NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 3,1 INTRODUCTION Engineers and scientists are frequently faced with the problem of differentiation or integration of some functions. If the functions have a closed form representation and are amenable for standard calculus methods, then differentiation and integration can be carried out. However, in many situations, we may not know the exact functions. We will be knowing only, the values of the functions at a discrete set of points. In some instances, the functions are known but they are so complicated that analytic integration is difficult. In this situation, we seek the help of numerical techniques to obtain the estimates of integrals. 2 The method of finding the value of an integral of the form f f(x) 4x using numerical a techniques (from a set of tabulated values of the integral) is called "Numerical Integration". Hence the numerical integration is used for the computation of a definite integral by the 4 formula { f(x) dx = F@)— F(a) (i) when the antiderivative F(x) can not be found by elementary means (ii) when the integrand f(x) is specified in tabular form. In this chapter, we discuss various numerical integration methods. We have to understand that while analytical methods give exact answers, the numerical techniques provide only approximate answers. 3.2 NUMERICAL INTEGRATION 5 We know that a definite integral of the form J (x) dr represents the area under the curve y = f(x), enclosed between the limits x =a and x=b. This integration is possible only if /(2) is explicitly given and ifit is integrable. The problem of numerical integration can be Stated as follows : Given a set of (n +1) data points (x;,¥;),/ = 0,1,2,..... of the function y = f(x), where wn J(2)isnot known explicitly, it is required to evaluate f f(x) dr. ¢ % 153ae iz tee : ™ ing tics ~ |! ( aoe i « .al differentiation is soly : like that of ‘numerical diffe ical integration, fi. : The problem of numeri and obtaining Py (2) doe which i pom Py) sihdbration| is also known Numerical ¢ of froe % Numerical quadrature. QUADRATURE FORMy QUADRATURE FORMULA (GENERAL a 3,3 NEWTON-COTE'S | integration formula. Tt forms th, Sena as Newton- Cote's methods, replacing f(x) with an interpolating approximately taken as the valu This is the most popular and widely used basis for a number of numerical integration me Derivation of Newton-Cotes Formula Let the interval [a,b] be divided into n equal subintervals such that Om Xp £34629 Kinney Mb ~ Then y= ay th Newton's forward difference formula is pee POD 255 PODE? sy, YY (2) = y (x + ph) = P, (x) = yy + PAY) + — x=% here p=*—0. where p=*7 Now, instead of f(x) we will replace it by this interpolating polynomial. ay f(x) d= f P, (x) dx, where P, (x) is an interpolating polynomial of degree n . 7 Xytnh = J B@a *o gtk i = P(p-l J [wry Baty 28-092) 3, ]« Since x=.x9 + ph,dx=hdp and h lence the above in tegral becoy mes P-3, oF aipl s2p [roe J {fone ran Beye % A°y9 +... da_ 155 Numerical Integration 2 2n-3) n(n-2) 93 enih| yp te Ayy +0 aD) 12 DY =n [mod 9 + A yy $Y 4 E Mn? 4q |B 4... 2) (2 3 x) a This is called Newton-Cote's quadrature formula. From this general formula, we can get different integration formulae by putting n = 1,2,3,...... 