By: Nihal Kumar

UNIT - 3
By: Nihal Kumar

DIFFERENTIAL PHASE SHIFT KEYING

GENERATION OF DPSK
Thus in order to eliminate the need for phase synchronization of coherent receiver
with PSK, a differential encoding system can be used with PSK. The digital
information content of the binary data is encoded in terms of signal transitions.
A symbol 0 is used to represent transition in a given binary sequence and a
symbol 1 is used to indicate no transition.
This new signaling scheme which combines differential encoding with phase shift
keying (PSK) is known as differential phase shift keying.

Schematic Diagram

Block Diagram of DPSK Transmitter

The data stream b (t) is applied to the input of the encoder. The output of the encoder
(differential data) is applied to one input of the product modulator. To other input of this
product modulator, a sinusoidal carrier of fixed amplitude and frequency is applied.
The relation between the binary sequence and its differential encoded version is
illustrated in the following table for a assumed data sequence 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1.
By: Nihal Kumar

Encoding has been done in such a way that transition in the given binary sequence
with respect to the previous encoded bit is represented by symbol 0 and no transition by
symbol 1. i.e., the logic function performed by encoder is XNOR logic function.

dk  bk  dk 1
It may be noted that an extra bit has been arbitrarily added as an initial bit. We
can choose 0 or 1 as an initial bit for the encoded sequence. The phase of the generated
DPSK signal has been shown in the third row of tables below.

Binary data bk 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

Differential encoded data d k 1* 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

Phase of DPSK 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 0

Phase of shifted DPSK signal 0 π 0 0 π 0 0 π 0 0

Phase comparison output - - + - - + - - + +

Detected binary sequence 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

 Arbitrary starting reference bit 1

Binary data bk 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

Differential encoded data d k 0* 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0

Phase of DPSK π 0 π π 0 π π 0 π π π

Phase of shifted DPSK signal π 0 π π 0 π π 0 π π

Phase comparison output - - + - - + - - + +

Detected binary sequence 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

 Arbitrary starting reference bit 0

DETECTION OF DPSK
For the detection of the differentially encoded PSK, we can use the receiver
arrangement as shown in figure below.

Block Diagram of DPSK Receiver

The received DPSK signal is applied to one input of the multiplier. To other input
of the multiplier, a delayed version of the received DPSK signal by the time interval T b is
applied (it has been shown in 4th row of the table).
The output of the difference is proportional to cos  , here  is the difference
between the carrier phase angle of the received DPSK signal and its delayed version,
measured in the same bit interval. The phase angles of the DPSK signal and its delayed
version have been shown in 3rd and 4th rows respectively.
When Φ=0, the integrator output is positive whereas when Φ=π, the integrator
output is negative. By comparing the integrator output with a decision level of zero volt.
The decision can reconstruct the binary sequence by assigning a symbol 0 for negative
output and symbol 1 for positive output. The reconstructed data is shown in the last row
of the table.
Reconstruction is invariant with the choice of the initial bit in the encoded data.
Bandwidth of DPSK signal
Bandwidth calculation is made by using power spectral density of it. The power spectral
density of DPSK signal is same as that of BPSK signal. The only difference b/w them is
the symbol duration. The symbol duration of BPSK scheme is T b where as for DPSK
scheme symbol duration is given by 2T b. As the generation of each symbol in differential
data depends on the present bit and previous encoded bit, the symbol duration is
equivalent to Ts = 2Tb.
By: Nihal Kumar

2 2
BW= =  fb
Ts 2Tb
Hence minimum bandwidth in DPSK is equal to fb. i.e. maximum baseband signal
frequency.

ADVANTAGES
i. DPSK does not need carrier at the receiver end. This means that the
complicated circuitry for generation of local carrier is not required.
ii. The bandwidth requirement of DPSK is reduced as compared to that of BPSK.

DRAWBACKS
Because DPSK uses two successive bits for its reception, error in the first bit creates
error in the second bit. Therefore, error propagation in DPSK is more. On other hand, in
BPSK single bit can go in error since detection of each bit is independent.
i. The probability of error of DPSK is higher than that of BPSK.
ii. Noise interference in DPSK is more.

Note: In DPSK, previous bit is used to detect next bit. Hence, if error is present in
previous bit, detection of next bit can also go wrong. Hence error is created in next bit
also. Therefore, the tendency of appearing errors in pairs in DPSK.
Note: Geometrical representation of DPSK signal is same as that of BPSK.