C++ Slides - 6: File Handling: Formatted I/O, Hierarchy of File Stream Classes, Opening

C++ Slides - 6
File handling: Formatted I/O, Hierarchy of file stream classes, Opening

and closing a file, Working with multiple files, file modes, file pointers,
Text vs Binary Files.
Formatting I/O
• Set precision
• Text justification
• Display +/- sign
•…
//Formatting example
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
cout<<showpos<<10.1234<<endl; //show +/- sign
cout.precision(4); //total display digits
cout<<-12.34567<<endl;
cout.width(5); // Right justify with 5 char
cout << 'c' <<endl;
}
Output
+10.1234
-12.35
c
Stream
Stream is the flow of digital data (bytes) as input or output
through an abstract device (for example screen or files).
File stream classes
1. ios - all I/O operations
2. istream is for input e.g. as getline()
3. ostream is for output e.g. write()
4. ifstream – Input from file
5. ofstream – write to a file
6. fstream – I/O with a file
Consider a simple text file MySecrets.txt
This is
a simple text
consisting words
numbers 1234.09872
and symbols !@#$%^&*()
// Read characters from file
#include <iostream>
#include<fstream>
int main() {
char c;
ifstream fin("MySecrets.txt");
if(!fin) {cout<<"File Does not Exist"; return 0; }
while(!fin.eof()) { // eof – end of the file
fin.get(c); cout<<c; // print text on screen
}
fin.close();}
// Writing text into file
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main () {
ofstream file("Simplefile.txt");
file << "Writing to a file in C++....";
file.close();
}
Working with multiple files
// MyFile.cpp #include “MyFile.cpp”
int MyValue() { #include <iostream>
return -9999; using namespace std;
}
int main() {
cout<<MyValue();
}
File modes
1. ios::app – Always write in the end of a file
2. ios::ate – Take the control at the end just once
3. ios::in - Open a file for reading
4. ios::out - Open a file for writing
5. ios::trunc – remove the old contents
// Writing text into file using ios::out flag
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
int main () {
fstream file("Simplefile.txt“,ios::out);
file << "Writing to a file in C++....";
file.close();
}
// Reading + writing in a file
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
int main(){
string sen;
ofstream fout(“MySecrets.txt”);
fout<<“hello 123”;
fout.close();
ifstream fin(“MySecrets.txt”);
getline(fin, sen); cout<<sen;
fin.close();
}
Q:Try to read and write a file using ios::in and
ios::out
Hint:
fstream fileIO(“MySecrets.txt”,ios::in,ios::out);
You may need file pointers such as seek() and tell() functions
which are covered next.
File pointers – bookmarks in the file
•Get Pointer tells the current location during file reading
•Put Pointer tells the current position during file writing
•A file pointer is not like a C++ pointer but works like a
book-mark in a book
• These pointers help attain random access in file for faster
access in comparison to a sequential access
File pointers – seek and tell
•Tell function - just examine the file location
•Seek function – actually set the bookmark in a file

G and P in – seekg(), tellg(), seekp(), tellp()
•G – (as Get) is for file read operation
•P – (as Put) is for file write operation

File pointers – seekg(), tellg(), seekp(), tellp()
•seekg() and tellg() functions allow you to set and examine

the get_pointer in the given file
•seekp() and tellp() functions perform these operations on the

put_pointer.
Current, beginning and & end
References for seek and tell functions
•ios::beg
•ios:cur
•ios:end
Few examples
•fin.seekg(30); or fin.seekg(30, ios::beg);
// go to byte no. 30 from beginning of file
•fin.seekg(-2, ios::cur); // back up 2 bytes from the current

position of get pointer
•fin.seekg(-4, ios::end); // backup 4 bytes from the end of the

file
Text vs Binary Files
•In text files various character translations are performed such
as “\r+\f” is converted into “\n”, whereas in binary files no
such translations are performed.
•By default, C++ opens the files in text mode.

Text files versus Binary files
• ofstream out (“myfile.txt”); • ofstream out (“myfile.txt”,ios::binary);
• Storage is more e.g. • Memory efficient for storage.

floating point numbers • Each binary file maintains a header of
(IEEE 754) 12345.1234 will content index for faster search as
take 10 char bytes. compared to text files. More info is
• Access is slower using required but access is faster.
sequential search
Useful codes for file programs
// how to count characters in a file

int count = 0; char ch; while(!fin.eof()) { fin.get(ch); count++; }
// how to count words in a file

int count = 0; char word[30]; while(!fin.eof()) { fin >> word; count++; }
// how to count lines in a file

int count = 0; char str[80];
while(!fin.eof()) { fin.getline(str,80); count++; }
// Copy contents of one file into another
#include<iostream>
#include<fstream>
int main() {
char ch;
ifstream fin("MySecrets.txt");
ofstream fout("CopyMySecrets.txt");
while(!fin.eof()) {
fin.get(ch);
fout << ch;
}
fin.close(); fout.close();
}

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C++ Slides - 6

File handling: Formatted I/O, Hierarchy of file stream classes, Opening

•Tell function - just examine the file location

•Seek function – actually set the bookmark in a file

•G – (as Get) is for file read operation

•P – (as Put) is for file write operation

•seekg() and tellg() functions allow you to set and examine

•seekp() and tellp() functions perform these operations on the

•fin.seekg(-2, ios::cur); // back up 2 bytes from the current

•fin.seekg(-4, ios::end); // backup 4 bytes from the end of the

•By default, C++ opens the files in text mode.

• Storage is more e.g. • Memory efficient for storage.

// how to count characters in a file

// how to count words in a file

// how to count lines in a file

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