3.4 TRAPEZOIDAL RULE [JNTU 2007S, 2008S, (H) Dec. 20115 (Set No. 1)] Here the function /(x) is approximated by a first - order polynomial P; (x) which passes through two points. Putting n=1in the above general formula, all differences higher than the first will become zero (since other differences do not exist if n =1) and we get Xoth freer i fla) d= alyoed dey0 |= Af +tor-»0]-400+0 Fi Similarly, a ; / A fre d=" 409 de=n|n+han]=[n +k02-]-4or+90 A Bir wyeth [rear J FO) &e= 302 +99) 2 aa iytnh Finally, J S@)a= F001 1+ In) Xxq+ (nh Xotnh Xgtnh Hence freee yf f(x) de = Proms a LQ) detunt f fQ)de % % a Xo (nh h Hoyemborende— tiesto) = EEO + ye)t2 01492 493 Fob Ye)] aa (3) Thus Xe J Feo ae= Ssum of the first and last ordinates) + 2 (Sum of the remaining ordinates)] i : This is known as Trapezoidal Rule.— is & Complex Variaby 156 = 11 (Numerical Method: les) Engineering Mathematics Geometrical Interpretation : P, (psn) - Suppose the curye Consider the points Po (os ¥o)s Pitts M1)» Po (x21 V2 deren . ion of the line se; = f(x) passing through the above points be approximated by the umio! sae Joining (Pp, P,),(P,,P)),(P2,P3), a 14(Py 1s Pp )> y Geometrically, the curve y= f(x)is replaced by n straight line segments joining the | Points (xp, yo) and (x,¥4); (x,y) and (xp, 99 inl» Yn-1) aNd (Xp, Yq). The area bounded by the curve y= f(x), x - axis and the ordinates x=xyand x= x,is then approximately equal to the sum of the areas of the m trapeziums as shown in the figure. The total area is given by h h h h Oot wt +2)4 502 Ya) tot On +n) tn A = gL o0t 201+ y2 + ys tot Mad ad f fade (approximately). i Note : Though this method is very imple fr calculation purposes of numerical integration, i the error in this case is significant. The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing t the number of intervals or by decreasing the value of h, 3.5 SIMPSON'S 1/3 RULE LINTU (1) Dee, 20118 (Set No.2 This is another popular method. Here, the function fx) ig approximated by a second order polynomial P,(x) which passes through three Successive points, i Putting n = 2 in Newton-Cotes quadrature formula i.e. by i" by m/2 parabolas, we have “Dy replacing the curve y=f0) 7 2 Ty J seae=21] 05001242 4255]. al iy 4 2 2 0+ Avy +2 v0] 1 =24{ 30 +01-90)+402-24y | 1 o))=2h] oy 42. 1 6 h org thn | 2h h =Gbotan t21= 30044, +9)Numerical Integration “457 Similarly, % : J 10) de= 302 +495 +94) A J L0) be =F na +41 + Iq) Bnd Sea all these . we obtain ” Fea " calms fist a [00 +431 +92)+ (002 +495 +94) tt Ona +4¥nt In) ] [00+ Yn)+4 O14 IS IS Hot Yet OFFI ANG HAI DV oe (4) 3 [(Sum of the first and Jast ordinates) + 4 (Sum of the odd ordinates) +2 (Sum of the remaining even ordinates) ] with the convention that y,, y3, Ygune Yoq€te even ordinates and y,, V5 Yep Yay, ate odd ordinates. This is known as Simpson's 1/3 Rule or simply Simpson's Rule, It should be noted that this rule requires the given interval must be divided into an even number of equal sub- intervals of width h. 3.6 SIMPSON'S 3/8 RULE Simpson's 1/3 rule was derived using three points that fit a quadratic equation. We can extend this approach by incorporating four successive points so that the rule can be exact for a polynomial ffx) of degree 3. Putting n = 3 in Newton-Cote's quadrature formula, all tienes higher than the third will become zero and we obtain 306-3) g2y5 4 