ARTB01

ARCHITECTURAL BUILDING MATERIALS

RESEARCH NO. 1
BUILDING STONES,GYPSUM AND LIMES
WOOD AND WOOD PRODUCTS

In partial fulfilment for the requirement in the degree of Bachelor of Science

In Architecture

Submitted to:

Ar. REYMAR G. BURLUNGAN

Submitted by:

BALIJO, IMAE, S.
BSA-1B
I.BUILDI
NG
STONES,
GYPSU
M AND
LIMES
ROCKS
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It
is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed.
Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks.
CATEGORIES OF ROCKS
CATEGORY DEFINITION EXAMPLES
IGNEOUS formed as the result of the cooling of Types of igneous rocks include
molten matter basalt, granite, pumice, and
obsidian.
SEDIMENTARY Formed by the action of water either by Some common sedimentary rocks
depositing minerals at the bottom of a are shale, sandstone, limestone,
water body or depositing them on the and conglomerate.
earth's surface.
METAMORPHIC rocks changed from their original Metamorphic rocks include slate,
structure by the action of extreme phyllite, schist, and gneiss.
pressure, heat, or various combinations
of these forces.

CATEGORY USES IMAGE

IGNEOUS  Granite is often used for the
façades (fronts) of buildings, for
expensive kitchen worktops and
gravestones.
 Basalt can be a rich source of iron
and it is commonly used as an
ingredient of concrete.

SEDIMENTARY  Sand and gravel for construction

come from sediment.
 Sandstone and limestone are
used for building stone.
 Rock gypsum is used to make
plaster.
 Limestone is used to make
cement.
 METAMORPHIC  It can be used for garden
decoration, paving and
sometimes sculpture.
 Slate is a good roofing material,
but people also use it for
decorative gardening stones, as a
base for snooker tables and it
was used as a writing board (or
writing slate).

STONE CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION DEFINITION IMAGE
RUBBLE includes rough fieldstone which
may merely have been broken
into suitable sizes, or it may
include irregular pieces of stone
that have been roughly cut to
size (usually used for and filling
material) (escombro and
lastillas).
DIMENSION (CUT consist of pieces that have been
cut or finished according to a set
STONE) or drawings (For facings of
walls).

FLAGSTONE (FLAT Consists of thin pieces (1 /2 in.

and up which may or may not
SLABS) have had their face dimensions
cut to some particular size. (For
walks and floors.)

CRUSHED ROCK Stones consisting of pieces

varying in size· from 3/8 to 6 in.
and is used
to a large extent in concreting.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROCK AND STONE
PARAMETER ROCK STONE
SIZE LARGER SMALLER
WEIGHT HEAVIER LIGHTER
USES In regards with its  Construction
minerals:  Walls
 Technology  Concrete
 Cosmetics  Asphalt
 Cars  And other building
 Roads products.
RELATION Rocks are made out of Stones came from a rock.
stones.
PROPERTIES The properties depend on Stones have either layered
the type of mineral or unlayered structure,
material, and they usually different porosity and
have lustre, great size and absorption, hardness, and
weight, and texture. different texture.

TYPES OF BUILDING STONES

TYPE DESCRIPTION USE
 ARGILLITE Commonly dark-blue with faint Used for floor tile, stair treads,
shades of green. coping stones, interior wall
base, interior window stools of
exterior window sills.
GRANITE Its generally very hard, strong For use in flooring wall
durable and capable of taking a paneling, column and mullion
high polish. Comes in colors of facings, stair treads or
red, pink, yellow, green, blue, flagstone.
white and brown.
LIMESTONE Particularly non-crystalline in In road construction, limestone
nature, it has no cleavage lines aggregate direct from the
and uniform in structure and quarry can be used as base
composition. The color is a material.
fairly uniform light gray.
TRAVERTINE Composed mainly of calcium It is used as an interior
carbonate. It has been formed decorative stone because of its
at the earth's surface through pleasing texture and its
the evaporation of water from tendency to show small, natural
hot springs. pockets on a cut surface.
MARBLE Colors are from yellow, white, Used for wall or column facing
shades of gray to black, violet, and for flooring.
red and green.
SERPENTINE The mineral is olive green to Used for interiors only due to
greenish black, but impurities deterioration from weathering.
may give the rock other colors
SANDSTONE Colors include gray, buff, light Resistant to weathering, it is a
brown, red. Texture range from popular building and paving
very fine to very coarse and material from ancient times.
some are quite porous with as
much as 30 percent of their
volume composed of pores
SLATE ROCK Slates are black. green, red, Commonly used for flooring,
gray or purple. window sills and stools, stair
treads, facing.

