• DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

BOKARO STEEL CITY

CLASS VII
SUB: GEOGRAPHY
• CH-2 INSIDE OUR EARTH
TOPIC: ROCKS AND MINERALS

BY: NIMISHA RANI

@ 4/7/21
 ROCKS AND MINERALS

• Rocks: Rocks are aggregate of minerals which form the earth’s crust. The earth’s crust is made
up of rocks of various types. Rocks can be of different colour, texture and size but it does not
have a fixed chemical composition.
Features of rocks:
• Rocks are made of two or more different minerals that have been either
1. Cemented together, or
2. Squeezed and heated together, or
3. Melted and cooled together.
• Rocks make up the majority of the earth's crust.
• There are mainly three types of rocks igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic
rocks.
• Petrology is the scientific study of rocks.
• Ores are rocks containing higher percentage of any one valuable mineral, for e.g. Hematite is
the ore of Iron, bauxite is the ore of aluminium.
 ROCKS AND MINERALS

• Minerals: A homogenous naturally occurring substance with definite physical properties and
chemical composition is known as minerals. Rocks are made up of different minerals. Features
of minerals:
• Although there are over 3,000 species of minerals, only a few of them such as silica,
quartz, feldspar, mica etc. occur commonly as rock-forming minerals.
• Minerals can be mined and processed by various techniques to obtain constituent
metals.
• Mineral properties such as luster, colour, hardness etc. are used to identify minerals based
on specific characteristics .
• There is a great difference in the way different minerals look. Some minerals sparkle in the
light while others are dull. Some minerals are so hard ( diamond) that they can scratch steel
while other minerals are very soft (talc) that can be scratched easily by a fingernail.
• Study of minerals is called mineralogy .
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROCKS AND MINERALS

ROCKS MINERALS
1) Rocks are aggregate of minerals. 1) Minerals are naturally occurring
substances.
2) Rocks make the earth’s crust 2) Minerals are building blocks of the
rocks
3) They have different colour, texture and 3) They have definite physical properties
and
size. chemical composition.
4) There are only three types of rocks 4) There are more than 3000 types of
known minerals igneous, sedimentary for e.g- iron, nickel
etc.
& metamorphic rocks,
for e.g –basalt, granite etc.
ROCKS AND MINERALS

TYPES OF ROCKS:
• There are three main types of rocks on the basis of their mode of formation:

• 1) IGNEOUS ROCKS OR PRIMARY ROCKS

• 2) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS OR STRATIFIED ROCKS

• 3) METAMORPHIC ROCKS

• ROCK CYCLE: the continuous and cyclic process of transformation of rocks from one type to another due to
heat, pressure and other physical and chemical processes is called the rock cycle. This process takes
hundreds and thousands of years.
 IGNEOUS ROCK
• IGNEOUS ROCK: the word igneous has been derived from latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire. The rocks which are formed by
cooling and solidification of magma due to volcanic eruptions are called igneous rocks.

• Features of igneous rocks

• 1) These are the first rocks to be formed on the earth’s surface and all the other types of rocks are formed from it so they
are called parent or primary rocks.

• 2) These are hard, compact and crystalline rocks.

• 3) These rocks do not occur in beds or strata.

• 4) These are non-porous rocks, do not allow water to pass through them.

• 5) These rocks do not contain fossils (the remains of plants and animals).

• 6) These rocks are rich in both metallic and non-metallic minerals such as iron ore, manganese, gold etc.

• 7) Igneous rocks are of two types: intrusive igneous rocks, extrusive igneous rocks

• For e.g- granite, basalt

 Types of Igneous Rocks
• a) Intrusive igneous rock- The rocks which are formed when magma flows, cool down and solidify
underground or below the earth’s surface are called intrusive igneous rocks. These rocks are also called
Plutonic rocks. The rate of cooling of magma inside the earth is very slow. Therefore the rocks formed by this
process are hard with large and coarse-grained crystals. Example- Granite, Diorite etc.

