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3
EC8452 ELECTRONIC
CIRCUITS II

UNIT-III
TUNED AMPLIFIERS
Department: ECE
Batch/Year: 2019-2023/ II year
Created by: Ms.K.Jeevitha AP/ECE
Mr. M.Shyam, AP/ECE
Date:21.03.2021
 Table of Contents

Page
S.No Contents
Number

1 Course Content 7
2 Course Objectives 8
3 Pre Requisites 8

4 Syllabus 9

5 Course outcomes 10

6 CO - PO/PSO Mapping 11

7 UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS

7.1 Lecture Plan 12

7.2 Activity based learning 13

7.3 Lecture Notes 17

 Series and Parallel resonance circuit 18

 Coil losses, unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuits 21

 Analysis of capacitor coupled single tuned amplifier 24

 Analysis of Double tuned amplifier 33

 Effect of cascading single tuned amplifiers on bandwidth. 42

 Effect of cascading double tuned amplifiers on bandwidth. 44

 Stagger tuned amplifiers 45

 Stability of tuned amplifiers 49

 Neutralization, Hazel tine neutralization method. 50

5
 Table of Contents

Page
S.No Contents
Number

7.4 Assignments
54

7.5 Part A Q & A (with K level and CO) 55

7.6 Part-B Question Bank (with K Level and CO) 60

7.7 Supportive online Certification Courses 62

7.8 Real time Application in day to day life and Industry 63

7.9 Contents beyond the Syllabus 64

8 Assessment Schedule 66

8 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 67

10 Mini Project Suggestions 68

6
1.Course Content

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND STABILITY

OSCILLATORS

TUNED AMPLIFIERS

WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS

POWER AMPLIFIERS AND DC CONVERTERS

7
2.Course Objectives

To give a comprehensive exposure to all types of amplifiers and oscillators

constructed with discrete components. This helps to develop a strong basis
for building linear and digital integrated circuits.

To study about feedback amplifiers and oscillators principles

To design oscillators.

To study about turned amplifier.

To understand the analysis and design of LC and RC oscillators, amplifiers,

multivibrators, power amplifiers and DC convertors.

3.Pre Requisites
(Course Names with Code)

8
4.SYLLABUS

EC8452 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS II LTPC 3003

UNIT I FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS AND STABILITY

Feedback Concepts – gain with feedback – effect of feedback on gain stability,

distortion, bandwidth, input and output impedances; topologies of feedback
amplifiers – analysis of series-series, shunt-shunt and shunt-series feedback
amplifiers-stability problem-Gain and Phase-margins-Frequency compensation.

UNIT II OSCILLATORS

Barkhausen criterion for oscillation – phase shift, Wien bridge - Hartley & Colpitts
oscillators – Clapp oscillator-Ring oscillators and crystal oscillators – oscillator

amplitude stabilization.

UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS

Coil losses, unloaded and loaded Q of tank circuits, small signal tuned amplifiers –
Analysis of capacitor coupled single tuned amplifier – double tuned amplifier - effect
of cascading single tuned and double tuned amplifiers on bandwidth – Stagger
tuned amplifiers - Stability of tuned amplifiers – Neutralization - Hazeltine
neutralization method.

UNIT IV WAVE SHAPING AND MULTIVIBRATOR CIRCUITS

Pulse circuits – attenuators – RC integrator and differentiator circuits – diode

clampers and clippers –Multivibrators - Schmitt Trigger- UJT Oscillator.

UNIT V POWER AMPLIFIER AND DC CONVERTORS

Power amplifiers- class A-Class B-Class AB-Class C-Power MOSFET-Temperature

Effect- Class AB Power amplifier using MOSFET –DC/DC convertors – Buck, Boost,
Buck-Boost analysis and design

9
5.COURSE OUTCOMES

After successful completion of the course, the students should be able to

Highest
Course Outcomes Cognitive
Level
Analyze the different types of Feedback Amplifier
C 211.1 K3
Circuits.
Design the different types of Oscillators for given
C 211.2 K3
specifications.
C 211.3 Analyze the performance of various Tuned Amplifiers. K3
Design the different types of Wave Shaping and
C 211.4 K3
Multivibrators.
C 211.5 Summarize the operation of Power Amplifiers. K2

C 211.6 Classify the types of DC Converters. K2

6.CO- PO/PSO Mapping

MAPPING OF COURSE OUTCOMES WITH PROGRAM OUTCOMES:

Program
Specific
Le Program Outcomes
Outcome
ve
Course s
l
OutCom K K K K K A A A A A A AK K K
of 3 4 4 5 6 3 2 3 3 3 3 26 5 6
es
C P P
P P P P P
P P P P P P P P O S
O O O- O- S S
O O O O O O O O - O
- 1 1 O O
-2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 1 -
1 1 2 -2 -3
0 1
C 211.1 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3
C 211.2 K3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 3
C 211.3 K3 3 2 2 - - - - - - - - - 2 2 3
C 211.4 K3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3
C 211.5 K2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
C 211.6 K2 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2
C 211 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - - 2 2 3

Enter correlation levels as defined below:

1. Slight (Low) 2.Moderate (Medium) 3.Substantial (High)If there is no correlation,

put “-“.
7.1 Lecture Plan
UNIT III TUNED AMPLIFIERS

No. of Periods

pertaining CO
Actual Date

Taxonomy
Proposed

Delivery
Topic

Mode of
level
S.No

date
Coil losses,
unloaded and Online
1 1 CO3 K2
loaded Q of tank class
circuits
Analysis of
capacitor coupled K3 Online
2 2 CO3
single tuned class
amplifier
Analysis of Double Online
3 1 CO3 K3
tuned amplifier class
Effect of cascading
single tuned Online
4 1 CO3 K3
amplifiers on class
bandwidth.
Effect of cascading
double tuned Online
5 1 CO3 K3
amplifiers on class
bandwidth.
Stagger tuned Online
6 1 CO3 K3
amplifiers class

Stability of tuned Online

7 1 CO3 K2
amplifiers class
Neutralization,
Hazel tine Online
8 1 CO3 K2
neutralization class
method.

12
 7.2 Activity based learning

Learn by doing
The students could draw the circuit and simulate the same using some freeware
sources in web and compare the analysis of each and every amplifier circuits. One
such example is given below.
Source
http://www.falstad.com/circuit
Outcome
The learners could understood(CO4) the concept of operation of Series and parallel
resonance and its corresponding output by simulation.

13
 7.2 Activity based learning

1. The voltage gain of a tuned amplifier is ____________at resonant

frequency

a. Minimum
b. Maximum
c. Half-way between maximum and minimum
d. Zero

2. Three identical single tuned amplifiers are connected in cascade. The 3

dB bandwidth of each amplifier is 100 kHz. The overall 3 dB bandwidth will
be approximately:
a. 300 kHz
b. 100 kHz
c. 50 kHz
d. 33 kHz
3. A tuned amplifier uses ……………. Load
a. Resistive
b. Capacitive
c. LC tank
d. Inductive
4. At series resonance, the circuit offers …………….. Impedance
a. Zero
b. Maximum
c. Minimum
d. None of the above
5. In parallel resonance, the circuit impedance is …………..
a. C/LR
b. R/LC
c. CR/L
d. L/CR

14
 7.2 Activity based learning

6. The Q of an LC circuit is given by ………………….

a. 2πfr x R
b. R / 2πfrL
c. 2πfrL / R
d. R2/2πfrL
7. If Q of an LC circuit increases, then bandwidth …………………
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains the same
d. Insufficient data
8. The Q of a tuned amplifier is 50. If the resonant frequency for the
amplifier is 1000kHZ, then bandwidth is …………
a. 10kHz
b. 40 kHz
c. 30 kHz
d. 20 kHz
9. The Q of a tuned circuit refers to the property of………….
a. Sensitivity
b. Fidelity
c. Selectivity
d. None of the above
10. A tuned amplifier is generally operated in ……………. operation
a. Class A
b. Class C
c. Class B
d. None of the above

15
ANSWERS
1. b 6. c

2. c 7. b

3. c 8. d

4. c 9. c

5. d 10. b

16
7.3 Lecture notes

3.1 INTRODUCTION

To amplify the selective range of frequencies, the resistive load, Rc is

replaced by a tuned circuit. The tuned circuit is capable of amplifying a signal over
narrow band of frequencies centered at 𝑓𝑟. The amplifiers with such a tuned circuit
as a load are known as tuned amplifier.