30-27 “| 12 3 Soot as =3h[y0 + Bayes wore YO fred aif? Ayo + % 3 3 yaa as #31] 0430-90) # 302-20 490) G33 13 »0)| = hop t3n tan +9) 6 Similarly, fr@a=%o, +3y4 +3y5 +6) and soon. %is & Complex Variab) ‘ (Numerical Method! le9) 158 Engineering Mathematics a multiple of 3, we get Adding ll these integral, from x9 {© 5. where nis @ free Jrerdref rordes +f ones yn-3 + 3Yn-2 +3 nt ty or = la 15 +g +9 tot I, Hoo ty43 O42 It Is tot Dott 2 OS HHA ID FF INI = 100+ ¥n when 7 is a multi Equation 6) is called Simpson's 3/8 rule which Ea only ple of 3. This rule is not so accurate as Simpson's 1/3 rule zoidal rule, number Note : While there is no restriction for the number of intervals in Trape of 1 i 's > rule sub-intervals n in the case of Simpson's 5, rule must be even, for Simpson's 3 Must be multiple of 3 Example; Evaluate [72 with five sub-intervals by Aisnemsidel nile, o y By Trapezoidal rule, 1 h , frac = lum of the first and last ordinates) + 2 (sum of the 0 remaining ordinates)] 0.2 = zle +1)+2(0.008 + 0.064 + 0.216 +0,512)) = 0.26 Solution : bfisbes, : "Divide the interval (0, a - (0.x) into six ier cack) of width Ax 1/6 The values of f(r . By Trapezoidal rule, . . Jesine a = 70 + ¥6)4 20 tat y+ yy + ys) = 2 (0. lors (O2818* 09069 +1 7081813841 399Numerical Integration = (11.7246) = 3.0695 = 3.07 Example 3 : Find the value of i by Simpson's rule. Hence obtain approximate yalue of log.2 Solution : Divide the interval (1,2) into eight parts cach of width = 0.125 . The values of x and y are tabulated below: y Pd Qxj=y 1.125 | 1.25] 1375 [| 1.5 _| 1.625 | 1.75 | 1.875 | 2 Coe e Gee a 0.6153 | 0.5714 | 0.5333 | 0.5 Js 6 yr | Ys Yo By Simpson's 1/3 rule, 2 ax i =; (sum of the first and last ordinates) 1 +4 (sum of the odd ordinates) + 2 ( sum of the remaining even ordinates)] =4Loy FIFA OLA YS +95 +97) +202 + ¥4 + Ye) eos) 7 25611+-0.5) +4 (0.8888-+40.7272 + 0.6153 + 0.5333) +2 (0.8 + 0.6666 + 0.5714)] 0 S+1L, 0584+-4.076]= 925 416.6344) = 0.6931 By actual integration , jz = (log.x)? = log 2—log! = log2 1 Hence log2 = 0.6931, correct to four decimal places, pamonled Evaluate lee dx using Sion mleting = 0-25. ONTU I00eCaeUT (SetNo.2)} Solution : The values of y= f(x) = " are given below: x] 025 T 050 [075 [1.00 [125 [150 [175 | 200] * | 0.0625 |_0.25 [05625 | 1.00 | 15625] 2.25 [3.06051 4.00 | ¥ | 0.93941] 0.7788 [0.56978 | 0.36788 | 0.20961 | 0.1054 | 0.04677) 0.0183 iy. |e oe upteyd Ys % Is Nive y By Simpson’s | rd rule, we have \ dinenier = feWa 2 = [Oo +97) +401 + 3 +5) +202 + ¥4 + ¥6)I 0erical Methods & Complex Variable, Engineering Mathematics — I! (Num: = 235 (0-93941+0-0183)+4(0- +7788 +0° 36788 + 0-1054) 3 +2(0-56978 +0-20961+0- 04677)] + So. 95771 +5-00832 +1-65232] * O25 a + 61835) = 0.63486. . a Solution : fs is the distance travelled in time ¢ and v is the velocity at time 1, then av Lg dt Integrating, we get 40 (Wik = fade a Here h=5, ay =40.0, a, =45.25, ay =48.50, a; =51.25, a4 = 54.35, as = 59.48, = 61.5, ay = 64.3 and ay = 68.7 By Trapezoidal rule, we have am The required velocity = lao + a8) + 2a, $4, +05 445 +a, hag tar 5 a 3140.0+ 68.7) + 2(45.25 448.504 51.25 454.354 59.48 +615 +64.3)) = Sto. 7 + 2(384.63)] =S¢n. 96) = 2194.9 Position of the rocket at t= 40 seconds = (219, sl By Simpson's rule, we have 2194.9) (40) = 87796 reat anand ehann y 3 +45 + a7 +4(45.25 4.51, 284 944vs43y 5 = (108 a30 8.7 + 328.7498), 123) = = 2197.5arr as 161 merical Integration Nuf Position of the rocket at ¢ = 40 seconds = (2197.5) (40) = 87900. By Simpson's rule, we have 2 Jo ae= Boy +1441 +9) +209] i* 3 225 2.71808-+3.69452) +4(2.7922 + 3,283) + 2(2.9878)] 2. 