functioning following
a disaster.

 Three main categories of activity are normally regarded as

coming within the recovery segment:
 Restoration
 Reconstruction
 Rehabilitation
Disaster Response Activities
 Warning
 Evacuation/Mitigation
 Search and Rescue
 Assessment
 Emergency Relief
 Logistics and Supply
 Communication and information Management
 Survivor Response and coping
 Security
 EOC & coordination
 Expedite rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Principles of Disaster Management

 Risk & Hazard Assessment

 Planning
 Organization
 Resource Utilization
 Need for Specialists
 Training
Types of Water related Disasters
Facts about Floods
Floods threaten human life and property worldwide - floods
account for 15% of all deaths related to natural disasters.

Floods can occur anywhere after heavy all flood plains are
vulnerable and heavy storms cause flash flooding in any part
of the world.

Flooding is a chronic natural hazard with potentially devastating

consequences, giving rise to a third of all losses due to
natural events.

The risks and cost of floods are likely to increase due to global
social and environmental change.
Definition of Flood:
 A flood is a condition that occurs when
water overflows the artificial or natural
boundaries of a stream, river, or other
body of water onto normally dry land.

 Floods often happen due to heavy

rainfall, when ocean waves come on
shore, when snow melts quickly, or
when dams or levees break.
Flood – Basic factors
 Sources
◦ Rain – Heavy rain, Cloud Burst, Depression,
Cyclonic storm
◦ Snowmelt
◦ Breaches – Embankments, Dams
◦ Sea water – Storm surge, Tsunami

 Ground Conditions
◦ Water table
◦ Soaking capacity
◦ Water logging
◦ Run-off
Types of floods
Precipitated floods
 Rainfall floods
◦ Heavy rainfall floods
◦ Single event floods
◦ Multiple event floods
 Flash floods
◦ Single event (Cloud burst)
◦ Multiple event (Temporary blocking)
 Seasonal floods
 Precipitation other than rainfall floods
◦ Snow melt
◦ Ice melt
Types of floods
Non-Precipitated floods
 Estuarine floods
 Coastal floods
◦ Storm surges due to cyclonic storms
◦ Tsunamis due to under-ocean earthquake
 Breaches floods due to breaches in canals,
river embankments, etc
 Dam burst floods
Types of floods

 Urban floods.
 River (or fluvial) floods.
 Pluvial floods (Flash floods and Surface
water floods)
 Coastal floods.
Causes of floods
 Flood in it self is not a disaster.

 It exist as a natural phenomenon

characteristic of all rivers so long as it does
not threaten human life and property. In fact,
flood brings in the much needed water and
fertile silt.

 But the vulnerability of human life and

property turns flood into a hazard and the
actual devastation by flood isa termed as
flood disaster.
Causes of floods
 Climatological forces – Heavy rain

 Human causes – Encroachment of the flood plains

 Heavy water in-flows and inadequate capacity

within the banks of a river to certain high flows.

 River bank erosion and silting of river beds

 Storm surges brought by cyclones and tsunamis

Flood Impact
We consider three basic indicators of the
adverse impact of a disaster:
◦ Significant damage
◦ Persons affected
◦ Number of deaths
Flood Impact
 Washing away of structures
 Inundation of landscapes
 Building collapse
 Floating debris related damages
 Threat of epidemics
 Entry of toxic, un-hygienic and poisonous substances
 Contamination of drinking water sources – wells, lakes, rivers etc
 Loss of harvest
 Washing away of foods stocks
 Loss of animals
 Loss of equipments
 Health problems
 Economic loss
 Un-employment/loss of livelihoods
 Migration
 Socio-economic tensions
Serious consequences
 Floods are the more frequent and most widespread of all the
natural disaster

 They result in death, destruction, disease and displacement

 Whether a flood is sudden onset type or develops slowly, it takes

long to subside and leaves behind prolonged ill-effects.

 Economically and socially disadvantaged sections of the community

suffer the most

 Recurrent nature of floods aggravates the disaster

 The natural hazard of flood turns into a long persisting socio-

economic disaster
 Types of flood impacts
Tangible Intangible
Direct Damage to houses, Loss of industrial
Schools, Roads, Water production, Traffic
supply, Power plant, disruption, Loss of
etc. customers.