Since tuned amplifiers amplify the signal over narrow band of frequencies
they are also known as narrow band amplifiers.

The tuned circuits resonate at a particular frequency. The response of

tuned amplifiers is maximum at resonant frequency and it falls sharply for
frequencies below and above the resonant frequency as shown in Fig.3.1.

Fig. 3.1. Response of tuned amplifier

At resonance, inductive and capacitive effects of tuned circuit cancel each other. As a
result, circuit is like resistive and cos ∅= 1 i.e. voltage and current are in phase.

For frequencies above resonance circuit is like capacitive and for frequencies below
resonance it is like inductive. Since tuned circuit is purely resistive at resonance it
can be used as a load for amplifier.

17
Tuned amplifiers are classified as (i) small signal tuned amplifiers and (ii) large
signal tuned amplifiers. Small signal tuned amplifiers are used for amplifyng small
signals at radio frequencies. As the power involved is small, they are operated under
class A condition so that the distortion is small. Large signal tuned amplifiers are
used to amplify large signals at radio frequencies. As the power involved is large,
they are operated under class AB, B or C conditions. The distortion in class C tuned
amplifier is high, but the tuned circuit itself eliminates most of the harmonic
distortion.

3.1.1. PARALLEL RESONANT CIRCUIT

Fig.3.2 shows the tuned parallel LC circuit which resonates at a particular frequency.

Fig. 3.2.Parallel resonant circuit

The total admittance of the parallel tuned circuit is given by,

1 1 1
YT   
RP 1 / j c j L
1  1 
  j  c  (3.1)
RP  L 
At resonance imaginary part is zero, thus equating it to zero, we get,
1
o c  o2Lc  1
o L
1
 fo  (3.2)
2 LC

18
Q factor

Quality factor (Q) is important characteristics of an inductor. The higher the Q of an

inductor the fewer losses there are in the inductor.

The Q factor also can be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor
can store the energy.
maximum energy stored per cycle
Q  2 .
energy dissipated per cycle
The voltage 'V' is common to the three circuit elements, and we can write
the maximum energy of the circuit in terms of capacitance.
1
Now, maximum energy stored in the capacitor  CV m2
2
Where Vm is the peak dissipated per cycle inR P
Average power dissipated per cycle inR P
2
V  1 V2 V2
 m    m [P  ,V  RMS value ]
 2  R P 2R P R
Energy = power  time
 Energy dissipated per cycle
V m2
 T
2R P
V m2 1
 
2R P f
1 
 CV m2 
Hence , Q  2  2 2 
 Vm 
 
 2R P f 
R
 Q  oC R P  P (3.3)
o L

o2LC  1
Once the resonance is determined by , the value of Q of a resonant circuit is
determined by Rp, or by the ratio of C to L.

At resonance, reactive term is equal to zero, therefore, equation (1) can be written
as,
1
YT 
RP
19
 Impedance at resonance, z 0  R p
Hence, from equation (3), R p can be written as,
Q
 z 0  R p  Q o L  (3.4)
oC
3.1.2. RESONANCE CIRCUIT WITH SERIES RESISTANCE
Fig.3.3 shows the resonance circuit with series resistance.

Fig. 3.3.Resonance circuit with series resistance

In practice the inductor possesses a small resistance in addition to its inductance.

The lower the value of its resistance, the better the Q-factor of the inductor.

Let ‘Im’ be the peak value of the current in the circuit. Then,
1 2
Maximum energy stored per cycle = LI
2 m
2
Average, power dissipated in the inductor per cycle =  I m 
 R s [P  I R , I  RMS Value ]
2

 2

Energy = power  time

 Energy dissipated per cycle
I m2
  R s T
2
I m2 1
  Rs 
2 f
1 2 
 LI m 
Hence , Q  2  2 2 
I R
 m s 
 
 2f 
L 1
Q  o 
Rs oC R s

20
Problem 3.1 An inductor of 250 µH has Q = 300 at 1 MHz. Determine RS
and Rp of inductor.
RP  o LQ  2  1  106  250  10 6  300
 RP  471.24k 
o L 2    106  250  10 6
Rs  
Q 300
 RP  5.235

Problem 3.2 A parallel resonant circuit has a capacitor of 100 pf and an

inductor of 100 µH. The inductor has a resistance of 5ohms. Find the value
of frequency at which the circuit resonates and the circuit impedance at
resonance.

1
fo 
2 LC
1

2 (100  10 6 )(100  10 12 )
 f o  1.5915MHZ
o L o2L2
Impedance at resonance is given by, (R p  o LQ  o L.  )
Rs Rs
o2L2
Rp 
Rs
(2  1.5915  106 )2 (100  10 6 )2

5
 R p  200k 

3.1.3 COIL LOSSES

The tuned circuit consists of a coil. Coil is not purely inductive. It consists of few
losses and they are represented in the form of leakage resistance in series with
the inductor.

Fig. 3.4.

21
 The total loss of the coil is comprised of copper loss, eddy current loss and
hysteresis loss.

The copper loss at low frequencies is equivalent to the DC resistances of the

coil. Copper loss is inversely proportional to the frequency. Therefore, as
frequency increases, the copper loss decreases.

Eddy current loss in iron and copper coil are due to the currents flowing within
the copper or core cased by induction. The result of eddy-currents is a loss due to
heating within the inductors copper or core. Eddy current losses are directly
proportional to frequency.

Hysteresis loss is proportional to the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop and
to the rate at which this loop is trans versed. It is independent of frequency.

3.1.4. UNLOADED Q AND LOADED Q OF TANK CIRCUITS

When the tank circuit (parallel LC circuit) is assumed to be not connected to any
external circuit or load, Q accounts for the internal losses and is called unloaded
quality factor ‘Qu’.

In practice the tank circuit will be connected to a load. Hence energy dissipation
should be calculated taking the dissipation in external load and the tank circuit.

The loaded quality factor ‘QL’ is defined as

maximum energy stored per cycle
Q  2 .
(energy dissipated per cycle+energy dissipated due to the presence of externalload)

The quality factor determines the 3 dB bandwidth (BW) for the resonant circuit,
which is given by,
fr
BW 
Q
Here Q and bandwidth are inversely proportional. Hence for higher values of Q, the
bandwidth is reduced and the circuit will have good selectivity and the selectivity is
lost for lower values of Q. This is shown in Fig. 3.5.

22
 Hence, high Q is needed in tuned amplifiers to get better selectivity.

Fig. 3.5. Graph showing the relation between quality factor and bandwidth

3.1.5. CLASSIFICATION OF TUNED AMPLIFIERS

The tuned amplifiers are classified as follows.

