NAMA : CHANDRA DARUSMAN

NPM : F1A020054

TOFEL 3
Questions 1-12

Orchids are unique in having the most highly developed of all blossoms, in which the usual male
and female reproductive organs are fused in a single structure called the column. The column is
designed so that a single pollination will fertilize hundreds of thousands, and in some cases
millions, of seeds, so microscopic and light they are easily carried by the breeze. Surrounding the
column are three sepals and three petals, sometimes easily recognizable as such, often distorted
into gorgeous, weird, but always functional shapes. The most noticeable of the petals is called the
labellum, or lip. It is often dramatically marked as an unmistakable landing strip to attract the
specific insect the orchid has chosen as its pollinator.
To lure their pollinators from afar, orchids use appropriately intriguing shapes, colors and scents.
At least 50 different aromatic compounds have been analyzed in the orchid family, each blended
to attract one or at most a few species of insects or birds. Some orchids even change their scents to
interest different insects at different times.
Once the right insect has been attracted, some orchids present all sorts of one-way obstacle
courses to make sure it does not leave until pollen has been accurately placed or removed. By
such ingenious adaptations to specific pollinators, orchids have avoided the hazards of rampant
crossbreeding in the wild, assuring the survival of species as discrete identities. At the same time
they have made themselves irresistible to collectors.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 5. Which of the following is a kind of petal?
(A) Birds (A) The column
(B) Insects (B) The sepal
(C) Flowers (C) The stem
(D) Perfume (D) The labellum

2. The orchid is unique because of 6. The labellum( line 7) is most comparable

(A) the habitat in which it lives to
(B) the structure of its blossom (A) a microscope
(C) the variety of products that can be (B) an obstacle course
made from it (C) an airport runway
(D) the length of its life (D) a racetrack

3. The word " fused" in line 2 is closest in 7. The word "lure" in line 10 is closest in
meaning to meaning to
(A) Combined (A) attract
(B) Hidden (B) Recognize
(C) Fertilized (C) Follow
(D) Produced (D) Help

4. How many orchid seeds are typically 8. Which of the following is NOT
pollinated at one time? mentioned as a means by which an
(A) 200 orchid attracts insects?
(B) 2,000 (A) Size
(C) 20,000 (B) Shape
(D) 200,000 (C) Color
(D) Perfume
9. The word "their" in line 13 refers to 11. The word "placed" in line 15 is closest in
(A) orchids meaning to
(B) Birds (A) Estimated
(C) Insects (B) Measured
(D) Species (C) Deposited
(D) Identified
10. Which of the following statements about
orchids' scents does the passage support? 12. The word "discrete" in line 18 is closest
(A) They are effective only when an insect in meaning to
is near the blossom. (A) complicated
(B) Harmful insects are repelled by them. (B) separate
(C) They are difficult to tell apart. (C) Inoffensive
(D) They may change at different times. (D) functional
Questions 13-22

One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking
about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the
schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States
experienced a declining birth rate-every thousand women aged fifteen to forty -four gave birth to
about 118 live children in 1920, 89.2 in 1930, 75.8 in 1936, and 80 in 1940. With the growing
prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it, young
people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their
predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946. 106.2 in 1950
and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the
only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also
helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by
the mid-1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself
overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions,
these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood. The wartime
economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the
war and in the boom times that followed large numbers of teachers left their profession for better -
paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.
Therefore, in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school
system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric" of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made
sense; that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in
school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach
younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen
interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills
and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional new and extra
services to older youths.

13. what dose the passage mainly discuss? (B) old-fashioned facilities
(A) the teaching profession during (C) a shortage of teachers
the baby boom (D) an inadequate number of
(B) birth rates in United States in school buildings
the 1930's and 1940's
(C) the impact of the baby boom on 17. According to the passage, why did
public education teachers leave the teaching profession
(D) the role of the family in the after the outbreak of the war?
1950's and 1960's (A) They needed to be retrained.
(B) They were dissatisfied with
14 The word "it" n line 11 refuse the curriculum.
to (A) 1995 (C) Other jobs provided higher salaries.
(B) economics (D) Teaching positions were scarce.
(C) the baby boom
(D) value 18. The word "inadequate" in line 20 is
closest in meaning to
15 The word "overtaxed" in the 14 is (A) deficient
closest in meaning to (B) expanded
(A) well prepared (C) innovative
(B) plentifully supplied (D) specialized
(C) heavily burdened
(D) charged too much 19. The "custodial rhetoric" mentioned in
line 21 refers to
16. The public schools of the 1950's and (A) raising a family
1960's faced all of the following (B) keeping older individuals in school
problems EXCEPT (C) running an orderly household
(A) A declining number of students (D) maintaining discipline in the classroom
20. The word "inevitably" in line 25 (C) irrationally
is closest in meaning to (D) unavoidably
(A) unwillingly
(B) impartially 21. Where in the passage does the author refer to
 the attitude of Americans toward raising
22 Which of the following best characterizes
a family in the 1950's and 1960's?
the organization of the passage?
(A) Lines 1-3 (A) The second paragraph presents the
(B) Lines 11-12
effect of circumstances described in
(C) Lines 20-21
the first paragraph.
(D) Lines 24-26
(B) The second paragraph provides a
fictional account to illustrate a problem
presented in the first paragraph.
(C) The second paragraph argues against
a point made in the first paragraph.
(D) The second paragraph introduces a
problem not mentioned in the first
paragraph.
Questions 23-32