STONES FOR CONSTRUCTION

CATEGORY DESCRIPTION IMAGE
 PANELING Consists of using slabs of stone
cut to dimension and thickness
to cover backup walls and
provide a finished exterior.

ASHLAR Work requires the use of cut

stone and includes broken
ashlar, irregular coursed ashlar,
regular coursed ashlar.

RUBBLEWORK Used as random when no

attempt is made to produce
either horizontal or vertical
course lines. Small spaces are
filled with spalls, small stones
and used as coursed rubble
work, horizontal course lines
are maintained but no vertical
course lines used.
TRIM Stones laid at the intersection
of two walls. They are
emphasized by using a
contrasting color or type and by
projecting beyond the vertical
plane of the wall. Usually they
are laid so that they appear
alternately as long and short
stones on each side of the
corner. ·

COMPONENTS OF GYPSUM
GYPSUM
A soft mineral consisting of a hydrated calcium sulfate-from which gypsum plaster is made (by
heating); colorless when pure used as a retarder in portland cement.

Gypsum is calcium sulfate (CaSO4).

 29.4 percent calcium (Ca)
 23.5 percent sulfur (S)

Building gypsum is used as heating resistant, moisture preserving, sound absorbing and fire
proofing material. As a building decorative material, it is widely used in ceiling and partition
projects.

Gypsum uses include:

 manufacture of wallboard
 cement
 plaster of Paris
 soil conditioning
 a hardening retarder in portland cement.

SOURCES OF LIMES
In construction, the dominant use of lime is in soil
stabilization for roads, earthen dams, airfields, and
building foundations. Lime can be combined with
certain additives to produce other metals and is
also a key ingredient in mortar and plaster in lime
slurry form.

The lime is not usually available in nature in free state.

It is procured by- burning one of the following materials:
  Lime stones from the stone hills,

 Boulders of lime stones from the beds of old rivers,

 Kankar found below the ground, and

 Shells of sea animals.

MATERIALS MADE FROM GYPSUM AND LIMES

GYPSUM
PLASTERS DRYWALL CEILING TILES BUILDING BLOCKS

LIME
LIME MORTAR LIME PLASTER LIMESTONE BLOCKS TABBY CONCRETE

BRANDS, SIZES, UNIT COST

GYPSUM BRANDS
GYPROC ARMSTRONG USG BORAL GYPCORE

LIME BRANDS

LHOIST GRAYMONT MCCI CORP MINERAL

TECHNOLOGIES

GYPSUM
SIZE PRICE
THICKNESS UNIT WEIGHT PER PIECE
7MM 6KG 128.88
8MM 6.4KG 133.49
9MM 7.2KG 141.74
9.9MM 7.8KG 148.22
12MM 8.8KG 178.56
12.5MM 9.2KG 184.08
13MM 9.5KG 191.42
 LIME AND OTHER PRODUCTS
PRODUCT QUANTITY UNIT WEIGHT PRICE
LIME 1 BAG 1KG 124.80-168
CEMENT 1 BAG 1KG 262

METHOD OF INSTALLATION
DRY INSTALLATION WET INSTALLATION
 also known as mechanical installation  also known as direct adhered method
method  most common method used for the
 uses embedded metal anchors and ties installation of natural stone cladding
for the connection purpose
Advantages Of Dry Installation Method Advantages Of Wet Installation Method

 The dry cladding method is safe and it  It is cheaper

prevails the stone from falling off for  Requires no onsite drilling
years.  Eliminates the chances of cracks on wall
 This method allow for expansion and due to drilling.
contraction of stone in extreme weather  Bonds perfectly from edge to edge
conditions. leaving no space in between which
 The dry cladding method creates a cleft makes it look more even.
of around 30 to 45 mm (1”-1.5”) in
between face of the wall and stone
covering, providing a layer of air cushion
that acts as a thermal barrier.
 The appearance of stone used in dry
cladding work looks spotless and
aesthetically pleasing.
 It is a time saving procedure.