3 5 16.4128 + 24.322 + 5.9756 Solution: We divide the interval (0, 1] into six (multiple of 3) subintervals. The values of x and y are tabulated below : @By Trapezoidal rule,& Comy | 4@q jineering Mathematics ~ | (uimercel Matton Sennen Va, Engineering 1 L h line = [Oro +96) +264 +92 45 +4 FIST 54)] = 0.69485 = Blc+o5)+ 2(0.8571+ 0,75 + 0.6666 + 0.6 +0.5454)] (®) By Simpson's s ait 1 3 +y4)l lize = glo + ¥6)+ (1 + 95 + 95) +2092 + %4 a la +0.5) + 4(0.8571 + 0.6666 + 0.5454) + 2(0.75 +0.6)] = 0.6931, correct to four decimal places By Simpson's > rate, 1 1 3h J Tox 2g (00 +96)+3.01 +92 + 94+ 95) +2(04)1 oe (1+0.5)+3 (0.8571+40,75+0.6. +0.5454)+2 (0.6666)} = 20.5 +8.2575 41.3332) 1 neon = 0.6932, correct to 4 decimal places, Solution : Here h= 0.2, y,= 1.3863, y ey ¥4= 1.5686, y,= 1.6094 and y,= 1.6437! 4351, %2= 14816, »,= 1.5261, 3 By Simpson's = rule, we have 52 3h J logx de= 10 + ¥6)+3(y, tty, +¥s)42y,)4 Numerical Integration i 0.6 [3.035 + 18.2841 4 3.0522] 0.6 wg (24.3713) = 1.827847, %: sn desing Simpson’ > rule. 3 + We know that Simpson's § rule is applicable only when n isa mute of 3. Thus we should divide the interval (0, 7 into six equal parts each of width, h =<. The values of y = flx) = V1+x" are as follows. 1 2 3 4 5 0 a a = 7 a 1 _ 6 | 6 | 6 6 6 y | 1 | 1.0003857 | 1.006154 | 1.030764 | 1.0943175 | 1.217478 | 1.4142136 Yol WY ys I, Ys Ys 3 By Simpson's 5 rule, we have i 14x" d= low 04901404 4391200 : Sta 4142136) +3 (1.0003857 + 1.006154 +1.0943175 +1.217478) + 2(1.0307764)] - qpl2aianis6+ 12,955 + 2.0615528] = £07.430772) =1.08942. compare the result with its actual value. j Solution: All the formulae are applicable if n, the number of intervals is a multiple of six. So we divide the interval (0, 6) into equal parts each of width, h = The values of y= f(x) are given below. 1 @ By Simpson's 5 rule, 1 h Tee = F100 + 5) + 4 + Y3 + Ys) + 202 + Ya) gltx 3ore 164 Engineering Mathematics I! (Numerical acount Vara, = 1f€.+0.1428) + 4(0.5 + 0.25 + 0.1666) + 2(0:3333 + 0.2)] =, = (1.1428 + 3.6664 + 1.0666) 0 wl (5.8758) = 1.9586 i) By Simpson's 2 tule, 6 1 3h rea gz Oo ty +30, +9, +, +99) + 295) = eta + 0.1428) + 3 (0.5 + 0.3333 + 0.2 + 0.1666) + 2(0.25)] 3 i gl 1.1428 + 3.5997 + 0.5] By actual integration, o 3g 05-2425) = 1.9659 6 1 [rep = toed +8 = tog 7 tog =1og7 = 1.94591 From the above problem, we conclude that Simpson's 1/3 more acura the Simpson's 3/8 rule. -* ra Solution: The values of x and y are tabulated below. essa Ts 3h 5g [0+ 76) +3 Oy ae *¥4+¥5)+2 (yy) - iu. 5+ 9.4662 +1.6) = pula $662) 0.7 854, comrect to 4 decimal p*" Numerical Integration es | By actual integration, (tan™! xh = tan™ (1) tan“!(0) = q = 0.7854 => 1 =3.1416 z 4 1 Example 12: Evaluate [ Vi+.° dr taking h =0.1 using ae : : @ Simpson’s g7drule. (ii) Trapezoidal rule, [SNTU 2006 (Set No. 2)] bxa Solution: Here a=0, b= 1, h=0.1. Son= The values of x and y are tabulated below. a oO} O1 02 03 04 0s 06 07 08 09 1 y=Vi+.