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    Solved Problems On Supremum and Infimum

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    akil
    1) The document defines a sequence A where the terms are fractions involving n. 2) It is observed that the odd terms of A appear to be increasing while the even terms appear to be decreasing. 3) Through further analysis and taking limits, it is proved that the odd terms are indeed increasing with limit 1, and the even terms are decreasing with limit 1. 4) Therefore, the supremum of A is A(2) = 7/4, and the infimum is A(1) = 1/4.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Solved Problems On Supremum and Infimum

    Uploaded by

    akil
    305 views7 pages
    1) The document defines a sequence A where the terms are fractions involving n. 2) It is observed that the odd terms of A appear to be increasing while the even terms appear to be decreasing. 3) Through further analysis and taking limits, it is proved that the odd terms are indeed increasing with limit 1, and the even terms are decreasing with limit 1. 4) Therefore, the supremum of A is A(2) = 7/4, and the infimum is A(1) = 1/4.

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    Real Analysis4

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    SupProblems

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    1) The document defines a sequence A where the terms are fractions involving n. 2) It is observed that the odd terms of A appear to be increasing while the even terms appear to be decreasing. 3) Through further analysis and taking limits, it is proved that the odd terms are indeed increasing with limit 1, and the even terms are decreasing with limit 1. 4) Therefore, the supremum of A is A(2) = 7/4, and the infimum is A(1) = 1/4.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    305 views7 pages

    Solved Problems On Supremum and Infimum

    Uploaded by

    akil
    1) The document defines a sequence A where the terms are fractions involving n. 2) It is observed that the odd terms of A appear to be increasing while the even terms appear to be decreasing. 3) Through further analysis and taking limits, it is proved that the odd terms are indeed increasing with limit 1, and the even terms are decreasing with limit 1. 4) Therefore, the supremum of A is A(2) = 7/4, and the infimum is A(1) = 1/4.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Solved Problems on

    Supremum and Infimum

     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
    ( )
    n +1
     n + − 1 n + 2 
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .
    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Solution
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .

    Use the Maple commands


    > A := unapply((n^2+(-1)^n*n+1)/(n^2+(-1)^(n+1)*n+2),n);
    > for k to 10 do evalf(A(k));od;
    to list the first ten elements of the sequence A.
    Floating point approximations of the elements are:
    0.250, 1.750, 0.500, 1.500, 0.656, 1.343, 0.741, 1.258, 0.793,
    1.206.
    It appears that the odd elements form an increasing sequence
    and the even elements a decreasing sequence. Furthermore, the
    odd elements appear to be smaller than the even elements.

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems


    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .

    Solution (cont’d)
    Assuming that the previous observation about the odd and even
    elements is true, sup(A)= 1¾ and inf(A) = ¼.

    It remains to show that the odd elements of A form an increasing


    sequence and the even elements a decreasing sequence.
    Assuming that the function A is already defined for Maple, use the
    Maple commands
    > assume(n,posint); Maple needs to know this in order
    > simplify(A(2*n+2)-A(2*n)); to be able to simplify correctly.
    to compute the difference of two subsequent even elements of the set
    A.

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems


    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .

    Solution (cont’d)

    One gets
    2
    8 n~ + 4 n~ − 5
    A( 2 n + 2 ) − A( 2 n ) = −
    2 2
    2 ( 2 n~ + 3 n~ + 2 ) ( 2 n~ − n~ + 1 )

    One concludes that A(2n+2) – A(2n) is always negative.

    Hence the even elements of the sequence A form a decreasing


    sequence.

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems


    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .

    Solution (cont’d)

    In the same way one gets

    2
    8 n~ + 20 n~ + 7
    A( 2 n + 3 ) − A( 2 n + 1 ) =
    2 2
    2 ( 2 n~ + 7 n~ + 7 ) ( 2 n~ + 3 n~ + 2 )

    One concludes that A(2n + 3) – A(2n + 1) is always positive.

    Hence the odd elements of the sequence A form a increasing


    sequence.

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems


    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .

    n 2 + ( −1) n + 1
    n

    Solution (cont’d) Let A ( n ) = .


    n + ( −1)
    n +1
    2
    n+2
    ( −1)
    n
    1
    n + ( −1) n + 1
    2 n 1− 2
    +
    lim A ( n ) = lim 2 = lim n n = 1.
    n + ( −1) n + 2 ( −1)
    n →∞ n →∞ n +1 n →∞ n +1
    2
    1+ + 2
    n n

    Conclude
    lim A ( 2n ) = lim A ( 2n + 1) = lim A ( n ) = 1.
    n →∞ n →∞ n →∞

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems


    Sup and Inf
     n 2 + ( −1)n n + 1 
    Problem 1 Let A =  2 n = 1,2,3,… .
     n + ( −1) n + 2
    n +1
    
    Determine sup ( A ) and inf ( A ) .
    Solution (cont’d)

    We have shown that the odd elements of the sequence A form an


    increasing sequence with the limit 1.
    We have also shown that the even elements of the sequence A
    form an decreasing sequence with the limit 1.

    Here odd elements are


    denoted by red diamonds
    and even elements by blue.

    Conclude: sup(A) = A(2) = 7/4 and inf(A) = A(1)=1/4.

    Mika Seppälä: Solved Sup and Inf Problems

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