NECKLACE HHO IV

Electrochemical relating to Stanley Meyer - fuel cells

Electric polarization of the water molecule

It is already known that in itself atoms of hydrogen and oxygen can take
electrical charges, but until now no one has discovered that
simultaneously exposing to a certain electric voltage area the water
molecule with a positive charge and a negative charge, the hydrogen and
oxygen atoms assume different and opposite electrical characteristics,
equal in magnitude and potential, stabilizing the existing electric polarity
in the water molecule.

In the water molecule, the electric charge of the two hydrogen atoms
assumes a positive value (+) and the electric charge of an oxygen atom
assumes a negative value (-), thus satisfying the two basic laws of physics
". .. for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, and that all
things must reach a state of stability. "

Although the molecule is stabilized as electrical polarity by the

simultaneous application of the two oppositely charged voltage zones, the
bond between the atoms is very weakened by this process.

The hydrogen atoms positively charged are attracted toward the tension
zone negatively charged, and the negatively charged oxygen atoms are
attracted to the positively charged area voltage ... satisfying, thus, the
physical law of "attraction of the opposite polarity."

Process of Electric Polarization

In summary, the electric polarization of the water molecule can be

represented by a process consisting of four steps (see Figure).

Zona a tensione Zona a tensione In the first step, the oppositely

elettrica negativa elettrica positiva
charged electric voltage areas are
(Amperaggio (Amperaggio limitato)
limitato) introduced simultaneously on
MOLECOLA D’ACQUA
both sides of the water molecule.

In the second step, the water

molecule becomes electrically
polarized (electrically charged).

ATOMI CARICATI
ELETTRICAMENTE

ATTRAZIONE DI
ACQUA NATURALE
POLARITA’ OPPOSTE 1
In the third step, this electrical polarization of the hydrogen atoms and
oxygen greatly weakens the stability of the water molecule.

In the fourth step, since the voltage areas are still present with their
opposite electric attractions, the water molecule is divided into its
components, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The hydrogen atom is
attracted by the negative electric voltage area, while the oxygen atom is
attracted by the positive electrical voltage zone ... all simultaneously.

Separation of the water molecule covalently

In scientific terms, once that occurs the electrical polarization process, the
covalent bond or sharing of electrons between atoms of the water
molecule ceases to exist because the hydrogen atoms with a positive
electric charge to attract the negatively charged free electrons and
floating; while, at the same time, the oxygen atom with negative electric
charge repel the electron moving .... so stabilizing the level of energy of
the atoms, separating the water molecule into its components and
releasing energy in form of gas hydrogen and oxygen.

The attraction of opposite polarity that has existed between the free and
electrically charged and stationary electrical voltage zones atoms further
aids the process of splitting.

The repetitive frequency to voltage button or the formation of areas of

tension, continues the electrical polarization process.

What is so particularly in the dissociation of the atoms in the water

molecule is the ease with which it occurs, since the bond between the
hydrogen and the oxygen is already very weakened by the electric
polarization of the water molecule, very little energy in the form of voltage
applied is needed to actually separate the hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms that make up the molecule of water
already trying to move in opposite directions because of their respective
attractions towards the opposite electrical voltage areas.

A minimal amount of voltage, a potential energy without amperage

consumption, gives the impulse to the atoms to split from one another in
a strictly physical process.

The hydrogen gas and oxygen, is released in large amounts with little
consumed energy and without chemical interaction.

2
Once that occurs the cleavage of the molecule, the hydrogen atoms of
free oxygen and do not recombine in the process of polarization,
therefore, the gas can be used for the energy consumption.

Natural water, the source of hydrogen

As a result of actual laboratory testing resulting in certification, it is shown

that using a voltage potential with frequency pulse, the splitting of the
water molecule occurs in all natural waters, also in that distilled.

The formation of zones of tension

It was later discovered that the atoms of hydrogen and oxygen can be
electrically charged natural water, all that is needed is the creation of two
zones of electric voltage of opposite electrical polarity to the sides of the
water molecule.

Simply applying a voltage potential, the oxygen atom, now with a

negative electrical charge (b-), is attracted by the positive electric voltage
area (b +), of the hydrogen atoms against, now with a positive electrical
charge (b + ), are attracted by the negative electric voltage area (b-).

In the repetition of this process, the water molecules are split releasing
oxygen gas and energy in the form of hydrogen gas.

In order to best use the electric polarization of the water molecule and
maximize the release of hydrogen energy, it is imperative that the process
takes place in a non-chemical environment.

Stressing that this is simply a physical process, is used only natural water
without additives or chemicals, these areas of tension used are two, non-
oxidizing, non-corrosive, non-reactive and location.

Voltage, or potential energy, flowing through the electrified plates, a plate

becomes electrically positive charge (+ b) and another plate becomes
electrically charged negative (b-).

The voltage varies through the plates, but the amperage change is almost
constant, and since almost no amperage varies through the areas, the
chemical process remains free and the energy consumption in the process
is extremely low.

The interfacing of an electronic circuit is used to vary the amperage that in

natural water has no effect on the electrical polarization process.

3
 Tension is Energy Potential

In the equation of electrical energy: power = Amps x voltage, the voltage

remains potential energy until the flow of amperage is limited through the
plates.