° [1 |1,0005 |1.0034 | 1.0134 | 1.0815 | 1.0606 |1.1027 | 1.1589 | 1.2296 | 1.3149 |1.4142 Pop | | %s | Ys | vs | ye |r | Xs | ¥e | Ho (By Simpson’s ; rule, i I+ de -4 {(Sum of the first and last ordinates) + 4(Sum of the odd ordinates) : + 2( sum of the remaining even ordinates)] s Foo + Yo) +401 + Ys + Ys +7 + Yo) +202 + ¥4 + Ye + Ye) = a [(1+1.4142) + 4(1.0005 + 1.0134 + 1.0606 + 1.1589 + 1.3149) + 21.0034 + 1.0315 + 1.1027 + 1.2296)] = SH 2.4142 +22.1982+8,7344)=1.114. (i) By Trapezoidal rule, = lo + 0) +20 + Vat Wet V4+Ys + Yet I +Y~ +y0)] = SA (1+ 1.4142) + 20.0005 + 1.0034 + 1.0134 + 1.0315 + 1.0606 + 1.1027 + 1.1589 + 1.2296 +1.3149)] = St 2.4142 +19.891)=1.11226.Numerical Methods & Complex Varig, f(t) asa function of time Example 13 : The table below shows the ae Engineering Mathematics - !! (l i Evaluate i f (Ode using Simpson's zr rule. | yer 206 207.0 De 218594 = 83, y, = 78, ¥; = 70, Solution : Here h= 1 and yy 81, y; = 75:32 = 80s Ys = 831.24 = 78, ¥5 = 70, ¥6=6y 1 By Simpson's 5 rule, [rod = Afoy +y0)+40, +99 +99)+202 499) i = £[G814+-60) +4(75 +83 +70)+2(80+78)] = 3a sesins3i6)= “ = 456.3333 Example 14 : Evaluate {. Faas rapezoidal rule. ie LINTU 2007.) Dec, 2011S (Set No.2), Solution + We have h~=0.2 and y,= 1.23, y,= 1.58, y,=2.03, y, = 4.32, y, = 62h =8.38, y,= 10.23, and y,= 1245 " ™ _ Trapezoidal rule, 29 yds = AE (yg + yy) +2 J L004 22)#201 +2 + I+ Ye +954 y6)] 0.2 = = la23 412.45) + 2(1.58 +2.03 + 4324625 4. 8.38 + 10,23 + 1248] = (0.1) [13.68 190481 10.416,| umerical Integration =, The values of x and » are tabulated below: x [ovilapsxy™4 5 L@)= Le? | : | 03| 02| Ol | 0.058824 | 0.03846 | 0.027027 »lrlLylLralo, 2 3\" By Simpson’s (J rule, 6 1 3h Fee = “g[00+96) +301 +92 +94 +95) +295] 7 : = gl(1+ 0.027027) +3(0.5 + 0.2 + 0.058824 +- 0.03846) + 2(0.1)] 3 gl 027027 + 2.391852 +0.2]= 2.618879) = 1.35708. Solution: Here h=0.25 and nated a So we cannot use Simpson's rule. Hence we will use Trapezoidal rule. The values of y= f(x)=1/x are given below.——o_—_—_—S—i( ~ : hods & Complex Vay 168 Engineering Mathematics - I! (Numerical Met Mabie -0_% Solution : ed =k tion: Here n=10 and = 50 = = -. The table of values is 0.3090 | 0.5878 | @ By Trapezoidal rule, foinx dx = Fl0+0)+2 (0.3090 +0.5878 + 0.8090 +0.9511+1.0 o + 0.9511 + 0.8090 + 0.5878 + 0.3090)] =1.9843 (approximately) (i) By Simpson's rule, fsinx de = FlO+ +4 (0.3090 +0.8090 +1 + 0.8090 + 0.3090) 3 3 +2 (0.5878 +0.9511+0.9511+0.5878)} = 2.0009 Example 18 : Evaluate fe'drusing Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule. Also compet Yourregultith the exagt-value of the integral, 35.) “ant (A Jie 20 (Sed Non] Solution : Here b-a=4-0=4. Divide into four equal parts. h=4/4=1. Hence, the table is x fo] 1 2 3 4 y=e'| 1 | 2.71828 | 7.3890 | 20.0855 | 54.508] Yo} dr Ys Ye There are 5 ordinates (n= 4). We can use both Trapezoidal and Simpson's rule. (By Traezoidal rule, : fede =H. + #20, 4,49) 3 1 => [(1+54.5981) +2 (2.71828 47, zu + 3890+ 20.0855)) 2 355.5981 +2 (30.19278)] = 57.999Numerical Integration 169 (i) By Simpson's rule, t A fe'de= 310 +) +My, + 4)+ 292] 2 1 = la + 54.5981) +4 (2.71828 + 20.0855) +2 (7.3890)] 1 = 37155.5981+ 91.215 12 +14.7780] = 53.864 ‘ (ii) By actual integration, [ e*dx=(e")* = e* -1= 53.5981. Here, the value by Simpson's 3 tule is closer to the actual value than the value by Trapezoidal