Indirect Inconvenience of
Loss of life, Health recovery after floods,
effects, Loss of increased vulnerability
ecological values. of survivors.
Do’s and Dont’s
Do’s
 Do listen to TV/radio for advance information and appropriate advice.

 In anticipation of the flood water entering the house, do unplug all electric
gadgets and move them to safer places. Switch off the electric mains if
water enters the building.

 Do move all movable goods to the highest level in the house or

neighbourhood.

 Do shift all animals to safer places or leave them untied.

 Do remove all insecticides and pesticides along with other toxic goods to
safer and isolated places.

 Do lock all doors and windows before leaving the house.

Do’s and Dont’s
Dont’s

 Don’t wander around in the inundated area.

 Don’t enter the flood waters on foot

unnecessarily.

 Don’t spread rumours in order to create panic

among the people.

 Don’t allow children to stray out in the flood

waters.
Flood Forecasting, Warning and
Monitoring
 Non-structural/Non-engineering methods of flood hazard
mitigation

 Reduce loss of lives and properties (Transferring them to safer

places)

 Flood forecasts are issued by the Central Water Commission when

river stage at the forecasting station is at or above the ‘warning
level’, which is normally one meter below the ‘danger level’ of the
forecasting site.

 The ‘danger level’ is decided by the District revenue authorities

taking the local conditions and past records into considerations.

 Flood forecast is also issued whenever the predicted river stage is

expected to be above the warning level.
Flood Forecasting, Warning and
Monitoring
 Flood forecasting and flood warning situation is monitored
by the CWC in New Delhi by issuing water level and flood
forecast bulletins on a day to day basis.

 This has been made possibly by the computer aided flood

forecasting and warning network and performance appraisal
system (FFWNPAS).

 This system is useful for facilitating prior mitigation steps,

reduce flood damages, rescue, relief, evacuate people,
removal of movable property etc.

 This system requires skilled and responsible man power.

(Hydrology and Meteorology)
Flood Forecasting
Exponentially increasing impact of flooding has raised the profile of
the practice of flood forecasting and warning.

Since late 80-s there has been a move away from the primacy of major
structural interventions for flood control towards more integrated
approach, of which flood forecasting and warning is a component.

The main components of a national flood forecasting and warning

system are the following:
 provision of specific forecasts relating to rainfall for quantity and
timing;
 establishment of a network of manual or automatic hydrometric
stations (linked to a central control);
 flood forecasting model software, linked to the observing network
and operating in real time.
Nature of Flood Risk
Flood risks are related to hydrological uncertainties,
linked to social, economic and political uncertainties.

One of the biggest aspect of flood risk is connected to

population density and economic activities within a
river basin.

Flood warning activities are largely designed to deal

with certain design limits of flooding (100 years, 50
years, 20 years flood).

Modeling systems are set up in relation to know risks

and impact.
Flood mapping
Preparedness
 The aim of disaster preparedness is to minimize the adverse
effects of a hazard through effective precautionary actions
and ensure timely, appropriate and efficient organization and
delivery of emergency response following the impact of a
disaster.

 Prepare the community and government

 The primary responsibility of ensuring disaster preparedness

rests with the State and District administration.

 They prepare comprehensive plans for the disaster

preparedness on the basis of risk analysis and vulnerability
assessment.
Response
 Once the disaster preparedness plans are in place, the
administration and the community at large are in
position to respond to the onset of a disaster.

 These actions commence with the receipt of a

forecast or warning of the impending disaster and
include in the implementation of the disaster
preparedness plans and procedures.

 The disaster response continues through the life

cycle of the disaster (flood in the case) and upto the
completion of the rescue, relief and rehabilitation
programs.
Response
 The response consists of a number of activities
and each activity is formally or informally
governed by a set of policies and procedures and
each activity is typically under the auspices of a
nodal agency.