1. Single tuned amplifier: Tuned either at the input or at the output for a
particular frequency.

2. Double tuned amplifier: Tuned both at the input and output for the same
frequency.

3. Synchronously tuned amplifier: This is a cascaded stage of single tuned

amplifiers where all the tuning circuits are tuned to the same frequency.

4. Stagger tuned amplifier: This is also a cascaded stage of tuned amplifiers

where the tuning circuits are tuned to slightly different frequencies to achieve a
wider bandwidth

3.2 SMALL SIGNAL TUNED AMPLIFIERS

To obtain large overall voltage gain, it is required to use a number of tuned

amplifiers stages in cascade. These cascaded tuned amplifiers may be classified
as (i) single tuned amplifiers (ii) double tuned amplifiers and (iii) stagger tuned
amplifiers.

23
Single tuned amplifiers use one parallel resonant circuit as the load impedance in
each stage and all the tuned circuits are tuned to same frequency. Double tuned
amplifiers use two inductively coupled tuned circuits per stage, both the tuned
circuits being tuned to the same frequency. Stagger tuned amplifiers use a
number of single tuned stages in cascade, the successive tuned circuits being tuned
to slightly different frequencies.

Single tuned amplifiers can be further classified as (a) Capacitance coupled single
tuned amplifier and (b) Transformer coupled or inductively coupled single tuned
amplifier.

3.3 CAPACITANCE COUPLED SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Fig.3.6 gives the circuit of a capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier.

In the single tuned amplifier, the output across the tuned circuit is coupled to the
next stage through the coupling capacitor Cc.

The tuned circuit formed by L and C′ resonates at the frequency of operation.

The Fig.3.7 gives the equivalent circuit for the amplifier using high frequency
hybrid 𝜋 model for the transistor. In this circuit, Ri is the input resistance of the next
stage.

The Fig. 3.8 gives the modified equivalent circuit obtained by applying Millers
theorem. A is the voltage gain of the amplifier. C1 and C2 are the stray wiring
capacitances in the input and output circuits respectively.

The equivalent circuit shown in Fig. 3.8 can be simplified where all the
capacitances in the input circuit can be grouped together to form CS given by

24
C s  C b e  C 1  C b c (1  A )
' '

Fig. 3.6. Capacitance coupled single tuned amplifier

Fig. 3.7. Equivalent Circuit of single tuned amplifier

25
 Fig. 3.8.Modified equivalent circuit of single tuned amplifier

Fig. 3.9.Simplified equivalent circuit of single tuned amplifier

Similarly, all the capacitances in the output circuit can be grouped together to
form C given by,

 A 1
C  C b 'c   C2 C '
 A 
1 1
and g ce   hoe  g m hre  hoe 
rce Ro
Where Ro is the output resistance of current generator g m Vb 'e .

The reactance of the bypass capacitor CE and the coupling capacitor CC are
negligibly small at the operating frequency and these elements are neglected in the
simplified equivalent circuit shown in Fig.3.9.

26
The admittance of the inductor along with resistor R is given by,

1
Yi 
R  j L
R  j L

(R  j L )(R  j L )
1 1
  (3.5)
Rp j Lp
R 2   2L2 R 2   2L2
where R p  and Lp  (3.6)
R  2L
Thus, the inductor branch may be represented by a resistorR p and inductor Lp in shunt.
Quality factor Q of the coil at resonance is given by,
o L
Qo 
R
1
where o  is the frequency of resonance of the circuit.
LC
Qo of the coil is usually large so that L R is the frequency range of operation.
R R 2   2L2 R (R 2   2L2 / R )
As 1, from equation (3.6),R p  
 2L2 R R
 2L2
 Rp  (3.7)
R
From equation (3.6),
R 2   2L2
Lp 
 2L
Dividing numerator and denominator terms by  2L ,
R2
L
Lp   2
L
1
Hence , Lp  L (3.8)
The output circuit of the amplifier can be modified as shown in Fig.3.10.

Fig. 3.10.Equivalent circuit of the output part of the tuned amplifier

27
 Taking R t as the parallel combination of R o , R p and R i , i.e.
1 1 1 1
  
Rt R o R p R i

The output circuit is modified as shown in Fig.3.11.

Fig. 3.11. Simplified output circuit of the tuned amplifier

The effective quality factor or the circuit magnification factor of the entire output
circuit including
RP and R i at resonance frequency o is given by,
susceptance of inductance L or capacitance C
Qe 
Cconductance of shunt resistance Rt
Rt
Qe  oCRt  (3.8)
o L
From the output circuit shown in the Fig.3.11.
Vo  g mV b ' e Z (3.9)

Where Z is the impedance of C, L and Rt in parallel.

The admittance Y=1/Z is given by,
1 1 1
Y=    j C
Z Rt j L
1  R 
 1  t  j CRt 
Rt  j L 
Multiplying numerator and denominator byo
1  Rt o j oCRt 
Y  1   
Rt  j Lo o 
Rt
Substituting  oCRt  Qe
o L
1  Qe o j Qe 
Y  1   
Rt  j o 
  o 
1  jQe  
 o  
Y 
Rt 28
 1 Rt
Z  
Y   o 
1  jQe  
 o  
Let  indicate the fractional frequency variation, i.e.
variation in frequency expressed as a fraction of the resonant frequency.
Then,
  o 
   1
o o

or 1
o
Rt
Z 
 1 
1  jQe (1   ) 
 (1   ) 
Rt

1   2  2  1 
1  jQe  
 (1   ) 
Taking 2 outside the denominator,
Rt
Z 
 / 2  1 
1  j 2Qe   
 (1   ) 
At any frequency  close to the frequency of resonance o ,
 1
Rt
Hence , Z  (3.10)
1  j 2Qe 
At resonance,   o and   0.
Hence , Z  Rt  Ro R p R i
o2L2 L
where R p   o
R oCR
L
Rp 
CR
From (3.9),neglecting Cs
rb ' e
Vb ' e  V i
rbb '  rb ' e
From (3.9),
 rb ' e 
Vo  g m V i Z
 rbb '  rb ' e 

29
Hence voltage gain without considering the source resistance is given by,
Vo  rb ' e 
A  g m  Z
Vi  rbb '  rb ' e 
Sub in (3.10),
  rb ' e
Rt
A  g m  
 1  j 2Qe 
 rbb '  rb ' e
The voltage gain at resonance  =0 is given by,
 rb ' e 
Ares  g m   Rt
 rbb '  rb ' e 
A Rt
Hence , 
Ares 1  j 2Qe 
A 1

Ares 1  (2 Qe )2
At a frequency 1 below the resonant frequency,
1
 =- ,Then
2Qe
A 1
  0.707
Ares 2
Thus, gain A is 3 dB lower than A res . This frequency 1 is the lower 3db frequency.
Similarly,at a frequency 2 above o , Let
1
 =+
2Qe
A 1
  0.707
Ares 2
Hence,this frequency 2 is the upper 3db frequency.
The 3 dB bandwidth  (B )  2  1
2  o   o  1   o
 
o
   o  o  1  
 2   o
 o o 
 (   )o
  2o
1
But  
2Qe
1
Hence , 2 
Qe
30
 o f
   or BW  o
Qe Qe
Rt
From eq (3.8),Qe  oCRt 
o L
o 1
   rad / sec
oCRt CRt
or
1
f  rad / sec
2 CRt

Fig.3.12 shows the magnitude response of tuned amplifier.

