ENGR 225 Spring 2020 E.

Martin

Exam 3 Cheat Sheet:

ℎ∗𝑝
Heat Transfer: 𝑚=√
Three Modes: 1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation 𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑘
Overall Balance for Resistance Models
𝑇1 − 𝑇2 Note: p is the perimeter
𝑄=
𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 Infinitely Long Fin
Planar Wall (conduction) Temperature Gradient
𝛿 𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝑅𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = 𝑒 −𝑥𝑚
𝑘𝐴 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓
𝛿 = 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 Note: m is not straight mass!
Convection (fluid: liquid or gas) Rate of Heat Transfer
1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = 𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 ∗ (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 )
ℎ𝐴

Cylindrical Wall (Conduction) Adiabatic Fin Tip

𝑟2 Temperature Gradient
𝐿𝑛 ( )
𝑅𝑐𝑦𝑙 = 𝑟1 𝑇(𝑥) − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 cosh[𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥)]
2𝜋𝐿𝑘 =
𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 cosh[𝑚𝐿]
𝑟1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 & 𝑟2 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠
𝐿 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒 Rate of Heat Transfer
Radiation: (fluids: liquid or gas) 𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = √ℎ𝑝𝑘𝐴𝑐 ∗ (𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 )tanh [𝑚𝐿]
1
𝑅𝑟𝑎𝑑 =
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐴
Where… Lump System Analysis:
ℎ𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠 2 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 2 )(𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓)
If the Bi# < 0.1, then lump system analysis can be used
Spherical Wall (Conduction)
𝑟2 − 𝑟1 ℎ𝐿𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑠𝑝ℎ = 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿𝑐 =
4𝜋𝑟1𝑟2𝑘 𝑘 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑟1 = 𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 & 𝑟2 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 Lump System Equation:
𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 ℎ𝐴𝑠
= 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏 =
Summing Resistance: 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝑝
In series: 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 + ⋯ 𝑅𝑛 V is volume
1 1 1 −1
In parallel: 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡 = (𝑅 + 𝑅 + ⋯ 𝑅 )
1 2 𝑛
Heat Transfer Through Fins: The rate of heat transfer between the body and its
environment (W)
The purpose of fins is to increase the rate of heat transfer 𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = ℎ𝐴𝑠 (𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 )
by increasing the surface area The total amount of energy transferred between the
body and its surroundings (kJ)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇𝑖 )
The maximum amount of possible energy that can
be transferred between the body and its surroundings
(kJ)
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 − 𝑇𝑖 )
ENGR 225 Spring 2020 E.Martin

Forced Convection: Uniform Surface Temperature:

Heat Transfer:
Questions to ask yourself when determining h
𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = ℎ𝐴𝑠 𝛥𝑇𝑙𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )
1. What is the geometry
𝛥𝑇𝑙𝑛 = (𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇𝑒 )/𝐿𝑛((𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑒 )/(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 ))
2. Is there a uniform surface temperature or heat
Determining exit temperature:
flux ℎ𝐴𝑠
−
3. Am I looking for a local or average value 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑠 − (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖 )𝑒 𝑚(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑐𝑝
4. Is the flow laminar or turbulent – Re (watch cut Determining h:
off limits for different geometries) ℎ𝐷
Flat Plates: 𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 =
𝑣𝑥 𝑘
𝑣𝐿 Uniform Heat Flux:
𝑅𝑒𝑥 = 𝑅𝑒 𝐿 =
𝜗 𝜗 Heat Transfer:
If 𝑅𝑒 < 5 ∗ 105 => 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = 𝑞(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑠 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑚(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )
Convective Heat Transfer:
Determining Surface Temperature:
𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = 𝑞(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝐴𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠 ℎ(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 ) 𝑞(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑠 𝐴𝑠
**𝑞(𝑑𝑜𝑡) is the heat flux (W/m^2) 𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑖 +
𝑚(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑐𝑝
Uniform Surface Temperature:
Determining h:
Local ℎ𝑥 ℎ𝐷
Laminar 𝑁𝑢 = 4.36 =
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 1 𝑘
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 Pr 3
𝑘 Non-Circular Pipes:
Turbulent
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 1 For pipes that are not circular, replace 𝐷 with 𝐷ℎ
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.0296𝑅𝑒𝑥0.8 Pr 3
𝑘 4𝐴𝑐 𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷ℎ ℎ𝐷ℎ
Avg ℎ 𝑜𝑟 ℎ𝐿 Where… 𝐷ℎ = 𝑝
𝑅𝑒 = 𝜈
𝑁𝑢 = 𝑘
Laminar
ℎ𝐿 1 ** determine Nu values from table 19-3 (page 792)
𝑁𝑢 = = 0.664𝑅𝑒𝐿0.5 Pr 3
𝑘 Radiation:
Turbulent
ℎ𝐿 1 • all objects above 0K emit radiation
𝑁𝑢 = = 0.037𝑅𝑒𝐿0.8 Pr 3
𝑘
Combination Laminar and Turbulent Blackbody Radiation:
ℎ𝐿 1
𝑁𝑢 = = (0.037𝑅𝑒𝐿0.8 − 871)Pr 3 • a perfect emitter and absorber
𝑘 • blackbody radiation is the maximum amount of
Uniform Heat Flux:
Laminar radiation a surface can emit
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 1 • emissivity, 𝜀 = 1
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.453𝑅𝑒𝑥0.5 Pr 3
𝑘 Emissivity, 𝜀:
Turbulent
ℎ𝑥 𝑥 1
• how closely a body approximates a blackbody
𝑁𝑢𝑥 = = 0.0308𝑅𝑒𝑥0.8 Pr 3
𝑘 • ranges from 0 ≤ 𝜀 ≤ 1
Surface Temperature
• note: by Kirchhoff’s Law 𝜀(𝑇) = 𝛼(𝑇) where 𝛼
𝑞(𝑑𝑜𝑡)
𝑇𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑓 + = absorptivity
ℎ𝑥

Circular Pipes:
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 𝐷
𝑅𝑒 =
𝜗
**If 𝑅𝑒 < 2300 => 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟
Heat Transfer:
𝑄(𝑑𝑜𝑡) = 𝑚(𝑑𝑜𝑡)𝑐𝑝 (𝑇𝑒 − 𝑇𝑖 )