 The major disaster response activities include

warning, evacuation/migration, search & rescue,
relief, camp management, health, hygiene, post-
disaster assessment, survivor response and
coping, security, emergency operations,
reconstruction, rehabilitation and resettlement.
Mitigation
Various approaches are available to deal with
floods and to mitigate their adverse impacts. As each
situation is different, different approaches or their
combination id adopted. Basically, these approaches
fall under the following three categories:
◦ Modify the floods i.e., do not allow water to
accumulate. (Keep flood water away from people)
◦ Modify the susceptibility of the people to flood
damages i.e., keep the people away from flood
water.
◦ Modify the loss burden inflicted by floods on the
people.
 FLOOD CONTINGENCY PLANS
• It is a practice in vogue in the irrigation department that the river conservators
of all major rivers under River Conservancy Act No. VI of 1884 prepare flood
contingency plans in their jurisdiction well in advance of the flood seasons
every year.
• Normally the Executive Engineers under whose jurisdiction the river falls are
normally designated river conservators even otherwise also they are responsible
for the same including all advance actions and preventive measures to mitigate
the likely occurrence of floods.
• The Flood Contingency Plans in respect of rivers like Godavari, Krishna, which
are subjected occurrence of frequent floods are in place as a regular
phenomenon.
• The District Collectors discuss the mitigation measures of emergency and
permanent in nature with the irrigation officials in the month April itself.
• Appointment of Flood duty officers, Control Rooms, mode of communication
system including alternate, flood stores, identification of vulnerable villages, flood
banks and tanks, implementation of navigation traffic rules, police Bandobust and
evacuation arrangement, flood stores, Relief and Rehabilitation plans are all part
of Flood contingency Plans.
Lessons from past disasters
 The primary lesson learnt from the past flood disasters appears to indicate that
floods cannot be checked through structural measures only i.e., by constructing
reservoirs, embankments and allied structures.

 The limited utility of these structural measures in affective flood management has
led to the realization that non-structural measures of flood management may be
more cost-effective and acceptable.

 Thus, modifying the susceptibility to flood damages and loss burden by methods of
◦ Flood plain management
◦ Flood proofing
◦ Flood disaster preparedness
◦ Flood forecasting and forewarning
◦ Flood insurance etc needs to occupy the center stage in the overall flood
disaster management strategy.
 Role of recent
technologies in Flood
Management
Geo-Spatial Technology

 Geospatial Technology is an emerging field of

study that includes Geographic Information
System (GIS), Global Positioning System
(GPS), and Remote Sensing (RS). Geospatial
technology enables us to obtain data
referenced to the Earth and use it for analysis,
modeling, simulations, and visualization of
spatial data. Geospatial technology allows us
to construct informed decisions based on the
significance and priority of resources, most of
which are limited in nature.
Fields of Geo Spatial Technology:
 ROLE OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES
IN FLOOD MANAGEMENT

An effective flood management program, and all its phases, depends

on a wide range of parameters and large volumes of accurate,
relevant, and timely geo-information. Besides, geographical data and
tools are an absolute necessity if scientific understanding is to be
translated into effective evidence-based and place-based policy . As
indicated in the previous section, the required physical information
includes topography and terrain, soil types, watershed/catchments,
land cover and forestry, and the intensity of the triggering factors.
Ultimately, flood risk management requires socio-economic data
(housing location, valuation data, demographic structure, census
information) as well as land use information, administrative
boundaries, development pressure, and environmental constraints.
 The Role of GIS
Flooding is a dynamic process and exhibits spatial characteristics in
the sense that floods occur at a particular location at which various
contributing factors for the event exist. For example, typical flood
conditions include areas gently sloping or basins, heavy rainfall,
saturated soil and blocked channels . The primary function of GIS is
to store and link multiple digital databases and many different
themed layers of information, graphically display that information as
maps, and to examine how the layers interrelate. These layers, such
as those depicted in the below Figure, would carry the key elements
needed for flood hazard management . This information may come
from many sources, including remote sensing, GPS, censuses, soil
samples, stream gage systems, and weather stations. Additionally,
historical data help in identifying where flood may occur since areas
most commonly flooded are expected to flood again.
GIS layers for Flood Mapping
The Role of Remote Sensing
 Remote sensing is another advancing technology that has benefited flood
modelling and flood risk assessment in providing a cost effective means of
acquiring accurate spatial and temporal data. Remote sensing of the
environment involves the measurement of electromagnetic radiation
reflected from or emitted by the Earth’s surface and relating these
measurements to the types of land cover and habitat in the area being
observed by the sensor. Observing Earth’s surface using sensors on board
various space and air platforms has evolved into a multinational enterprise
producing a large amount of digital data on various physical parameters
that characterize the earth system. Remote sensing continues to expand
making use of new kinds of sensors that exploit different parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum, and achieve finer levels of spatial, temporal, or
spectral resolution. Considerable advances in remote sensing technology
have occurred both in acquiring digital aerial photography and high
resolution satellite data. Parallel to this, new techniques have been
developed for improved processing and extraction of spatial information
from these new data sets.
GIS evacuation plan
Factors considered for Flood Risk Assessment