Fig. 3.12.Response of a tuned amplifier

Problem 3.3 A single tuned RF amplifier uses a transistor with an output

resistance of 50KῺ capacitance of 10pf and input resistance of next stage
is 10KῺ The tuned circuit consists of 50 pf capacitance in parallel with
series combination of 1µH inductance and 5Ὼ resistances. Calculate (i)
Resonant frequency (ii) effective quality factor (iii) Bandwidth of the
circuit.

31
Solution:
1
(i ) f o 
2 LC eq
where C eq  10 pf  50 pf  60 pf
1
fo 
2 (1  10 6 )(60  10 12 )
f o  20.55MHZ
(ii ) Effective quality factor is given by,
Qe  oC eq R t
 2 f oC eq (R o R p R i )
o2L2
where R p 
R
 2  20.55  10  1  10 
2 2
6 6


5
 3334.37
 Qe  2 (20.55  106 )(60  10 12 )(50  103 3334.37 10  10 3 )
 Qe  18.45
fo
(iii ) BW 
Qe
20.55  106

18.55
BW  1.11MHZ

Problem 3.4 A single tuned RF amplifier is used to amplify modulated RF carrier

of 600 KHz and bandwidth of 15 KHz. The circuit has a total output resistance,
Rt=20KῺ and output capacitance Co = 50 pf. Calculate values of inductance and
capacitance of the tuned circuit.

C eq  (50 pf  C )
fo
Qe 
BW
600  103

15  103
 Qe  40

32
 (i )W .K .T ,Qe  oC eq Rt
Qe
C eq 
o Rt
40

(2  600  103 )(20  10 3 )
 C eq  530.5 pF
Hence ,C  C eq  50 pF
C  530.5  50  480.5 pF
1
(ii )f o 
2 LC eq
1
L
4 f o2C eq
1

4 (15  10 ) (530.5  10 12 )
3 2

 L  132.6 H

3.4 DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

The circuit diagram of a double tuned amplifier is shown in Fig.3.13.

Voltage developed across the tuned circuit in the collector circuit is inductively
coupled to another tuned circuit, both the tuned circuits being tuned to the same
frequency i.e. the frequency of the signal.

Fig. 3.13.Double tuned amplifier

33
Fig.3.14 shows the small signal equivalent circuit for the output circuit of the
amplifier.

The capacitance, in the output can be grouped together to form.

 A 1
C  C b 'c    C 2  C 1'
 A 
1 1
and g ce   hoe  g m hre  hoe 
rce Ro

Fig. 3.14. Small signal equivalent circuit for output part of double tuned
amplifier

So that the circuit can be simplified as shown in Fig.3.15.

Fig. 3.15. Simplified equivalent circuit for output part of double tuned
amplifier

34
 Parallel-series Transformation

Using the parallel-series transformation, a capacitor Cp in parallel with a resistor Rp

can be converted into a capacitor Cs in series with RS, where

 1  R
C s  C p 1  2  and R s  p 2 ,where Q p  C p R p
 Q  1  Qp
 p 

R
If Q p  10,C s  C p and R s  p2
Qp
Similarly, an inductor Ls in series with a resistor R s
can be converted into an inductor Lp in parallel with a resistor RP ,
 1   1  L s
Lp  Ls 1  2  and R p  R s 1  2  where Q s 
 Qs   Qs  Rs
For Q s  10, Lp  Ls and R p  R s Q s2
Applying these transformations to the circuit of Fig.3.16 it is modified to the circuit of Fig.3.17.

Fig. 3.16. Modified circuit of output part of double tuned amplifier

The circuit of Fig.3.18 can be further simplified by applying the series-parallel

transformation as shown in Fig.3.19.

35
 Fig. 3.17. Simplified equivalent circuit of double tuned amplifier

Fig. 3.18. Implified equivalent circuit of double tuned amplifier

Once again applying transformation, the circuit reduces to that shown in the Fig.3.18. The
current source g mV b ' e in parallel with the capacitor C can be replaced by a voltage source

V1  g mV b 'e / j C in series with C leading to the final equivalent circuit of Fig.3.19.

Fig. 3.19. Final equivalent circuit of double tuned amplifier

36
 To find Z in seen by the primary,
Writing Kirchhoff ' s voltage law equation in both the loops,
V=Z11I 1  Z12I 2 (3.11)
O  Z 21I 1  Z 22I 2 (3.12)
Z 11  Ro'  j L1 ; Z 12  j M
 1 
Z 21  j M ; Z 22  R i'  j L2  
 C 2' 
Z 21I 1
From eq .(3.12), I 2 
Z 22
 Z 21I 1 
From eq .(3.11),V  Z11I 1  Z12  
 Z 22 
Z 212I 1  Z11Z 22  Z 122

 Z11I 1   I1
Z 22  Z 22 
V  Z Z  Z 12 2
  Z 12
2

Z in    11 22   Z   
I1  Z 22 
11
 Z 22 
 2M 2
 Ro'  j L1  (3.13)
 1 
R i  j L2 
'

 C 2' 
1
At Resonance, =o , o L2  '
oC 2
V  2M 2
 Z in   Ro'  j L1  o '
I1 Ri
o 2M 2
When M is reasonably large, Ro'
R i'
o 2M 2
 Z in   j o L1
R i'
Hence, the simplified equivalent circuit in Fig.3.19 can be redrawn as shown in
Fig.3.20.

Fig. 3.20. Simplified equivalent circuit

37
For maximum transfer of power,
o2M 2
Ro' 
R i'
When M is adjusted to the critical value of Mc ,
o2M c 2
Ro'  (3.14)
R i'
Ro' Ri'  o M c
 o K c L1L2
Where K c is the critical value of the co efficient of coupling
corresponding to the critical value Mc of mutual inductance.
1/2 1/2
Ro' Ri'
 R'   R i' 
Kc   o   
o L1L2  o L1   o L2 
1
 (3.15)
Qo 1Qo 2
As a general case, let K  K c and Let K  bK c or M  bM c
FromFig.3.20,

V1 =Z11I 1  Z12I 2 (3.16)

O  Z 21I 1  Z 22I 2 (3.17)
As Z 11  Z 21 , from equations (3.16) and (3.17)
V1Z 21
I2  (3.18)
Z 11Z 22  Z 212
 1 
where Z 11  Ro'  j L1 
 C 
 1 
Z 22  R i'  j L2  
 C 2' 
and Z 12  Z 21  j M
1 1
At resonance,o L1  and o L2 
C oC 2'
Hence,Z 11  Ro' , Z 22  R i' and Z 12  Z 21  j o M c
Substituting these values in eq. (3.18), the following relation under the condition of
maximum power transfer at resonance is obtained.
V (j M )
I 2 max  '1 ' o 2 c 2
Ro R i  o M c

38
 Ro' Ri'
Substituting M c 
o
 jV1 Ro' R i'
I 2 max 
Ro' R i'  Ro' R i'
 jV1 Ro' R i'

Ro' Ri'  Ro' R i'
 jV1
I 2 max 
2 Ro' R i'
V1
I 2 max 
2 Ro' R i'

The current flowing in the secondary circuit is a function of frequency ω and extent
of coupling as shown in Fig.3.21.