• b) Extrusive igneous rock- The rocks which are formed when molten magma comes out and cool down to
solidify on the earth’s surface are called extrusive igneous rocks. These rocks are also called Volcanic rocks. Due
to fast cooling of magma caused by weather elements, these rocks are smooth with fine-grained crystals.
Example- Rhyolite, Basalt etc.
 SEDIMENTARY ROCK:
• The rocks which are formed by deposition of sediments in layers are called sedimentary rocks. When the rocks break down, the
small fragment is transported by wind or water and get deposited, compressed and hardened to form sedimentary rocks. They are
deposited on the earth surface with water bodies. These rocks are also known as secondary or stratified rocks. Example-
Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Conglomerate etc.

• Features Of Sedimentary Rocks:

•
a) These are secondary rocks and are found in horizontal layers or strata thus, also known as stratified rocks.

• b) These are soft and smooth rocks as formed by deposition of sediments.

• c) These are porous rocks and allows water to pass through them.

• d) These rocks also contain fossils of the plants, animals and other micro- organism that once lived on them. (coal is plant fossil
and petroleum obtained from animal fossil)

• e) They have been formed by either of the following ways: i) Mechanically formed: sedimentary rocks are formed by
cementing of rock fragments by silicate minerals, e.g-sandstone, conglomerate

• ii) Organically formed: sedimentary rocks are created when organisms use materials dissolved in air or water to build their
structure. e.g- coal, limestone

• iii)Chemically formed: sedimentary rock forms when mineral constituents in solution become saturated and precipitate or
evaporate, e.g- gypsum, chalk, salt
 METAMORPHIC ROCK

• The rocks which are formed when rocks undergo excess heat, pressure and other chemical reactions are called
metamorphic rocks. They are formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks which undergo excessive heat and
pressure through the process called metamorphism which changes the original properties of rocks such as
colour, hardness, texture and mineral composition.
• Metamorphic rocks can be formed by pressure deep under the Earth's surface, from the extreme heat caused
by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates. Example- Marble, Slate etc.
• Features of Metamorphic Rock:
• a) These are the hardest rocks with very high specific gravity.
• b) These rocks are non-porous as they do not have empty spaces in them.
• c) It gives precious gem stones e.g- diamond, ruby etc.
• d) Metamorphic rocks were once igneous or sedimentary rocks, but have been changed (metamorphosed) as
a result of intense heat and/or pressure within the Earth's crust.
• e) They are crystalline and often have a banded texture.
•
Metamorphic rocks examples:
• ORIGINAL ROCK TRANSFORMED ROCK

• 1) shale (SR) slate

• 2) limestone (SR) marble

• 3) sandstone (SR) quartzite

• 4) coal (SR) graphite………….diamond

• 5) granite (IR) gneiss

• (SR)= Sedimentary rock , (IR)= Igneous rock

USES OF ROCKS AND MINERALS
• Rocks and the minerals are known to be the building blocks of our active planet. Minerals have a commercial
value, whereas the rocks are mined in order to extract these minerals.
• Rocks are used for construction activities, for making building, roads etc. for e.g granite, marble
• Rocks are also a source of the minerals used for different purpose in our daily life such as common salt used in
food etc.
• Some rocks are used as precious stones such as gold, diamond and platinum supporting Jewellery industry.
• Some rocks are used as chemicals in fertilizers and raw material for cement industry for e.g-limestone.
• They provide fossil fuels, for example – coal, petroleum and natural gas used as source of energy for movement of
vehicles, providing electricity etc.

• Minerals are used in industries for making medicines such as calcium, zinc etc.

• Some minerals like quartz is used for making glasses.

• Weathering and decomposition of rocks helps in formation of soil cover such as black soil formed from basaltic
lava.

• Rocks also support cosmetic industry such as use of mica for making glitters.
ROCK CYCLE

• ROCK CYCLE: One type of rock changes to another type under certain conditions
in a cyclic manner. This process of transformation of the rock from one to another
is known as the rock cycle.
• We know that when the molten magma cools; it solidifies to become igneous
rock. These igneous rocks are broken down into small particles that are
transported and deposited by natural agents like wind and water to form
sedimentary rocks. When the igneous and sedimentary rocks are subjected to
heat and pressure they change into metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks
which are still under great heat and pressure melt down to form molten magma.
This molten magma again can cool down and solidify into igneous rocks

• DRAW A NEAT DIAGRAM OF ROCK CYCLE WITH THE HELP OF THE TEXT BOOK
ACTIVITY TIME: