Morphology 2021

INTRODUCTION
TO MORPHOLOGY
Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

What is MORPHOLOGY?
 Morphology is the branch of

linguistics that studies the structure of
words.
 Morphology deals with the syntax of
complex words and parts of words,
also called morphemes, as well as
with the semantics of their lexical
meanings.
WHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?
It is the study of the structue
of words, the study of
morphemes as the different
forms, and word formation

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING MORPHOLOGY
Decoding – Readers who recognize

morphemes read more quickly and accurately
Vocabulary – Knowledge of meaning of word
parts expands reader’s vocabulary
Comprehension - Knowledge of morphemes
helps makes meaning from text
Spelling - Morphemes are units that can be
predictably spelled
MORPHEMES
Morphemes are the minimal
unit of word building in a
language; they cannot be
broken down any further into
recognizable or meaningful
parts.
INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
FUNCTION
MORPHEMES
NATURE POSITION
FREE AFFIXES
BOUND
PREFIXES SUFFIXES
MORPHEMES
are or
BOUND
FREE
they are
can stand AFFIXES
ALONE can be
INFLECTIONAL DERIVATIONAL
CHANGE
the
CATEGORY
of the
Phan Thanh Tuấn MA BASE

WORD = MORPHEME?
Word - the Morpheme –

smallest the smallest
free- sign in a
standing language
(smallest
sign in a
form with a
language specific
meaning).
Free vs Bound Morphemes
There are several important

distinctions that must be
made when it comes to
morphemes:
Free vs Bound Morphemes
Free Morphemes
 also known as “unbound
morphemes”
 are those which can stand by
themselves or alone as words

of a language.

Free Morphemes
❑Content words/ Lexical words
This group includes such as
nouns, verbs, adverbs and
adjectives:
Ex: happy, run, man, pizza, pretty,
easy
Free Morphemes
❑Function words/ Grammatical
words
This group includes conjunctions,
articles, pronouns and prepositions
Ex: to, but, and, that, therefore, first,
often, soon, none, all

Root or Base
Every word has at least

one free morpheme,
which is referred to as
the root, stem, or base.

Bound Morphemes
Bound morphemes never

exist as words
themselves, but are
always attached to some
other morphemes such as
un-, -im, -es, tele-
 We can further divide bound
morphemes into two
categories:
 prefix un-happy
 suffix happi-ness
The general term for both is
Affix.
FREE MORPHMES
 Free morphems are words
with a complete meaning, so
they can stand alone as an
independent word in a sentence.
Ex: girl, boy, mother, etc

BOUND MORPHMES
 Bound morphemse are lexical
items incorporated into a word as
a dependent part. They cannot
stand alone, but must be
connected to another morpheme.
Ex: un-, -s, -ed, tele-

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY deals

with the differences between the
shapes of the inflectional forms of
variable lexemes.
DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY is the
study of how affixes combine with
stems to derive new words.
Inflectional Morphology
 Noun Inflectional suffixes
Plural maker-s
◼girl-girls
Possessive maker´s
◼Minh´s car

 Verbs Inflectional Suffixes
3rd.Person present singular
marker
◼bake-bakes
Past tense marker:-ed
◼Wait-waited

Progressive marker -ing
◼sing => singing
Past Participle markers -en or -ed
◼eat => eaten

Adjective inflectional
suffixes
◼Comparative maker -er
◼fast => faster
◼Superlative make -est
◼fast => fastest

Derivational Morphology
 Derivational affixes often
change the part of the speech of
the base morpheme. Thus, read
is a verb, but readable is an
adjective.

MORPHEME= SYLLABLE?
 A morpheme is not equal to a

syllable:
 "coats" has 1 syllable, but 2
morphemes.
 “happy" has 2 syllables, but only 1
morpheme
HOMOMORPHS
▪ Morphemes with the same form but

different meanings
• -ER 1 (comparative): fatter and bigger
• -ER 2 (nominal derivational): worker
and teacher
• -ER 3 (derivational suffix meaning
repetition): chatter, glitter

HOMOMORPHS
• -ING (present participle): watching,

teaching
• -ING (nominal derivational): building,
meeting
• -ING (adjectival derivational): burning,
interesting
• - ING (gerund derivational): writing,
singing
HOMOMORPHS
• -ED (past participle): watched, walked

• -ED (adjectival derivational): interested,
bored
• -LY (adjectival derivational): manly,
daily
• -LY (adverbial derivational): quickly,
quietly
ALLOMORPHS
▪ Allomorph is variant form of morpheme
about the sounds and phonetic symbols
but it doesn’t change the meaning. There
are two types of allomorph,
phonologically, morphologically.
▪ Example: The allomorphs of the plural
morpheme {-s pl} are /-s/, /-z/, and /-iz/

ALLOMORPHS
1. Phonologically conditioned
allomorph
 The choice of allomorph is
predictable on the basis of the
pronunciation
▪ Allomorph of the indefinite article:
an (before vowels, ex : an elephant)

and a (before consonant, ex : a dog)
both of them have meaning one,
single.
ALLOMORPHS
▪Allomorphs of the regular past tense
and past participle morpheme:
o{-d pt} & {-d pp}=/-Id/~/-t/~/-d/
1. /id/ after -d, -t: hated
2. /t/ after all other voiceless sounds:
picked
3. /d/ after all other voiced sounds:
wedged

ALLOMORPHS
• Allomorphs of the prefix /in-/

1. /im-/ before bilabial sounds:
impossible
2. /il-/ before consonant /l/:
illegal
3. /in-/ elsewhere: independent

ALLOMORPHS
2. Morphologically conditioned allomorph

 The choice of allomorph is determined by
particular morphemes, not just by their
pronunciation
ex: The morpheme –sume in changes to –
sumpt- in (consume => consumption)
{-s pl.} = /-iz/~ /-z/
~ /-s/ ∞ /-ʌn/ ∞ / Ø /

ALLOMORPHS
The choice of allomorph is unpredictable,

thus memorized on a word by word
basis. ex:
ox – plural => oxen
sheep – plural => sheep

Kinds of Words according to
Morpheme Structure
1. Simple Word
- with a single morpheme.
ex:
house, I, the, off, salamander

Morpheme Structure
2. Complex words
- root word + at least 1 affix.
ex:
worker, reread, retelling

Morpheme Structure
3. Compound words
- with 2 root words
ex:
ashtray, mailbox, lazybones,
backbone

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INTRODUCTION

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

 Morphology is the branch of

It is the study of the structue

of words, the study of

morphemes as the different

forms, and word formation

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Decoding – Readers who recognize

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA BASE

Word - the Morpheme –

themselves or alone as words

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

INFLECTIONAL MORPHOLOGY deals

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

 A morpheme is not equal to a

▪ Morphemes with the same form but

• -ER 2 (nominal derivational): worker

repetition): chatter, glitter

• -ING (present participle): watching,

• -ED (past participle): watched, walked

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

an (before vowels, ex : an elephant)

1. /id/ after -d, -t: hated

2. /t/ after all other voiceless sounds:

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

• Allomorphs of the prefix /in-/

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

2. Morphologically conditioned allomorph

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

The choice of allomorph is unpredictable,

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

Phan Thanh Tuấn MA

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