For coupling greater than the critical coupling, power transfer is maximum at two
other frequencies. These two frequencies can be obtained by equating |I2max| to
|I2|, given by equation (3.18), where Z11, Z12 and Z22 pertain to any frequency ω
closer to ωo.
Thus , I 2 max  I 2 max

 jV1 V1Z 21

2 Ro R i
' ' Z 11Z 22  Z 122
 1 
Sub Z 11  Ro'  j L1 
 C  
 1 
Z 22  R i'  j L2  
 C 2' 
Z 12  Z 21  j M

 jV1 V1 j M

2 Ro' R i'  '
 ' 1 1 
  R i  j L2  j C '    j M 
2
 Ro  j L1  j C
 2 

The condition for maximum power transfer is,

o2M c2
Ro'  ,
R i'
At a frequency other than resonant andM  Mc ,M  b Mc ,
Sub 0   and Mc  M / b ,
 2M 2
Ro' 
b 2Ri' 39
 Hence , M  b Ro' R i'

 jV1  jV1b Ro' R i'

2

2 Ro' R i'  ' 1  ' 1 
 Ro  j L1  j C   R i  j L2  j C '   b Ro R i
2 ' '

  2 

 1 
Let L2  L1  L ,C 2'  C , Ro'  R i'  R and j  L   jX
 C 
 jV1  jV1bR

2R (R  jX )2  b 2R 2
By crossing multiplying,
2bR 2  R 2  X 2
 j 2RX  R 2b 2

2bR 2  (R 2 (1  b 2 )  X 2 )2  (2RX )2
Squaring both sides,
4b2R 4  (R 2 (1  b 2 )  X 2 )2  (2RX )2
Solving for X, we get
X=  b 2  1.R
 1 
 L  C    b  1.R
2

 
 2LC  1   b 2  1.CR (3.20)
For larger values of Q,
1 1
 CR oCR and o2 
Q LC
 Eq .(3.20) becomes,
2  b2 1
 1 
o2 Q
2 b2 1
1
o2 Q
b2 1
Hence   o 1  (3.21)
Q
If b < 1, i.e coefficient of coupling is less than critical value, then ω becomes complex.
Thus for b < 1 and K < KC there is no real frequency at which maximum power transfer
can take place. However, for b>1, there results two frequencies at which maximum
transfer of power takes place.

40
 The 3 dB frequencies, (i.e) frequency at which I2 reduces to 0.707 of its maximum
value are obtained by equating |I2 | to 1/ 2 times | I2 max|.

 jV1b Ro' R i' 1  jV1


 ' 1  ' 1  2 2 Ro' R i'
 Ro  j L1  j C   R i  j L2  ' 
j C 2 
 b 2Ro' R i'
 
 1 
Let L2  L1  L ,C 2'  C , Ro'  R i'  R and j  L   jX
 C  
V1bR 1 V1

(R  jX )  b R 2 2R
2 2 2

Cross multiplying
2 2bR 2  R 2  X 2  j 2RX  R 2b 2

2 2bR 2  (R 2 (1  b 2 )  X 2 )2  (2RX )2
Squaring both sides,
8b2R 4  (R 2 (1  b 2 )  X 2 )2  (2RX )2
Solving for X, we get
X=  b 2  1  2b .R
 1 
 L  C    b  1  2b .R
2

 
Multiplyingby C,
 1 
 LC  C    b  1  2b .RC
2

 
Multiplyingby o ,
 o 
 LC o     b  1  2b .RC
2

 C 
1 1
oCR  and LC  2
Q o
 o b 2  1  2b
  (3.22)
o  Q
The above equation gives two 3 dB frequencies 1 and 2 .
one corresponding to the positive sign and the other corresponding to the negative sign.
 2 o   1 o 
      
 o 2   o 1 
This yields o  12

41
Taking the positive sign in the right- hand side of equation (3.22), we get
b 2  1  2b  2 o  22  o2
   
Q  o 2  o 2
 2  12 2  1
 2 
o 2 o
The 3 dB bandwidth  or B is given by,

  2  1  o (b 2  1)  2b
Q

Thus, the 3 dB BW is proportional to o .In a single tuned amplifier, 3 dB BW is equal to
Q
o
.Thus the 3 dB BW in a double tuned amplifier exceeds that in the single tuned amplifier
Q
by a factor (b 2  1)  2b .

3.5 EFFECT OF CASCADING SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFERS ON

BANDWIDTH
In order to obtain a high overall gain, several identical stages or tuned amplifiers
can be used in cascade. The overall voltage gain is the product of the voltage
gains of the individual stages.

The high voltage gain is accompanied by a narrower bandwidth than for a single
stage.

Consider n stages of single tuned direct coupled amplifiers connected in cascade.

The relative gain of a single tuned amplifier with respect to the gain at resonant
frequency fo is given by,

A 1

Ares 1   2 Qe 
2

Now, the gain of n stage cascaded amplifier becomes,

n
n  
A 1
 
Ares  
 1   2 Qe 
2

1
 n /2
1   2 Q 2 
 e

42
The 3 dB frequencies for the n stage cascaded amplifier can be found by equating,
n
A 1

Ares 2
n
n  
A 1   1

Ares  
 1   2 Qe 
2
2

n
 1  2 Q 2   2
  e 

(i .e .)1   2 Qe   21/n
2

 2 Qe   21/n  1
Substituting for  , the fractional frequency variation,
  o f  f o
(i .e )   
o fo
 f  fo  1/n
2  Qe   2  1
 fo 
2 f  f o  Qe  f o 21/n  1
fo
Now , f 2  f o  21/n  1
2Qe
fo
Similarly , f o  f 1  21/n  1
2Qe
Thus the bandwidth of n stage identical amp is,
B n  f 2  f 1  f 2  f o   f o  f 1 
fo fo
 21/n  1  21/n  1
2Qe 2Qe
fo
 21/n  1
Qe
 B n  B 1 21/n  1
B n is the BW of n stages of the cascade amp and B 1 is the BW for single stage.
BW of n stages B n is equal to B 1 multiplied by a factor of 21/n  1.

43
3.6 EFFECT OF CASCADING DOUBLE TUNED AMPLIFERS ON
BANDWIDTH
As in the case of single tuned amplifiers, it is possible to cascade double tuned
amplifiers so that the overall bandwidth of the system is made narrower and the
side steepness of the response is increased.

The 3 dB of the cascaded doubled amp. is given by,

1/4
 B n  B 2  21/n  1 
 
Where B2 is the 3 dB BW of the single stage double tuned amplifier and n is the
number of identical stages connected in cascade.

Problem 3.5 Determine the bandwidth of a 3 stage cascaded single tuned

amplifier if the resonant frequency is 455 KHz and the loaded Q of each
stage is 10.

Given
f o  455  103
f o 455  103
BW1  
Q 10
BW1  45.5KHZ
BW 3  BW1 21/n  1
BW 3  45.5  103 21/3  1
 BW 3  23.2KHZ

Problem 3.6 The bandwidth for single tuned amplifier is 20 KHz. Calculate
the bandwidth if such three stages are cascade. Also calculate the
bandwidth for five stages.
W .K .T
BWn  BW1 21/n  1
BW 3  20  103 21/3  1
 BW 3  10.196KHZ
BW5  20  103 21/5  1
 BW 5  7.71KHZ

44
3.7 STAGGERED TUEND AMPLIFIERS
Double tuned amplifiers are preferred in order to increase the bandwidth because
they have greater 3 dB bandwidth with steeper sides and flat top. But alignment
of double tuned amplifiers is difficult. In order to overcome this problem, in
stagger tuned circuits, two single tuned cascaded amplifiers having a certain
bandwidth are considered. The resonant frequencies of two tuned circuits are so
adjusted that they are separated by an amount equal to the bandwidth of each
stage. Since the resonant frequencies are displaced or staggered, they are known
as stagger tuned circuits. Fig.3.22 shows the combined gain characteristics of
the two stages.

The overall response of the staggered pair will have a bandwidth of sqrt(2) times
that of each of the individual single tuned circuits. The overall selectivity function
will be identical in form with that of a single stage double tuned system.