Nineteenth-century writers in the United States, whether they wrote novels, short stories,
poems or plays were powerfully drawn to the railroad in its golden years. In fact, writers
responded to the railroads as soon as the first were built in the 1830's. By the 1850's, the railroad
was a major presence in the life of the nation. Writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry
David Thoreau saw the railroad both as a boon to democracy and as an object of suspicion. The
railroad could be and was a despoiler of nature furthermore, in its manifestation of speed and
noise, it might be a despoiler of human nature as well. By the 1850's and 1860's, there was a great
distrust among writer and intellectuals of the rapid industrialization of which the railroad was a
leading force. Deeply philosophical historians such as Henry Adams lamented the role that the
new frenzy for business was playing in eroding traditional values. A distrust of industry and
business continued among writers throughout the rest of the nineteenth century and into the
twentieth.
For the most part, the literature in which the railroad plays an important role belongs to
popular culture rather than to the realm of serious art. One thinks of melodramas, boy's books,
thrillers, romances and the like rather than novels of the first rank. In the railroads' prime years,
between 1890 and 1920, there were a few individuals in the United States, most of them with
solid railroading experience behind them, who made a profession of writing about railroading -
works offering the ambience of stations yards and locomotive cabs. These writers who can
genuinely be said to have created a genre, the "railroad novel" are now mostly forgotten, their
names having faded from memory. But anyone who takes the time to consult their fertile writings
will still find a treasure trove of information about the place of the railroad in the life of the
United States.

23. With which of the following topics is

the passage mainly concerned?
27. According to the passage, the railroad
(A) The role of the railroad in the
played a significant role in literature in
economy of the United States
all of the following kinds of books
(B) Major nineteenth - century writers
EXCEPT
(C) The conflict between expanding
(A) thrillers
industry and preserving nature
(B) boys' books
(D) The railroad as a subject for literature.
(C) important novels
(D) romances
24. The word "it" in line 7 refers to
(A) railroad
28. The phrase "first rank" in line 16
(B) manifestation
is closest in meaning to
(C) speed
(A) largest category
(D) nature
(B) highest quality
(C) earliest writers
25. In the first paragraph, the author implies (D) most difficult language
that writers reactions to the
development of railroads were
29. The word "them" in line 18 refers to
(A) highly enthusiastic
(A) novels
(B) both positive and negative
(B) years
(C) unchanging
(C) individuals
(D) disinterested
(D) works
26. The word "lamented" in line 10 is
closest in meaning to
(A) complained about
(B) analyzed
(C) explained
(D) reflected on
30. The author mentions all of the (A) many of its writers had experience
following as being true about the working on railroads
literature of railroads EXCEPT that (B) many of the books were set in railroad
 stations and yards (D) developed from
(C) the books were well known during
the railroads' prime years
32. What is the author's attitude toward the
(D) quite a few of the books are still
"railroad novels" and other books
popular today
about railroads written between 1890
and 1920?
31. The words "faded from" in line 21 are (A) They have as much literary
closest in meaning to importance as the books written by
(A) grew in Emerson. Thoreau and Adams.
(B) disappeared from (B) They are good examples of the effects
(C) remained in industry and business had on the
literature of the United States.
(C) They contributed to the weakening of
traditional values.
(D) They are worth reading as sources of
knowledge about the impact of railroads
on life in the United States
Questions 33-34

By the 1820's in the United States, when steamboats were common on western waters, these
boats were mostly powered by engines built in the West (Pittsburgh, Cincinnati or Louisville), and
of a distinctive western design specially suited to western needs. The first steam engines in
practical use in England and the United States were of low-pressure design. This was the type first
developed by James Watt, then manufactured by the firm of Boulton and Watt, and long the
standard industrial engine. Steam was accumulated in a large, double-acting vertical cylinder, but
the steam reached only a few pounds of pressure per square inch. It was low-pressure engines of
this type that were first introduced into the United States by Robert Fulton. He imported such a
Boulton and Watt engine from England to run the Clemont. But this type of engine was expensive
and complicated, requiring many precision-fitted moving parts.
The engine that became standard on western steamboats was of a different and novel design.
It was the work primarily of an unsung hero of American industrial progress Oliver Evans (1755-
1819). The self-educated son of a Delaware farmer, Evans early became obsessed by the
possibilities of mechanized production and steam power. As early as 1802 he was using a
stationary steam engine of high-pressure design in his mill. Engines of this type were not
unknown, but before Evans they were generally considered impractical and dangerous.
Within a decade the high-pressure engine, the new type had become standard on western
waters. Critics ignorant of western conditions often attacked it as wasteful and dangerous. But
people who really knew the Ohio, the Missouri and the Mississippi insisted with good reasons,
that it was the only engine for them. In shallow western rivers the weight of vessel and engine was
important, a heavy engine added to the problem of navigation. The high-pressure engine was far
lighter in proportion to horsepower, and with less than half as many moving parts was much
easier and cheaper to repair. The main advantages of low-pressure engines were safe operation
and economy of fuel consumption, neither of which meant much in the West.