PATTERNS OF INSTALLING STONES & CONSTRUCTION METHODS

 COBBLESTONE CASTLESTONE FIELDSTONE DRYFIT CASTLE FLAGSTONE
All squares and The basic Pattern has about This pattern is similar Relatively flat,
rectangles including a Cobblestone pattern, 75% Flagstone, with to our standard angular stones.
few Ledgestones. with some very large the balance of stone Castle pattern with Stones lay without
Laid in a basic pieces included. It is being small more precise regard to any specific
horizontal pattern. installed the same Cobblestone, rectangular shapes. pattern.
Stones that are twice way as Cobblestone. Riverstone and The pattern is
as long as they are Ledgestone. installed without a
wide should not be Rectangular stones mortar joint.
laid vertically. and large Flagstones
with straight lines are
laid horizontally.

RIVERSTONE LEDGESTONE TEXTURED RIDGESTONE RIDGESTONE

Worn, round shapes. Long, narrow LEDGESTONE Elongated stones, DRYSTACK
Laid relatively tight to rectangular stones. Similar to our some of which are Ridgestone without a
avoid large triangular Laid in a very tight standard Ledgestone rectangular, some mortar joint.
joints. Pattern pattern without pattern, the pattern irregular and pointed
contains some mortar joints consist of stones with and some irregular
pointed shapes to (drystack). Horizontal more depth and and flat like small
help fill triangular laying pattern. dimension. Flagstones. It can be
areas. laid with or without a
mortar joint.

OTHER STONE AND GYPSUM MATERIALS

GYPSUM POWDER GYPSUM PUTTY GYPSUM SCREW

LIME PUTTY LIMESTONE TILES HYDRAULIC LIME

 II. WOOD AND WOOD
PRODUCTS

WOODS
Wood is traditional building material, it is easily worked, has durability and beauty. It has
great ability to absorb shocks from sudden load. In addition, wood has freedom from rust and
corrosion, is comparatively light in weight, and is adaptable to a countless variety of purposes.
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
HARDWOOD SOFTWOOD
‘deciduous' trees that have broad leaves which 'conifers' trees that have needles rather than
are normally shed in the winter time. leaves and that bear their seeds in cones.
 It is hard, dense, and heavier than  It is lighter and less dense than
softwood. It does not split or break easily hardwood. It tends to split more easily
and not easier to cut using cutting tools. and easier to cut with cutting tools.
 It is used to produce highly-durable and  It has a wide range of applications such
high-quality furniture, deck, flooring etc. as windows, doors, medium-density
fiberboard, paper etc.
 It is more resistant to fire.  It is less resistant to fire.
 It is more expensive than softwood.  It is generally less expensive than
hardwood.
used for : used for:
 flooring  interior mouldings
 cladding  manufacturing of windows
 paneling  construction framing and
 buildings  generating sheet goods such as plywood
 fencing and fibreboard.
 boats and
 outdoor decks

PARTS OF WOOD TRUNK A trunk is composed mainly of cellulose fibers

joined by lignin. From the outside to the inside,
we can identify the following parts:

 Bark: irregular layer composed of dead

cells that protect the inner layers.
 Cambium: the layer next to the bark,
where new cells are generated that
increase trunk diameter each year.
CATEGORIES OF LUMBER

Yard Lumber Shop Lumber Structural Lumber

Used for ordinary light It is intended for use in shops It is intended for use in heavy
construction and finishing work. or mills making sash, doors and construction for load-bearing
Center match, flooring, roof cabinets where it will be cut purposes and is cut into
plank, siding, V-joint, trim and into relatively short pieces and timbers of larger size than yard
molding of all kinds. These are the defective material lumber
usually found in retail discarded.
lumberyards.

FINISHES OF WOOD
 s1 s -surfacing or planning of one side
 s2 s -two sides planed
 s3 s -four side$ planed
  Rough-as sawn and not planed

WOOD GRAINS
EDGE GRAIN-annual rings run approximately at right
angle to the face.