Fig. 3.22.Stagger tuned amplifier characteristics

The stagger tuned concept can be extended to more stages. In case of three
stages staggering, the first tuning circuit is tuned to a frequency lower than
center frequency while the third circuit to higher frequency than center frequency.
The middle tuned circuit is tuned to exactly at center frequency.

From equation (3.7) of section 3.3, the relative gain of a single tuned amplifier is
given by,

45
 A 1

Ares 1  j 2 Qe
A 1
Let  where X  2 Qe
Ares 1  jX
f 1
As B  and under 3 dB frequency condition   , the bandwidth B  2 f o .
Qe 2Qe

In stagger tuned amplifier, the two single tuned cascaded amplifiers with separate
resonant frequencies are used. It is assumed that one stage is tuned to the

frequency 𝑓𝑜 +𝛿 and other stage is tuned to the frequency 𝑓𝑜 − 𝛿. Hence, we can

write,

𝑓𝑜1 = 𝑓𝑜 +𝛿 and 𝑓𝑜2 = 𝑓𝑜 +𝛿

The corresponding selectivity functions of the tuned circuits are

 A  1
  
 Ares 1 1  j ( X  1)
 A  1
  
 Ares 2 1  j ( X  1)
The overall gain of these two stages is the product of individual gains of the two stages.
 A   A   A 
     
 Ares  pair  Ares 1  Ares 2
1 1
 .
1  j ( X  1) 1  j ( X  1)
1

2  2 jX  X 2
1

 
2  X   2 jX 
2

The magnitude of the resulting function is,

 A   A  1
    
 Ares 1  Ares 2  2  X    2X 
2 2
2

1 1
 
4  4X  X  4X
2 4 2
4X 4

46
Substituting the values of X, we get
 A   A  1
    
 Ares 1  Ares 2 4   2 Q 
4

1 1 1
 
4  16Q o
4 4 2 1  4Q 4 4
o

where o is the value of referred to a new frequency o and Q is the value of Qe
for each circuit referred to o .

The comparison of the above equation with that for double tuned circuit shows that
the nature of variation is identical.

3.8 COMPARSION OF TUNED AMPLIFIERS

S.No Single tuned amplifier Double tuned Staggered
amplifier Tuned amplifier
1. A single-tuned amplifier A double-tuned Stagger-tuned
consists of only one tuning amplifier consists amplifiers use a
circuit of two tuned number of single
circuits. It is tuned amplifier in
actually cascading cascade.
of 2 stages, but
output of first
stage consists of a
tuned circuit as
well as second
stage
2. In single-tuned amplifier the In double-tuned In a stagger-tuned
tuned circuit in cascaded stages amplifier the amplifiers, the
are tuned to same frequencies tuning circuit are successive tuned
(Synchronous tuning) tuned to same circuit being tuned
center frequency to different
and same frequency
bandwidth (Stagger-tuning)
3. The 3 dB bandwidth provided The 3dB The half power (3
by single tuned amplifiers is bandwidth dB) bandwidth of a
narrow provided by a staggered pair is
double-tuned Sqrt(2) times the
amplifiers is larger half –power (3dB)
than a single – BW of an
tuned amplifiers individual single-
tuned stage

47
S.No Single tuned amplifier Double tuned amplifier Staggered
Tuned amplifier
4. Single-tuned amplifiers are Double-tuned amplifiers Design is similar to
easy to design are complex to design single –tuned
because, the two tuned amplifier.
circuit must be tuned to
same center frequency
and bandwidth
5. No isolation is required Isolation is required No isolation is
between stages between stages to required between
prevent the second tuned stages
circuit communicating
with first tuned circuit and
the changing parameters
6.

7.

Frequency response Frequency response is flat

mounts and hence GBW and has steeper ends and Gain Bandwidth
product is small GBW product is large (GBW) product is
very small

48
3.9 STABILITY OF TUNED AMPLIFIERS

In tuned RF amplifiers, transistors are used at the frequencies nearer to their

unity gain bandwidths (i.e fT ), to amplify a narrow band of high frequencies
centered around radio frequency. At this frequency, the analysis and design is
complicated by the Miller effect due to inter junction capacitance between base
and collector, Cbc or Cµ of the transistor becomes dominant, as shown in Fig.3.23.

Since the load is not resistive, the Miller impedance at the input will be complex.
This reflected impedance will cause detuning of the input circuit.

As reactance of Cbc or Cµ at RF is low enough it provides the feedback path from

collector to base. The amount of this internal feedback is small due to the small
reverse gain of the amplifying device, at high frequencies, this feedback becomes
comparable to the input signal. At some frequency, phase shift of the feedback
signal may become equal to that of the input signal. When this happens, the
feedback turns into positive feedback and the amplifier breaks into oscillations.
The circuit then becomes an oscillator instead of a tuned amplifier, becoming
unstable.

Fig. 3.23. Internal feedback path

In order to prevent oscillations in tuned RF amplifiers it is necessary to reduce the
stage gain to a level that ensured circuit stability. This could be accomplished in
several ways such as lowering the Q of tuned circuits, stagger tuning or loose
coupling between the stages. While all these methods reduce gain, detuning and Q
reduction affects the selectivity. Hence, the best method to attain stability is to make
the transistor appear to be a unilateral device.

49
3.10 NEUTRALIZATION
The technique used for the elimination of potential oscillations is called
neutralization. BJT and FET are potentially unstable over some frequency range
due to the feedback parameter present in them. If the feedback can be cancelled by
an additional feedback signal that is equal in amplitude and opposite in phase, the
transistor becomes unilateral from input to output till the oscillations completely
stop.

Hence, to stabilize the tuned amplifier against the oscillations(i.e for

neutralizing the effect of Cbc or Cµ, an external capacitor, which is known as a
neutralizing capacitor, is connected between the input and output of the amplifier to
cancel out the positive feedback. This happens only when feedback due to the
internal capacitor and the neutralizing capacitor is equal in magnitude but opposite

in phase. Later on many neutralizing circuits were introduced.

3.10.1. HAZELTINE NEUTRALIZATION

Fig. 3.24. Tuned RF amplifier with Hazeltine neutralization

50
Hazeltine neutralization technique is employed in tuned RF amplifiers to maintain
stability. In the circuit shown in Fig.3.24, the undesired effect of the collector to base
capacitance of the transistor is neutralized by introducing a signal which cancels the
signal coupled through the collector to base capacitance. Fig.3.24 shows that a small
variable capacitance CN is connected from the bottom of the coil to the base of the
transistor. The neutralization process is achieved by CN . It introduces a signal to the
base of the transistor such that it cancels out the signal fed to the base by Cbc. In
general, a variable capacitor is used for neutralization as the value of Cbc changes
with time. By properly adjusting CN, exact neutralization is achieved.

3.10.2. NEUTRODYNE NEUTRALIZATION

Neutrodyne neutralization is the modified version of Hazeltine neutralization. Fig.3.

25 shows the circuit of neutrodyne neutralization. In the neutrodyne neutralization,
CN is connected to the lower end of the secondary coil of the next stage. The circuit
functions in the same manner as the Hazeltine neutralization circuit with the
advantage that the neutralizing capacitor does not have the supply voltage across it.
Hence, it is insensitive to any variation in the supply voltage VCC and provides
higher stabilization for the tuned amplifier.