 Slope
 Elevation
 Flow direction
 Flow accumulation
 Drainage pattern
 Aspect
 Vegetation cover
A model for Urban Floods
• People-centered EWS mechanism

• Help in acting quickly and appropriately to

reduce flood risks.

• Information will be accessible anywhere

through the online web browser and mobile
app for GVMC decision makers, ground staff,
communities and other stakeholders.

• Localized Risk Maps

EWS for Strong Governance, Organizational
Coordination and Operational Processes
Functionalities included in application

Broadly EWS mobile-app and web-portal will provide users

with the following information dissemination functions:
 Localised weather foresting and high tide schedule
 Ward wise rainfall updates every 15 minutes
 City level traffic updates
 Provision of bulk-SMS system
 Do’s and don’ts of disasters (3-4 mins animated audio-visual
films)
 Emergency contact numbers
 Flood reports from social media and messaging platforms
which are then represented in publicly available map helping
inform communities about the flood situation in near real-time.
 Risk Maps
Other functionalities for user interest and
acceptance:
 Community users can request for required support
 Govt. official can send actionable information to
other officials and citizens
 Notification system based on user’s location
 Map showing vulnerable roads that should be
avoided during floods
 Near-real-time prediction map showing flood level
based on crowd-source, digital elevation and
historical data and by modelling it scientifically
Key features
• Cost effective sensors
• Multi parameter monitoring of other
climate related data
• Provision for crowdsourcing
• Modular capacity
• Access anywhere
• Time series data
• Cloud based data collection, processing,
and storage
• Flood scenarios
Services Provided by the application

1. Elevation Prediction
2. Early Warning system
3. Flood Risk Assessment
4. Safe zones at the time of floods
5. GIS Maps available for user
accessibility
Technologies
 Geographic Information System
 Remote Sensing
 Web development Technologies
 Mobile Application development
technologies.
 Sensor related technologies.
Operational Process of the application

1) Early Detection, Monitoring and

Warning Services
2) RiskKnowledge and Integration in
Warning Messages
3) Dissemination and Communication
4) Integration
in Preparedness and
Response Processes
Use of Machine Learning
in Flood Management
What is Machine Learning?
 Machine learning is an application of artificial
intelligence (AI) that provides systems the
ability to automatically learn and improve from
experience without being explicitly
programmed. Machine learning focuses on the
development of computer programs that can
access data and use it learn for themselves.
Where we can apply it?
How Machine Learning Works?
Basic Flow of ML model:
Multi Hazard Zones in Andhra Pradesh
Seasonality Calendar
Vulnerability Profile of Andhra Pradesh

 Cyclone Vulnerability
 Flood Vulnerability
 Fire Vulnerability
 Industrial (Chemical) Vulnerability
 Earthquake Vulnerability
 Tsunami Vulnerability
 Drought Vulnerability
 Urban Vulnerability
 Heat Wave Vulnerability
Organogram of DM authorities from center to state/district
Organogram of DM authorities from center to state/district
The District Disaster Management Plan [DDMP]

 The District is primarily responsible for the management of

natural and human-caused disasters identified above at the
District level and has a shared responsibility with the State
Government for preparedness and for identified
catastrophic disasters. For this it is need for preparation of a
Disaster Management Plan, with detailed operational
procedure of each department.

