Name: Folorunsho Cyril Norbert Matric No: 200183 Course Code: ZOO 420 Lecturer in Charge: Dr. Ibrahim

Name: Folorunsho Cyril Norbert
Matric No: 200183
Course code: ZOO 420
Lecturer in charge: Dr. Ibrahim
Term paper: Discuss the importance of mosquitoes

to man
SANDFLY (Phlebotomine sandfly)
(blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/)
Sand fly adults are little, golden, brownish, or gray flies that are around 3 mm long. They
have long, piercing mouthparts that are perfectly designed to sucking blood from their chosen
host. When at rest, sand flies retain their hairy-looking wings in a vertical V-shape, which
distinguishes them from other tiny flies. In addition, the adults' six legs are far longer than the
insect's body.
Male sand flies do not feed on blood, while female sand flies do. Before they can create eggs,
females must consume a blood meal. Sugar-related nutrients, such as those found in plant
nectar or honeydew, are consumed by both males and females. Sand fly hosts come in a wide
variety of shapes and sizes. Some species feed on both mammals and reptiles, such as white-
tailed deer, horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, swine, raccoons, rodents, birds, and humans, while
Lutzomyia shannani, a common sand fly species in Florida and other coastal states, feeds on
white-tailed deer, horses, donkeys, mules, cattle, swine, raccoons, rodent.
The majority of sand flies bite in the evening and throughout the night. Flies will sometimes
attack throughout the day if they are disturbed while resting. Dry tree holes, hollow logs,
palm tree crowns, and the canopy of tropical and sub-tropical rain forest jungles are all good
places to relax throughout the day.
Economic importance
1. Sand flies are vectors of some zoonotic diseases. Some of the more important sand fly
transmitted diseases include: Cutaneous leishmaniasis, visceral leishmaniasis, Sand
fly fever, Carrions disease, Pappataci fever, Vesicular stomatitis virus.
2. In general, sand fly bites are very painful. Because they are pool feeders, therefore
causing injuries, red bumps and blisters to skin. These bumps and blisters can become
infected or cause skin inflammation, or dermatitis.
LEISHMANIASIS
Sand flies are vectors of various zoonotic diseases of which leishmaniasis is the most
commonly transmitted. An estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases occur annually.
Only a small fraction of those infected by parasites causing leishmaniasis will eventually
develop the disease. Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoa parasite from over 20 Leishmania
species. Over 90 sandfly species are known to transmit Leishmania parasites.
There are 3 main forms of leishmaniases – visceral (also known as kala-azar, which is and
the most serious form of the disease), cutaneous (the most common) and mucocutaneous.
a. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL): also known as kala-azar is fatal if left untreated in over
95% of cases. It is characterized by irregular bouts of fever, weight loss, enlargement
of the spleen and liver, and anaemia. Most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in
India. An estimated 50 000 to 90 000 new cases of VL occur worldwide annually,
with only between 25 to 45% reported to WHO. It remains one of the top parasitic
diseases with outbreak and mortality potential. In 2019, more than 90% of new cases
reported to WHO occurred in 10 countries: Brazil, Ethiopia, Eritrea, India, Iraq,
Kenya, Nepal, Somalia, South Sudan and Sudan.
b. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL): is the most common form of leishmaniasis and
causes skin lesions, mainly ulcers, on exposed parts of the body, leaving life-long
scars and serious disability or stigma. About 95% of CL cases occur in the Americas,
the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East and Central Asia. In 2019 over 87% of new
CL cases occurred in 10 countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, , Brazil, Colombia, Iran
(Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Tunisia. It
is estimated that between 600 000 to 1 million new cases occur worldwide annually.
c. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis: leads to partial or total destruction of mucous
membranes of the nose, mouth and throat. Over 90% of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
cases occur in Bolivia (the Plurinational State of), Brazil, Ethiopia and Peru.
References
1. https://cvbd.elanco.com/vectors/sand-flies
2. https://blogs.biomedcentral.com/bugbitten/2021/05/14/new-insight-into-the-
interaction-between-leishmania-and-the-sand-fly-midgut/
3. www.healthline.com/health/fly-bites#sand-fly
4. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4959739/
5. www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
6. www.cdc.gov/parasites/leishmaniasis/disease.html

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Name: Folorunsho Cyril Norbert Matric No: 200183 Course Code: ZOO 420 Lecturer in Charge: Dr. Ibrahim

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Name: Folorunsho Cyril Norbert

Matric No: 200183

Course code: ZOO 420

Lecturer in charge: Dr. Ibrahim

Term paper: Discuss the importance of mosquitoes

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