rule. Note : The accuracy of the result can be improved by increasing the number of intervals and decreasing the value of h. Refer Solved Ex.19. FI Example 19 : Compute [e‘dx by Simpson's one-third rule with 10 subdivisions. ° [NTU (A) June 2009 (Set No.3)] Solution: Here b-a=4-0=4, n=10 and h= Hence the table is oO} 04 1/1.4918} Yop 1 ent Je de = F100 + Yo) 4 OA +VstVs + Vr FY )t2O2 + Ys + Yo + Hyd) 2 ra +54,5981) + 4(1.4918+3.3201 + 7.3890 + 16.4446 + 36.5982) +2 (2.255 +4.9530 + 11.0232 + 24.5325)] = 455.5981 +4 (65.2437) +2 (42.7342)] — (402.013) = 53.6055& Compl “170 Engineering Mathematics - I! (Numerical Methods PICK Varig gin dS Solution : We know that We v S=fvae To get S, we have to integrate v ” 6 +10)] + S= for $100+7)+4 24-416411.748.5)+2 09.5413 3 (using Simpson's 1/3 rule) | = 507+ 240.8 + 86.2) = e = 606.6667 meters. i} Solution: Let y=e™, Length of interval is ( - 0) = - n ~. The values of y are calculated as follows taking h= 6 74, Yn Here n=3. We will use Trapezoidal rule. By Trapezoidal rule, x2 h J etde=— 100 +93)4204 + 2)] a = zu +2.71828) +2(1.6487 +2.3774) r = S1011.77048) = 3. pi 7048) = 3.0815 Solution : Here brant -0n8, Simpson's 3/8 ruleis applicable only When nis a , So we divide [o | into six equal parts, Multiple of 3,Numerical Integration 474 The values of y=e"* are calculated as follows. x lo] & [2#_x]3x_n]4x_n] Sn | 6m z 2 | 6li2-4/12-3| 12 | 2 sinx 0 | 0.2588] 0.5 0.7071 | 0.8660 | 0.9659 1 ped 1.2954 | 1.6487 | 2.0281 | 2.3774 | 2.6272 | 2.7183 Jo HA 2 Ys 4 ys ¥6. By Simpson’s three - eighth rule, 5 E nx gy 3h Je Se = [00 + ¥6)+3(1 + Ya + Ya + Ys) +295 0 3: = pgllt+ 2.7183) +3 (1.2954 + 1.6487 + 2.3774 + 2.6272) + 2(2.0281)] 3n 3a =—(G.71 e « =—GL 36° 183 + 23.8461+ 4.0562) 96°! 6206) Solution : Here a =0, bat and n=10. The values of x and y are tabulated below. ¥ 0 T Qn 3n 4n Sn 6n Tx 8 on | 100 20 20 20 20. 20_ | 20 20 20 20 | 20 0 | 0.1564 | 0.3090 | 0.4540 | 0.5878 | 0.7071 | 0.8090 | 0.891 | 0.9505 | 0.9877 Xo] wv | ym» | ys | m4 | ys | w% | | mw | @ By Trapezoidal rule, y=sinx M10. t sinx de ¥)) Flo + Yq) +204 +924 = [(0 +1) + 2(0.1564 + 0.3090 + 0.4540 + 0.5878 40 + 0.7071 +0.8090 + 0.891 +.0.9505 +0.9877)] © & =—| .8525)] = — (12.705) = 0.9978 gl + 26. 8525)] ri )172 i & Compl E ing Mathematics ~ |! (Numerical Methods Pex Varia ngineerin (ii) By Simpson's 1/3rd rule, Ga nso 1. x2 yy + 6+ 98)) : 202 +4 tN J sineay Atay o)44 Oy +99 495 1972)" i 0 9877 = Eo-1ys (0.1564 045404 07071089140 9877) +2 (0.309 +.0.5878 + 0.809 + 0.9505)] = au +4 (3.1962) +2 (2.6563)] = 0.9999 m © == =~ (19.0974) Goll + 12.7848 +5.3126] a" ( Define Numerical Integration. (i) When do you use numerical integration ? Give an example. JINTU (K) Dec. 2016 (Set No.3) (Derive General quadrature formula (ii) Derive a general formula for numerical integration using Newton's forward difference formula annd hece derive Trapezoidal rule. (iii) Derive the general formula to obtain an approximate value of the definite integral 5 Joe Write the formulae of Trapezoidal rule and Simpson's | 4 rule. 3 b Derive the formula to evaluate { y a using Trapezoidal rule, f [JNTU 20078, 20088, (H) Dec. 2011S (Set No. 1) Derive the formula to evaluate f y dr using Simpson's + rule 3 tule, a [INTU (H) Dec. 20118 (Set No.?! Write Simpson's ath rule. b Derive the formula to evaluate Jy d using Simpson's 3 ele g Tule. 2 State and prove the Simpson's ath rule State the geometrical meaning of the () Trapezoidal Rule (i) Simpson’ ‘d tule of Numerical Integration4 Numerical Integration 473 (tm 1 1. Use the Trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to estimate J 5: I+x 0 correct to four decimal places. [JNTU 2007S, 20088, (H) June 2011 (Set No. 1)] * sin x . 