FLAT GRAIN- when the annual rings run more or less

parallel to the surface.

ANGLE GRAIN-when the annual rings are at about 45° to

the face.

TYPE OF SEASONING OF LUMBER

 AIR-DRYING -lumber is strip-piled at a slope on a solid foundation. This allows air to circulate
around every piece while the sloping allows water to run off quickly.
 KILN-DRYING (K.O.) more expensive lumber which is required for more refined uses so as
wood will not move, such as furniture. Flooring and general interior use. It must be dried to a
moisture content of not more than 5 to 10 percent.

WOOD SIZES (STANDARD LENGTHS AND THICKNESS)

NOMINAL SIZE ACTUAL SIZE
2x4 1 ½ in. x 3 ½ in.
 2x6 1 ½ in. x 5 ½ in.
2x8 1 ½ in. x 7 ¼ in.
2x10 1 ½ in. x 9 ¼ in.
1x2 ¾ in. x 2 ½ in.
1x3 ¾ in. x 2 ½ in.
1x4 ¾ in. x 3 ½ in.

CATEGORIES OF PHILIPPINE TIMBER

FIRST GROUP
NARRA most expensive, .used for furniture and panelings, for expensive
floorings, door panels, stairs and plywood veneer or facings.
YACAL AND GUIJO Both hardwoods, used for posts and girders, or jambs attached tO
concrete and also for wooden decks having flooring and railings
exposed to weather.
PINE BENGUET Softwood, used for panelings, sidings, flooring and furniture. Also
used for framings. trusses.
TANGUILE AND APITONG the most common lumber in the market. Used generally for
framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
WHITE AND RED LAUAN for framings, chests, jewel boxes
KAMAGONG hardwood for chests, jewel boxes, stair ff'ames.
DAO used for 'panelings and plywood veneer.
ALMACIGA simifar to pine for paneling.
OTHERS: Mahogany, lpil, Kalantas, Kalamansanai, Supa

SECOND GROUP THIRD GROUP

Acacia (rain tree) for wood carvings Bakawan
Agoho Malakamias
Dita Malasaging
Oak Matamata
 Philippine Chestnut Nangka
Pili Santol
Malabayabas
FOURTH GROUP
All other ordinary wood species.

TYPE OF WOODS ACCORDING TO USE

SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD ENGINEERED

WOOD
EXAMPLES  Pine  Oak  Laminated Veneer
 Cedar  Maple Lumber (LVL)
 Oriented Strand
 Fir  Hickory
Board (OSB)
 Spruce  Walnut  Hardboard (HDF)
 Redwood.  Cherry  AC Plywood
 CDX Plywood
 I-Joists
USE used for: used for : used for:
 interior  flooring  Flooring
mouldings  cladding  Siding
 manufacturing of  paneling  Ceiling
windows  buildings  Subfloor
 construction  fencing
framing and  boats and
 generating sheet  outdoor decks
goods such as
plywood and
fibreboard.

SOFTWOOD
 Pine Wood is a soft, white or light-yellow wood
which is light in weight and straight-
grained. It resists shrinkage, swelling,
and warping.

Cedar Wood a knotty softwood that has a red-

brown color with light lines. The
wood texture is uniform and highly
resistant to decay and insects.

Firwood is straight grain and has a reddish-

brown color. It cannot be stained
easily; hence, it’s generally used in
the raw form or as a painted surface.

Spruce Wood is strong and hard. It has moderate

shrinkage and is light in weight. It
finishes well and has a low resistance
to decay.

Hemlock Wood is light-weight and has moderate

strength. It has a low resistance to
decay and is non-resinous. It is quite
prone to shrinkage like other
softwoods like firwood.

HARDWOOD
 Teakwood It is yellow to dark brown in
color and is extremely heavy,
strong, durable, weather-
resistant, warp-resistant, and
does not decay. The natural oils
in teak make them termite and
pest-resistant. Teak does not
burn easily.
Rosewood is very hard and has a dark
reddish-brown color. It has a
unique fragrance. It is hard to
work on and needs a lot of
polishing.

Oak Wood Oak is a heavy, strong, light-

colored hardwood. It is very
easy to work on. It has good
resistance to moisture, fungus,
and yeast.

