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    Amino Acid Synthesis

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    Muhammad Luqman
    1. Amino acids are synthesized through three main processes: reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, transamination reactions, and synthesis from metabolic precursors like pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate. 2. Transamination is a process where amino groups are transferred between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminase enzymes, allowing the interconversion of different amino acids. 3. The 20 standard amino acids are ultimately derived from central metabolic intermediates in pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine to form the different amino acid side chains.

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    Amino Acid Synthesis

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Luqman
    46 views16 pages
    1. Amino acids are synthesized through three main processes: reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, transamination reactions, and synthesis from metabolic precursors like pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate. 2. Transamination is a process where amino groups are transferred between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminase enzymes, allowing the interconversion of different amino acids. 3. The 20 standard amino acids are ultimately derived from central metabolic intermediates in pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine to form the different amino acid side chains.

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    Amino Acid Synthesis

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    1. Amino acids are synthesized through three main processes: reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, transamination reactions, and synthesis from metabolic precursors like pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate. 2. Transamination is a process where amino groups are transferred between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminase enzymes, allowing the interconversion of different amino acids. 3. The 20 standard amino acids are ultimately derived from central metabolic intermediates in pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine to form the different amino acid side chains.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    46 views16 pages

    Amino Acid Synthesis

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Luqman
    1. Amino acids are synthesized through three main processes: reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, transamination reactions, and synthesis from metabolic precursors like pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate. 2. Transamination is a process where amino groups are transferred between amino acids and alpha-keto acids using transaminase enzymes, allowing the interconversion of different amino acids. 3. The 20 standard amino acids are ultimately derived from central metabolic intermediates in pathways like glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, with nitrogen entering via glutamate and glutamine to form the different amino acid side chains.

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    of 16

    SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS.

    • SYNTHESIS OFAMINO ACIDS.

    1. Reduction of N2 to NH4.
    2. Transamination.
    3. Synthesis of amino acids by metabolic
    precursors.
    INTRODUCTION
    • Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2)
    and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side
    chain(R group) specific to each amino acid.
    CLASSIFICATION
    • Nonpolar/hydrophobic aminoacids
    glycine,alanine,valine,leucine,methionine,phenyalalanine,
    proline

    • polar/hydrophilic amino acids


    serine, cysteine, tyrosine, glutamicacid, asparaticacid,
    lysine,arginine

    • Sulphur containing amino acids


    Cystine, methionine, cysteine
    List of essential and non essential amino acids

    Nutritionally essential Nutritionally non-essential


    amino acids amino acids
    Arginine Alanine
    Histidine Asparagine
    Isoleucine Aspartic acid
    Leucine Cysteine
    Lysine Glutamic acid
    Methionine Glutamine
    Phenylalanine Glycine
    Threonine Proline
    Tryptophan Serine
    Valine Tyrosine
    SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS

    • Amino acid synthesis is the set of biochemical processes


    (metabolic pathways) by which the various amino acids are
    produced from other compounds.
    STEPS….
    1. Reduction of N2 to NH4.

    2. Transamination.

    3. Synthesis of amino acids by metabolic precursors.


    1) REDUCTION OF N2 TO NH4
    • It is the first step during synthesis of amino acids.

    • In which reduction of N2 TO NH4 takes place.

    • The conversion of nitrogen to ammonia is a reduction reaction


    which is exergonic in nature

    • Biological fixation of nitrogen is carried out by a highly


    conserved complex of proteins called nitrogenase complex.
    2) TRANSAMINATION
     Transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino
    group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.
     This pathway is responsible for the deamination of most amino
    acids.
     This is one of the major degradation pathways which
    convert essential amino acids to nonessential amino
    acids (amino acids that can be synthesized de novo by the
    organism).
     Transamination in biochemistry is accomplished by enzymes
    called transaminases or aminotransferases.
    FOR EXAMPLE

     α-ketoglutarate acts as the predominant amino-group


    acceptor and produces glutamate as the new amino acid.

     Aminoacid + α-ketoglutarate ↔ α-keto acid + Glutamate

    Glutamate's amino group, in turn, is transferred to oxaloacetate


    in a second transamination reaction yielding aspartate.

     Glutamate+ oxaloacetate ↔ α- ketoglutarate + aspartate


    Aminotransfer reaction between an amino
    acid and an alpha-keto acid

    Keto acids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids)


    are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic
    acid group and a ketone group.
    3) SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS
    BY METABOLIC PRECURSORS

    • All the 20 protein amino acids are derived from intermediates


    in glycolysis, citric acid cycle or the pentose phosphate
    pathway Nitrogen enters these pathways by way of glutamate
    and glutamine.

    • It is believed that the pathways in higher plants and animals


    are similar, but comparatively less is known of the enzymes
    involved.
    AN OVERVIEW OF AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS
    Ribose-5-phosphate Pyruvate α-ketoglutarate
    3-phosphoglycerate
    Glutamate
    Alanine Serine
    Histidine
    Glutamine
    Valine Cysteine
    Proline
    Oxaloacetate Leucine Glycine
    Arginine
    Aspartate
    SYNTHESIS OF AMINO ACIDS BY METABOLIC
    Asparagine PRECURSORS

    Methionine

    Phosphoenolpyruvate and erythrose-4-phosphate


    Threonine

    Phenylalanine
    Isoleucine
    Tyrosine
    Lysine Tryptophan
    AMINO ACIDS CHEMICAL STRUCTURES

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