Fig. 3.25. Modified Hazeltine- neutrodyne neutralization

51
 LINKS TO VIDEOS

NPTEL Videos

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/102/108102095/

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/106/117106088/

You Tube Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQ3TJsYdtTY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wXl15Zrm51w

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MKT-x3qkIFU

52
 E-book References

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory- Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nasheresky

Electronic Devices and Circuits- . David A. Bell

Pulse Digital and Switching Waveforms- Millman J. and Taub H

Integrated Electronics-Millman and Halkias. C

Microelectronic Circuits - Sedra Smith 7th edithon

53
7.4 Assignment

Bloom’s
Q. No. Questions CO
Level

Design a tuned amplifier using FET to have fo = 1 MHz,

1. 3 dB bandwidth is 10 KHZ and maximum gain is –10. CO3 K3
FET has gm = 5 mA/V, rd = 10 kῺ.

The drain circuit of a FET tuned radio frequency

amplifier has a 100 pF capacitor placed in parallel with
an inductor L, whose unloaded Q-factor is 100. If the
2. CO3 K3
frequency of resonance is 1 MHz and the transistor
output resistance is 20 kῺ. Calculate the loaded Q-
factor, inductance and loaded bandwidth.
7.5. PART-A Q & A

S.No Questions K- CO
Lev
el

1 What are tuned amplifiers? (May 10) K1 CO3

The amplifiers which amplifies only selected range of
frequencies are known tuned amplifiers.

2 Define Q factor. K1 CO3

Q is the ratio of reactance to resistance. The Q factor also can
be defined as the measure of efficiency with which inductor can
store the energy.
3 Define loaded Q and unloaded Q. (Nov 10) K1 CO3

When the tank circuit is assumed to be not connected to any

external circuit or load, Q accounts for the internal losses and is
called unloaded quality factor ‘Qu’. In practice the tank
circuit will be connected to a load. Hence energy dissipation
should be calculated taking the dissipation in external load and
the tank circuit. The loaded quality factor ‘QL’ is defined as
maximum energy stored per cycle
Q  2 .
(energy dissipated per cycle+energy dissipated due to the presence of externalload)

4 Why quality factor is kept as high as possible in tuned K1 CO3

circuit?
When quality factor is high inductor losses are less. When Q is
high, bandwidth is low and better selectivity is achieved. Hence
Q is kept as high as possible in tuned circuits.

5 Brief the relationship between bandwidth and Q-factor. K2 CO3

(May 07)
BW=fo/Q
6 Give the expressions for resonance frequency and K2 CO3
impedance of the tuned circuit.
1
fo 
2 LC
and
L
Z 
CR
55
S.No Questions K-Level CO

7 A parallel resonant circuit has an inductance of 150 K2 CO3

µH and a capacitance of 100 pF. Find the resonant
frequency. (May 07)
1
fo 
2 LC
1
fo 
2 (150  10 )(100  10 12 )
6

 f o  1.3 MHZ

8 What is the effect of cascading n stages of identical K1 CO3

single tuned amplifiers (synchronously tuned) on
the overall 3 dB bandwidth? (Nov 04)

The overall 3 dB bandwidth decreases

9 If the resonant frequency and the effective loaded K2 CO3

Q of a single tuned amplifier are 600 KHz and 10
respectively. Calculate the bandwidth of a 3 stage
cascaded synchronously tuned single amplifier.
(May 05)

f o 600  103
BW1  
Q 10
BW1  60KHZ
BW 3  BW1 21/n  1
BW 3  60  103 21/3  1
 BW 3  30.59KHZ

10 An inductor of 250 µH has Q = 300 at 1 MHz. K2 CO3

Determine RS and Rp of inductor. (May 06, Nov 12)
RP  o LQ  2  1  106  250  10 6  300
 RP  471.24k 
o L 2    106  250  10 6
Rs  
Q 300
 RP  5.235

56
S.No Questions K- CO
Level

11 A tuned amplifier has its maximum gain at a K2 CO3

frequency of 2 MHz and has a bandwidth of 50 KHz.
Calculate the Q factor. (Nov 06)
f 2  106
Q  o 
BW 50  103
Q  40

12 A tuned amplifier is designed to receive AM broad K2 CO3

cast of speech signal at 650 KHz. What is needed Q
for amplifier? (Nov 09)
Assume maximum modulating frequency
for AM broadcast speech signal = 5 KHz
BW  2f m  2  5  103  10KHZ
fo 650  103
Q  
BW 10  103
Q  65

13 Mention the applications of tuned amplifiers. (Nov K1 CO3

07, Nov 08)
1. Tuned amplifiers are used in radio receivers to amplify
a particular band of frequencies for which the radio
receiver is tuned.
2. Tuned amplifiers are used in active filters such as
lowpass, high pass and bandpass to allow amplification of
signal only in the desired narrow band.
3. It is used as modulator in AM/FM transmitters circuit
because of its efficiency.
14 List the advantages and disadvantages of tuned K1 CO3
amplifiers. (May 12)
Advantages
1. The band of frequencies over which amplification is
required can be varied.
2. It has a higher efficiency than the other amplifiers.
3. They amplify the desired frequencies.
4. They have a good signal-to-noise ratio at the output.
Disadvantages
1. The circuit is bulky and costly as they use inductors and
capacitors as tuning elements.
2. Tuned amplifiers are not suitable to amplify audio
frequencies.

57
S.No Questions K- CO
Level
15 What is synchronously tuned amplifier? K1 CO3
In order to obtain a high overall gain, several identical
stages of tuned amplifiers can be used in cascade. The
overall gain is the product of the voltage gains of the
individual stages. All the amplifier stages are assumed to
be identical and to be tuned to the same frequency fo.
This is called synchronous tuning and amplifier is called
synchronously tuned amplifiers.
16 What is a stagger-tuned amplifier? (Nov 11) K1 CO3
When a number of single tuned amplifiers are connected
in cascade and if the successive tuned circuit being tuned
to different frequency, they are known as stagger-tuned
amplifier.
17 What are the differences between single tuned and K1 CO3
synchronously tuned amplifiers? (Nov 07)

18 What is meant by neutralization? (Nov 08, May 13, K1 CO3

May 14)
The technique used for the elimination of potential
oscillations is called neutralization.

58
S.No Questions K- CO
Level

19 What is the reason for instability in tuned K1 CO3

amplifiers? (May 11)
At higher frequencies, the reactance of Cbc is low enough
it provides the feedback path from collector to base. At
some frequency, phase shift of the feedback signal may
become equal to that of the input signal. When this
happens, the feedback turns into positive feedback and
the amplifier breaks into oscillations. The circuit then
becomes an oscillator instead of a tuned amplifier,
becoming unstable.
20 What is narrow band neutralization? (May 11, Nov K1 CO3
12) A process of cancelling the instability effect due to
the collector to base capacitance of the transistor in tuned
circuits by introducing a signal which cancels the signal
coupled through the collector-to-base capacitance is called
narrow band neutralization.
21 A tuned circuit has a resonant frequency of 1600 K1 CO3
KHz and bandwidth of 10 KHz. What is the value of
its Q-factor? (May 12)
fo 1600  103
Q  
BW 10  103
Q  160

22 Define gain bandwidth product of a tuned K1 CO3

amplifier. (May 09)
A gain bandwidth product of a tuned amplifier is defined
as a product of 3dB bandwidth and the gain at response
of the tuned amplifier.

59
7.5 PART B QUESTION BANK
S. No. Question K CO
Level

1 Derive the bandwidth of a synchronous tuning system with K2 CO3

three single tuned amplifiers. Assume bandwidth of the

individual stage is 10 KHz. (May 06)

2 With equivalent circuit of single tuned amplifier derive the gain K2 CO3

as function of frequency. Derive the cut off frequencies.