Maple Wood It is so hard and resistant to

shocks that it is often used for
constructing pathways. Maple
is resistant to splitting and is
highly durable and easy to
clean.
Ash Wood is a hard, heavy, ring porous
wood. Ash is well-known for its
elasticity and strength. It is easy
to work on with using screws,
nails, and glue. It gives an
attractive finish.
Mango Wood Its grain is unique as it
embodies several tones and
colors, ranging from light
shades like dark brown with
hints of light pink or green. It is
lighter than other wood types
and highly water-resistant.
Mahogany Wood It is strong, with a uniform pore
structure and poorly defined
annual rings. It is an excellent
carving wood and finishes well.
It takes stain very well,
rendering a great finish to the
piece of furniture. One of its
many advantages is that it
doesn’t warp, swell, or shrink. It
can be used underwater too.
Beech Wood Beech is tough and yet
dimensionally unstable. It is
very easy to work with as it is
highly resistant to splitting.
Beech has less durability for
prolonged exterior use.
Cherry Wood It is light to reddish-brown in
color, hard, strong, warp-
resistant, and closed grained
wood. It resists warping and
checking. It is easy to carve and
polish.

Walnut Wood Walnut is strong, hard and

durable, without being
excessively heavy, and warp-
resistant. It has excellent
woodworking qualities and
takes finishes well.
TYPE OF WOOD CUTS FOR FLOORING AND MOULDINGS
FOR FLOORING
TYPE IMAGE DESCRIPTION
T and G-tongue and One side of a tongue and
groove board has a protruding
groove (for flooring) ridge (the tongue) that runs the
entire length of the board,
while the other side of the
board has a groove from end to
end.
FOR MOULDINGS
TYPE IMAGE DESCRIPTION
Convex Characterized by the bump
with two planes on both sides.

Quarter round Almost similar to convex but it

has no planes on both sides.

Concave Reverse version of a Concave

cut: the round cut executes
inward

SPECIFICATION IN BUYING LUMBER

SPECIFY THE FF: EXAMPLE
Number of Pieces 6”
Thickness 2”
Width 8”
Length 14”0
Total Bd. Ft 112
Kind of Lumber Tanguile
GLUE LAMINATED TIMBERS
Advantages of Glue-laminated timbers
1. may be built up to any desired size from small components, easing up of transportation facilities.
2. trees which are too small for production of large sawn timbers will produce material which is perfectly
satisfactory for laminated members.
3. low grade lumber can be used in sections of laminated timbers, reducing the overall cost.
4. lumber to be used in laminating can be seasoned much more quickly and easily while in small units .
5. laminated members are dry when erected resulting in the minimum amount of deflection due to loading.
6. a camber or crown can be built into laminated timbers to take care of deflection due to loading.
7. curved members such as arch ribs are easily made by bending thin sections to the required curvature
and laminating them.
8. it is possible to taper certain sections of a member in proportion to the diminishing stresses, producing
more graceful structure.
9. in general, variation in strength from one timber to another will be less than with sawed timbers.
10. subject to certain limitations, it is possible to use two or more species together combining advantages of
economy of low strength species and superior qualities of high-strength wood.

ARRANGEMENT OF LAMINATION OF TIMBER

NAME IMAGE DESCRIPTION
PLAIN SCARF Uses plain slanted end and
applicable to join two pieces
of wood to get the desired
length.
STEPPED SCARF A slant with a little step or
groove for better grip .

FINGER JOINT Joining two pieces of wood

by cutting deep saw pattern
that looks like fingers.
MOISTURE CONTENT OF WOOD
OVEN-DRY METHOD

 The moisture content of wood is usually expressed as a percentage of the oven-

dry weight and can be determined by the oven-dry method or by an electric
moisture meter method.
 They should be cut the full width of the board and from 1/2 to 3/4 inches long.
 The sections should be cut at least 2 feet from the end of the board to
eliminate a sample that may have end-dried
 The pieces are weighed and the results recorded as the, original weight.
 The samples are placed in an oven heated to 212°F and left until all the
moisture has been removed.
 The weights are then checked several times until it is found that the pieces are
no longer-losing weight, and are constant.
 The pieces are removed from the oven and weighed immediately .