 The District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP) is the guide

for achieving the objective i.e. mitigation, preparedness,
response and recovery. This Plan needs to be prepared to
respond to disasters with sense of urgency in a planned way
to minimize human, property and environmental loss.
The District Disaster Management Plan should be
addressing on these issues.
 Objectives of the DDMP
 To identify the areas vulnerable to major types of the hazards in the
district.
 To adopt proactive measures at district level by all the govt.
departments to prevent disaster and mitigate its effects.
 To define and assign the different tasks and responsibilities to
stakeholders during the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases of the
disaster.
 To enhance disaster resilience of the people in the district by way of
capacity building.
 Reduce the loss of public and private property, especially critical
facilities and infrastructure, through proper planning.
 Manage future development to mitigate the effect of natural hazards in
the district.
 To set up an Emergency Operations Centre at the District level to
function effectively in search, rescue, response.
 To develop the standardized mechanism to respond to disaster
situation to manage the disaster efficiently.
 Objectives of the DDMP

 To set up an early warning system so as to prepare the

community to deal with the disaster and responsive
communication system based upon fail-proof proven
technology.
 To prepare a response plan based upon the guidelines issued
in the State Disaster Management Plan so as to provide
prompt relief, rescue and search support in the disaster
affected areas.
 To adopt disaster resilient construction mechanism in the
district by way of using Information, Education and
Communication for making the community aware of the need
of disaster resilient future development.
 To make the use of media in disaster management.
 Rehabilitation plan of the affected people and reconstruction
measures to be taken by different govt. departments at
district level and local authority.
 Plan Development

Steps in a collaborative planning process include –

◦ formation of team,
◦ understanding hazards, vulnerabilities and risk in the
district,
◦ plan development (develop and analyse course of
action, identify resources, identify information needs),
◦ plan preparation (write, review, approve and
disseminate),
◦ plan implementation and maintenance (exercise,
review, revise and maintain).
 An ideal team for DDMA

 District Magistrate / District Collector (Chairperson)

 Elected member of the district
 DEOC coordinator / Manager (nominate him/her as plan
coordinator)
 District Fire Chief
 Head of the Primary agency supervising each ESF (Telecom,
Public health, Agriculture, Power, Transport, Education, PWD,
Food and civil supplies, Water supply and sanitation, Law and
order, Information / Media)
 Representatives from central agencies located in / around the
district (Army/Navy/Air Force, Coast Guard, Port and
fisheries, AIR, IMD and CWC etc.)
 Representatives from major places of worships
 Local NGOs / Corporate
 COMPOSITION OF DDMA
 COLLECTOR & DISTRICT MAGISTRATE ==> CHAIRMAN
 STAKEHOLDER DEPARTMENTS
 REVENUE
 POLICE
 FIRE
 MEDICAL & HEALTH
 WATER SUPPLY
 ROADS & BUILDINGS
 TRANSPORTATION
 PANCHAYAT RAJ
 IRRIGATION
 ELECTRICITY POWER SUPPLY
 LOCAL BODIES
 BSNL, IMD, RAILWAYS, ALL INDIA RADIO
 ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
 AGRICULTURE
 HORTICULTURE
 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITY
COLLECTOR:
 Facilitate and, coordinate with, local Government
bodies to ensure that pre and post - disaster
management activities in the district are carried out.

 Assist community training, awareness programmes and

the installation of emergency facilities with the support
of local administration, non-governmental
organizations, and the private sector.

 Take appropriate actions to smoothen the response

and relief activities to minimize the effect of disaster.

 Recommend State Government for declaration of

disaster.
 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITY
LOCAL AUTHORITY
 Provide assistance to Collector in disaster management
activities.

 Ensure training of its officers and employees and maintenance of

resources so as to be readily available for use in the event of a
disaster.

 Ensure that all construction projects under it conform to the

standards and specifications lay down.

 Each department of the Government in a district shall prepare a

disaster management plan for the district.

 Carry out relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction activities in

the affected area within its jurisdiction.
 ROLES & RESPONSIBILITY
PRIVATE SECTOR
 The private sector should ensure their active participation in the pre-
disaster activities in alignment with the overall plan developed by the
DDMA. They should also adhere to the relevant building codes and
other specifications, as may be stipulated by relevant local authorities.