(May 06, Nov 06, Nov 07, Nov 08, Nov 10, May 11, Nov
11, May 12, Nov 13, May 13, May 14)

3 What is the need for neutralization? Explain Hazeltine K2 CO3

neutralization? (May 06, Nov 06, May 08, May 10, May11,
Nov 11, May 12, Nov13, May 14)

4 Design a tuned amplifier using FET to have fo = 1 MHz, 3 dB K3 CO3

bandwidth is 10 KHz and maximum gain is – 10. FET has gm

= 5 mA/V, rd = 10 kῺ.
(May 06, Nov 12)

5 Discuss the working of single tuned and synchronously tuned K2 CO3

amplifiers.
(May 07)

6 What is the need for neutralization in tuned amplifiers? Explain K2 CO3

a narrow band and a broad band neutralization methods used.

(Nov 07, Nov 11)

60
S. No. Question K CO
Level
7 (i) Define Quality factor obtain the quality factor for a parallel K2 CO3
resonant circuit. (Nov 08)
(ii) A parallel resonant circuit has a capacitor of 100 pF and an
inductor of 100 H. The inductor has a resistance of 5 ohms.
Find the value of frequency at which the circuit resonates and
the circuit impedance at resonance. (Nov 08)
8 What are synchronous and stagger tuned amplifier circuits. K2 CO3
(Nov 08, Nov 10, May 14)
9 Discuss about double tuned voltage amplifier. (May 10, Nov K2 CO3

12)

10 Discuss the effect of bandwidth on cascading single tuned K2 CO3

amplifiers.
(May 10, Nov 10, Nov 13)
11 Explain the Hazeltine and Neutrodyne neutralization methods. K2 CO3

(May 11)

12 With the response characteristics explain a stagger tuned K2 CO3

amplifier.
(May 11, Nov13, Nov 12)

13 A single tuned transistor amplifier is used to amplify K3 CO3

modulated RF carrier of 600 KHz and bandwidth of 15 KHz.
The circuit has total output resistance Rt = 20 kῺ and output
capacitance CO = 50 pF. Calculate the values of inductance
and capacitance of tuned circuit. (May 11, May 12)
14 The drain circuit of a FET tuned radio frequency amplifier has K3 CO3
a 100 pF capacitor placed in parallel with an inductor L, whose
unloaded Q-factor is 100. If the frequency of resonance is 1
MHz and the transistor output resistance is 20 kῺ Calculate
the loaded Q-factor, inductance and loaded bandwidth. (Nov
11)
15 Draw the circuit diagram of a two-stage synchronously tuned K2 CO3
amplifier and also its equivalent circuit. Derive the expression
for bandwidth.
(Nov 12, May 13)

61
 7.6 Supportive Online Certification courses (NPTEL, Swayam,
Coursera, Udemy, etc.,)

 Coursera - Analog Vs Digital Circuits

 Udemy - Electronics Analog

 NPTEL - Analog Circuits & Systems

62
7.7 Real time Applications in day to day life and to
industry

 An FM radio has a tuned amplifier that allows listening to only one radio station at
a time.

 Tuned amplifiers can be found in aircraft autopilot systems, audio systems,

scientific instruments, spacecraft where there is a need to select and amplify
specific electronic signals while ignoring others.

 The tuned amplifier is used in UHF radio relay systems.

 It is used as intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier in a super heterodyne receiver.

 It is used as wide band tuned amplifiers for video amplification.

 It is used as very narrow-band IF amplifier in a spectrum analyzer.

63
 7 . 8 Contents beyond Syllabus ( COE related value
added courses)

COE related value added courses:

1. Embedded COE
2. Robotics Process Automation (RPA) COE
3. Automotive Electronics COE
Content beyond syllabus:

A tuned radio frequency receiver (or TRF receiver) is a type of radio

receiver that is composed of one or more tuned radio frequency
(RF) amplifier stages followed by a detector (demodulator) circuit to extract
the audio signal and usually an audio frequency amplifier. This type of receiver was
popular in the 1920s. Early examples could be tedious to operate because when
tuning in a station each stage had to be individually adjusted to the
station's frequency, but later models had ganged tuning, the tuning mechanisms of

all stages being linked together, and operated by just one control knob.

The classic TRF receivers of the 1920s and 30s usually consisted of three sections:

• one or more tuned RF amplifier stages. These amplify the signal of the desired
station to a level sufficient to drive the detector, while rejecting all other signals
picked up by the antenna.

• a detector, which extracts the audio (modulation) signal from the radio carrier
signal by rectifying it.

• optionally, but almost always included, one or more audio amplifier stages which
increase the power of the audio signal.

Figure 1 Block Diagram of Tuned Radio Receiver

64
Each tuned RF stage consists of an amplifying device, a triode (or in later sets
a tetrode) vacuum tube, and a tuned circuit which performs the filtering function.
The tuned circuit consisted of an air-core RF coupling transformer which also
served to couple the signal from the plate circuit of one tube to the
input grid circuit of the next tube. One of the windings of the transformer had a
variable capacitor connected across it to make a tuned circuit. A variable capacitor
(or sometimes a variable coupling coil called a variometer) was used, with a knob
on the front panel to tune the receiver. The RF stages usually had identical circuits
to simplify design.

Each RF stage had to be tuned to the same frequency, so the capacitors had to be
tuned in tandem when bringing in a new station. In some later sets the capacitors
were "ganged", mounted on the same shaft or otherwise linked mechanically so
that the radio could be tuned with a single knob, but in most sets the resonant
frequencies of the tuned circuits could not be made to "track" well enough to
allow this, and each stage had its own tuning knob.

The detector was usually a grid-leak detector. Some sets used a crystal
detector (semiconductor diode) instead. Occasionally, a regenerative detector was
used, to increase selectivity. Some TRF sets that were listened to
with earphones didn't need an audio amplifier, but most sets had one to three
transformer-coupled or RC-coupled audio amplifier stages to provide enough
power to drive a loudspeaker.

65
8.Assessment Schedule

Assessment Proposed Date Actual Date

Unit 1 Assignment
Assessment
Unit Test 1

Unit 2 Assignment
Assessment
Internal Assessment 1

Retest for IA 1

Unit 3 Assignment
Assessment
Unit Test 2

Unit 4 Assignment
Assessment
Internal Assessment 2

Retest for IA 2

Unit 5 Assignment
Assessment
Revision Test 1

Revision Test 2

Model Exam

Remodel Exam

University Exam

163
66
 9.Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOK:
1. Sedra and Smith, “Micro Electronic Circuits”; Sixth Edition, Oxford University
Press,
2011. (UNIT I, III,IV,V)
2. Jacob Millman, ‘Microelectronics’, McGraw Hill, 2nd Edition, Reprinted, 2009.
(UNIT I,II,IV,V)

REFERENCES:

1. Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nasheresky, ―Electronic Devices and Circuit

Theory‖, 10th Edition, Pearson Education / PHI, 2008

2. David A. Bell, ―Electronic Devices and Circuits‖, Fifth Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2008.

3. Millman J. and Taub H., ―Pulse Digital and Switching Waveforms‖, TMH, 2000.

4. Millman and Halkias. C., Integrated Electronics, TMH, 2007.

164
67
 10. Mini Project Suggestions

 Sound-Operated Intruder Alarm

 Simple Audio Tone Control Circuit

 Stun Gun Circuit

 Super Sensitive Intruder Alarm

 Timer with Musical Alarm

 Room Sound Monitor

 Digital Audio/ Video Input Selector

 Mock Alarm with Call Bell

164
68
 Thank you

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69