2, Evaluate [= dv by using (i) Trapezoidal rule (ti) Simpson's 1/3 rule taking n= 6. a [JNTU (H) June 2011 (Set No. 1)} 1 2 3. (a) Evaluate fe" de taking h=0.2 using (i) Simpson's jd rule (ii) Trapezoidal rule. 0 ia [ENTU 20075, 20088 (Set No. 1)] (6) Evaluate J e* dx by taking h=0.1 using Simpson's rule. 1 [JNTU (K) 2011S (Set No. 2)} 2 4. Evaluate j(x* +1) dx using Simpson's 3/8 rule, dividing the range into three equal parts. 12 5. (a) Evaluate J Vsin6 d@ using (i) Simpson's 1/3 rule (ii) Simpson's 3/8 rule 0 considering six sub - intervals, x2 (6) Evaluate f sinx dx by Simpsoon's frd tule and compare with exact value, 0 IJNTU (A) June 2011 (Set No. 3)] dx 3 using Simpon's 8 tule with n=6. 2 ix V2 6. Evaluate f 0 6 7. (a) Evaluate fae using (i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson's 3/8 rule and compare it 0 with the actual value. 2 (Evaluate iS using Simpson's rule with ;=0,1 [JNTU (K) 2011S (Set No. 3)] +x 12 EB - 8. Evaluate af eos 0 d@ by dividing the range into six equal parts. 0 6 : 1 . 9. Evaluate Ss by using (i) Trapezoidal rule (i) Simpson's 5 rule (iii) Simpson's 1+ 0 3/8 rule and compare the result in each case with its actual value. le [INTU 2008 (Set No. 3)}& Ce le 174 Engineering Mathematics ~ I! (Numerical Methods & Complex Vataig 5. 6487 46] 48 | 5. 40 | 42 | 44 - Ts26i} 1.5686] 1.6094] logx| 1.3863] 1.4351] 1.4816) 10. Given that a : ii) Simpson's rul Evaluate f log x dx by using (i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson's rule 4 INT! 006 (Si (iii) Simpson's 3/8 rule LINTU 2006 (Set Nay 11. The table below shows the velocities of a moped which starts fro of time. Find the distance travelled by the moped in 20 minutes. [— Time rminy J 2] 4] 6] 8] 10] 12] 14 1] 18] 20 Velocity,v (km/min | of 10] isl 23 29] 32| 20] 11] 5 | 2 | ym rest at fixed intervay| 12. A curve is drawn to pass through the points given by the following table: x | 74 48 | 7.49 | 7.50 | 7.51 | 7.52 1.93 | 1.95 | 1.98 | 2.01 | 2.03 | 2.06 Find the area bounded by the curve, the x - axis and the lines x =7. 13. The table below shows the velocities of a car at various intervals of time. Find te distance covered by the car using Simpson's 1/3 rule. Time (min.) 2 2] 4] 6] sfiofi2 Velocity (knvhr) | 0} 22 | 30] 27]18] 7] 0 14. The velocity v (m/sec) ofa particle at distance S (m) from a point on its path is givenby the following table: so] 10] 20] 30] 40] so] 60 v | 47] 58] 64] 65} 61} 52] 38 Estimate the time taken to travel 60 meters by using Simpson's 1/3 rule. Compare you! answer with Simpson's 3/8 rule. < [JNTU (A) May 2016) 15. A solid of revolution is formed by rotating about the x - axis, the area between the*"} axis, the lines x=0 and x=1and a curve through the points with the following ordinates: [a] ooo T 025 [050 [075 [100 | y | 1.0000 [ 0.9896 0.9589 [0.9089 | 0.8415 Estimate the volume of the solid formed using