Community Groups and Voluntary agencies

 Local community groups and voluntary agencies including NGOs
should actively assist in prevention and mitigation activities under the
overall direction and supervision of the DDMA. They should actively
participate in all training activities as may be organized and should
familiarize themselves with their role in disaster management.

CITIZEN
 It is a duty of every citizen to assist the DDMA or such other person
entrusted with or engaged in disaster management whenever his aid
is demanded generally for the purpose of disaster management.
INFORMATION FLOW IN CASE OF NATURAL DISASTER

Electronic and Print

Media (TV, Radio,
IMD, New Delhi
Press etc.) for public
information

MHA (NEOC), MoES ,

NDMA and Andaman &
Nicobar Admin.

SEOC/ RC & Secretary, All concerned line

DM departments

DEOC/ DDMA All concerned line

departments

Sub-Divisional Officer/
SDM

Block Development
Officer/ Tehsildar

Public

Reference: SOP for responding to Natural Disasters, Published by MHA, 2010

 FUNCTIONS OF DEOC

 District Collector is the nodal officer

 Responsible to provide prompt and relevant information
to both MEOC & SEOC concerning any disaster events
within their district.
 Also responsible to coordinate Local and state resources
within their district and those allocated to it for disaster
management.
 It is a bridge between MEOC & SEOC
 Collection of information on RT basis and disseminate to
all stake holders especially to SEOC and relevant to
MEOC & the public etc.,
 Tracks accomplishment of pre - defined action plans by
MEOC and district level officers of various line
departments and escalates the gaps if any to SEOC to
arrange reinforcements at required location in time.
 FUNCTIONS OF MEOC / LEOC

 Tahsildar /MPDO is the Nodal officer Responsible for

Collection, collation and dissemination of information to
DEOC, Relevant local agencies and officers and he public.
 Implementation of operational decisions of DEOCs
 Coordination of available resources including those
allocated by SEOCs or DEOCs
 Coordination of available resources including those
allocated by SEOCs or DEOCs to support the disaster
affected community.
 Report the compliance of the activities entrusted to it.
 Appraise the requirements and ground situations to
DEOCs for better understanding of the event by DEOCs /
SEOCs.
 Relief camps
 Providing of food & Drinking
water

 Milk/ bread/ biscuits to children

 Lighting arrangements

 Medical Camp
 Inventory of Rescue & Relief
The inventory has been uploaded in the NDMA idrn portal (India Disaster
Resources Network) http://idrn.gov.in
1. Roads & Buildings Dept.
* JCBs. , Bull Drozers, Power Saws, Tree Cutting equipment,
2. Road Transport Dept.
* trucks, busses, lorrys, jeeps etc
3. Fire Serivces Dept
* Fire Fighting equipment, heavy cutters, life save jackets,
ropes, etc
4. Water Supply Dept.
* Water Tanks, water cans, water plants
5. Panchayats Dept
* Sanitary material suppliers
6. Fisheries Dept.
* Swimmers, Boats
Communication
Communication
 Mitigation Plans
 ALL DEPARTMENTS SHOULD HAVE THEIR OWN
PLAN OF MITIGATION

 ALL DEPARTMENT PLANS SHOULD BE

INTEGRATED IN THE DDMP

 THE DDMP SHOULD BE INTEGRATED WITH

HISTORY OF CYCLONES, GEOGRAPHICAL
AREAS, LATITUDE/LONGITUDE DETAILS,
CONTACT NUMBERS, INVENTORY DETAILS,
MANDAL MICRO PLANS ETC.
 Mandal wise plans

a. Mandal profile
b. Details of mandal level monitoring, rescue and
rehabilitation team
c. Functioning of control room
d. Villages/ hamlets likely to be affected
e. Particulars of cyclone shelters
f. Particulars of relief camps
g. Procurement/ requirement of vehicles
h. Arrangement of food
i. Procurement of food grains
j. Health camps
k. Restoration of power
l. Drinking water
m. Publicity measures
n. Particulars of swimmers
o. Low laying areas
p. Equipment available for rescue and relief operations
q. Voluntary organizations in the mandal
 Thank You

Dr. N. Srinivasa Rajamani

UNDP-GoI Project,GVMC,
Visakhapatnam
rajamani4env@gmail.com
Mobile: +919885208240

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