33. What is the passage mainly about?

(A) Steamboat engines in the western 37. What opinion of Evans is suggested by
United States the use of the term "unsung hero" in
line
(B) River travel in the western United States 14?
(C) A famous United States inventor (A) More people should recognize the
(D) The world's first practical steamboat importance of his work.
(B) More of his inventions should be
34. What was the Clermont (line10)? used today.
(A) A river (C) He should be credited with inventing the
(B) A factory steam engine.
(C) A boat (D) More should be learned about his early
(D) An engine life.

35. Who developed the kind of steam engine 38. What does the author imply about Evans?
used on western steamboats? (A) He went to England to learn about steam
(A) Watt power.
(B) Boulton (B) He worked for Fulton.
(C) Fulton (C) He traveled extensively in the West.
(D) Evans (D) He taught himself about steam engines.

36.The word "novel" in line 14 is closest in 39. The word " stationary" in line 17
meaning to is closest in meaning to
(A) fictional (A) single
(B) intricate (B) fixed
(C) innovative (C) locomotive
(D) powerful (D) modified
(A) engines
40. The word " they" in line 18 refers to (B) mechanized production and steam power
(C) possibilities
(D) steamboats 42. The word "it " in line 23 refers to
(A) decade
41.What does the author imply about (B) high-pressure
the western rivers? (C) weight
(A) It was difficult to find fuel near them. (D) problem
(B) They flooded frequently.
(C) They were difficult to navigate 43. The word "vessel" in line 24 is closest in
(D) They were rarely used for meaning to
transportation (A) fuel
(B) crew
(C) cargo
(D) craft

44 . Which of the following points was made

by the critics of high-pressure engines?
(A) They are expensive to import
(B) They are not powerful enough
for western waters.
(C) They are dangerous.
(D) They weigh too much.
Questions 45-50

Volcanic fire and glacial ice are natural enemies. Eruptions at glaciated volcanoes typically
destroy ice fields as they did in 1980 when 70 percent of Mount Saint Helens ice cover was
demolished. During long dormant intervals, glaciers gain the upper hand cutting deeply into
volcanic cones and eventually reducing them to rubble. Only rarely do these competing forces of
heat and cold operate in perfect balance to create a phenomenon such as the steam caves at
Mount Rainier National Park.
Located inside Rainier's two ice-filled summit craters, these caves form a labyrinth of tunnels
and vaulted chambers about one and one -half miles in total length. Their creation depends on an
unusual combination of factors that nature almost never brings together in one place. The cave-
making recipe calls for a steady emission of volcanic gas and heat, a heavy annual snowfall at an
elevation high enough to keep it from melting during the summer, and a bowl-shaped crater to
hold the snow.
Snow accumulating yearly in Rainier's summit craters is compacted and compressed into a
dense form of ice called firm, a substance midway between ordinary ice and the denser crystalline
ice that makes up glaciers. Heat rising from numerous openings (called fumaroles) along the
inner crater walls melts out chambers between the rocky walls and the overlying ice pack.
Circulating currents of warm air then melt additional openings in the firm ice, eventually
connecting the individual chambers and, in the large of Rainier's two craters, forming a
continuous passageway that extends two-thirds of the way around the crater's interior.
To maintain the cave system, the elements of fire under ice must remain in equilibrium
enough snow must fill the crater each year to replace that melted from below. If too much
volcanic heat is discharged, the crater's ice pack will melt away entirely and the caves will vanish
along with the snows of yesteryear. If too little heat is produced, the ice, replenished annually by
winter snowstorms will expand, pushing against the enclosing crater walls and smothering the
present caverns in solid firm ice.

45.With what topic is the passage (C) destruction

primarily concerned? (D) unpredictability
(A) The importance of snowfall for
Mount Rainier
47. The second paragraph mentions all of the
(B) The steam caves of Mount Rainer
(C) How ice covers are destroyed following as necessary clements in the
creation of stream caves EXCEPT
(D) The eruption of Mount Saint Helens
(A) a glacier
in 1980
(B) a crater
(C) heat
(D) snow
46.The word " they" in line 2 refers to
(A) fields
48. According to the passage, heat from
(B) intervals Mounts Rainer's summit craters rises
(C) eruptions from.
(D) enemies
(A) crystalline ice
(B) firms
(C) chambers
46. According to the passage long periods (D) fumaroles
of volcanic inactivity can lead to a
volcanic cone's
(A) strongest eruption
(B) sudden growth
49. In line 26, "smothering" the caverns means that they would be
(A) Eliminated
(B) enlarged
(C) prevented
(D) hollowed