Simpson's 1/3 tule. 1 16, Evaluate approximately, by Trapezoidal rule, {(4y 4.2 kc *~3x7) de by taking n -10. Com™ the exact integral and find the absolute an Telative erro, Ir. Noy NTU (A) June 2011Numerical Integration ‘ 175 nid 18. Evaluate [ "*dx by 9 (i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson's 1/3 rule [NTU (K) Dec. 2016 (Set No. 1)] (ii) Simpson's three-eighth rule [JJNTU (A) June 2011 (Set No. 4)} a 13 mj |19. Evaluate f Vx dx taking h=0.1 using Simpson's 5rd mule. 10 20. Find the approximate area bounded by the curve y= VI-x? and the x- axis by : (i) Trapezoidal rule (ii) Simpson's ; rule [JNTU (A) Dec. 2015] 1. 0.7828 2. 1.8521 3. () 0.6507 (ii)0.64437 4. 4.75 5. (a) (i) 1.1864 (i) 1.1849 (b) 1.006 6. 0.52367. (a) (i) 2.0214 (ii) 1.966 ; 8. 1.1873 9.) 1.4108 (ii) 1.3662 (iif) 1.3571 | 10. (i) 1.8276551 (ii) 1.8278472 (iii) 1.8278470 — 11. 309.33 km 12, 0.0996 13. 32/9 km. 14. 1.0635166sec, 1.0637521 sec, 15. 2.8192 oy ° va che > QUIZ a ae 1. The nth difference of a polynomial of degree n is 2. Trapezoidal rule states that 3. f(x) is given by rey" aya H pe int! 4. 1 + Then the value of J /(x)dr by Trapezoidal rule is 0 While evaluating a definite integral by Trapezoidal rule, the accuracy can be increased by taking number of subintervals.176 10. 11 12. 13. 14, 16. 17. “s Engineering Mathematics — Il (Numerical Methods & Complex Vatiabeg 1 ee The rule of [.x*dx by Trapezoidal rule (taking n = 4) is 0 19 ee The value of IS by Trapezoidal rule (taking n = 4) is fy, 1,y, = 0.9898, y, 0.95885, y,= 0.90885, y,= 0.84 and f= + then the valu of j » de by Trapezoidal rule is b 16 4 16 1 al lue of Ify=1,y,= 1727 FoNs= gee 5 and A= then the value of Je by Trapezoidal rule is 1 b By Simpson’s 5 rule, [ fdr = 0 Then the value of j Sf (x)dx by Simpson’s ~ » rule is 1ff()=1, F(0.)~058, FO-2)=0.96,f(0:3)= 0.914, £(0.4) = 0.852, (0.5) = 0.7788, £ (0.6) = 0.6977 then the value of i S(@)dt by Simpson’s 4 + rule i is The value of is by Simpson’s 4 * rule (aking n= 4) is In application of Simpson's 1/3 we the interval 4 for closer application should be - f(x) is given by, [x= I LOT or £9 {| 3983 [4066] qe 1s then the value of if S(@)de by Simpson’s 1 + rule i iz The value of js dx by Simpson's 4 + rule (taking n = 4) ig The value of lft dx by Simpson’s + + rule (taking n= 4) g— | Numerical Integration i . wel 18. If y =1 9 =2.72, »; =7.39, y = 20.09, », = 54.6 and h = | then by Simpson’s 3 rule, 4 jv a : ‘ 19. By Simpson’s 5 rule, | f(s)dx=___ 20. If 0) = 1, f (1) = 0.5, f (2) = 0.2, f ) = 0.1, f (4) = 0.0588, f (5) = 0.0385 and ‘£(6) = 0.027, then the value of [ f(2)de by Simpson’s 2 rule is 21. Iff=1, 7(2)=16087, 5 =) =2.3632, #(£} =2:7132, then the valueot J fea 4 3 by Simpson's § rule is 22. f(a) is given by, 2 x:]0 Ser farsf a lai=fur silo I plate Fe] 115] 5 t 3 then the value of [ f(x)dx by Simpson’s g Tule is a 23. If y,=0, », =10, y, =18, y, =25 and h=2 then the value of | y dx by Simpson’s 2 tule 3 is , 1. Constant 2. Jrcoer= Ho +) #201 +2 tt Yea] 3. 0.775 4. 0.7837 5. larger 6. 0.26 7. 2.3788 8.0.9445 9. 0.7828 10. SL (0 +0) +0198 toe Yet) #2002 ta tot Yaa) n. 12, 0.5351 13. 0.7854 14, even and small 15. 0.16734 16. 0.693 17. 0.693 18. 53.6 3h 19. [60+ yn) +3(01 +92 +94 +5 tt Int) +2( V5 +6 tot Ina) 20. 13571 24. 0.0911 22. 1966 23, 81.75