Since the fuel cell uses

SPOSTAMENTO MECCANICO the voltage potential
DI ZONE DI TENSIONE Spazio d’acqua (remember, the voltage
ELETTRICA
is the pressure or force
within a system called
Input Tensione electric potential,
Potenziale different charges
Più attract while like
Più vicino lontano charges repel, the
potential voltage is
used for electrically
Controllo della velocità del gas
Zone di tensione elettrica (B+/B-) charging the atoms in
Immerse in acqua naturale order to disrupt the
flow of electrons,
covalent bond, between the atoms) to economically to divide the water
molecule, the power is used to release a tremendous amount of energy.

The hydrogen that is released is twice and a half more powerful than
gasoline.

The fuel cell (or combustion) simply and economically releases the stored
energy from 'natural water.

The voltage generators in pulse frequency in use, are relatively small in

comparison to a conventional generator amperage.

The economic characteristics of the fuel cell make the system ideal for use
as simply using water, it does not decompose during the operations, and
uses the voltage potential that is not consumed during the hydrogen gas
production.

These economic characteristics of the fuel cell identifies the natural water
as a new, free and abundant source of energy. After all, three-quarters of
the weight of the earth is hydrogen, in addition, the use of natural water
requires no refining process, none of the distribution network, or special
packaging.

4
 Producing Hydrogen On Demand

Until now the voltage potential has been used in two ways to operate on a
fuel cell: electrically charging the atoms of the water molecule to destroy
the covalent bond of the water molecule and to use separate the atoms
released from the split.

Another aspect is to attenuate the voltage potential to generate hydrogen

gas on request, what happens simply by manipulating the parameters of
the zones of tension as indicated in Figure.

A technique to control the

Il livello di
Richiesta costante di production of gas is to physically
Tensione è
energia: alta tensione move the areas of tension or
soggetto
soltanto alla
genera più gas slabs, neighbors, keeping
idrogeno
constant the voltage potential.
Tensione potenziale variabile

resa di gas
desiderata Move the neighbors areas of
Interfacciamento
Elettrico tension it causes a greater
(minore amperaggio) electric force to be applied to the
electrical polarization process,
Nota: obtaining hydrogen exponentially
Zona a Tensione (B+/B-) produce
che (v. Figure).
rimane stazionaria

Dispersione di amperaggio

Another way to control the hydrogen gas production is to maintain the

electrical voltage zones in a fixed position, and increase the intensity of
the electrical voltage potential through the areas.

Even in this case, hydrogen is produced exponentially as the voltage

potential.

The potential voltage pulsed frequency serves to help limit the

amperometric flow during the electrical polarization process.

The voltage potential can be increased to any desired level to meet the
hydrogen gas production on demand, the range of zero to 20,000 volts is
quite normal in any frequency level.

Moreover, the production of gas is strongly manipulated by changing the

physical design characteristics of the zones of tension (you vary the
shapes of the surfaces of the zones of tension of the electrified plate ....
skin effect).

5
This includes increasing the size (height or width or diameter) of the
zones, and / or the shape and configuration of the zones (see. Figure).

Area di superficie uguale con la Finally, the production of gas is

stessa Tensione applicata strongly manipulated by simply
turning on and off, or pulsing, of
the electrical voltage zones in a
variable, in a repetitive manner.

The higher the frequency of the

voltage, the greater the gas
production.

Piastre Piastre in
Insieme di tubi
parallele cilindri
paralleli
concentrici

FORMA GEOMETRICA DELLE ZONE DI

TENSIONE (B+/B-) E DIVERSE PRODUZIONI DI
GAS IDROGENO

Paired with this voltage pulse there is also the "segmentation".

The zones of tension can actually be segmented, in physically separate

areas of the area at a given point.

This reduces the production of gas (v. Figure).

When the segments are

reintroduced within a fuel cell,
there is an increase in gas
production.

Combining these potential

voltage parameters in a
functional control system, the
TENSIONE PULSANTE VARIABILE IN FUNZIONE
DELLA FREQUENZA, RIDUCE GLI AMPER MENTRE fuel cell now becomes a
CONTROLLA IL VOLUME DI PRODUZIONE DEL GAS constant demand generator.

In order to obtain the necessary energy, it is sufficient to vary the

potential voltage parameters, to fulfill the need.

The fuel cell, therefore, does not need any of the secondary storage
system since hydrogen is preserved in the most secure container known
to man up to this moment ..... water.

6
Mega Watt performance of Gas

The previous method of producing hydrogen gas through the application

of the voltage potential (pressure or force within an electrical system) is
quite efficient, but there are several other ways, before the electrical
polarization process, which increase the production of hydrogen gas
energy, astronomically, natural water.

This can simply be achieved through the use of a fuel cell in the resonant
cavity.

Resonance action and its effects

The resonant action occurs within the fuel cell in a systematic way.
Before an oscillating voltage range, or zone, it is formed around a second
oscillating voltage field, or area, as opposed electrical polarity that form in
the middle of a water area.

The two oscillating voltage areas are synchronized in a single repetitive

waveform.

7
As soon as the water molecules are exposed to these areas of tension that
have been obtained, the hydrogen atoms become electrically charged
positive while the oxygen atom becomes electrically negative charge
electrically biasing the water molecule.

The buttons voltage areas also help to limit the amperage flow during the
electrical polarization process.

If there is the electric

polarization phenomenon, the
covalent bond, or sharing of
electrons between the atoms
of the water molecule, it
ceases to exist because the
hydrogen atoms are
electrically charged positively
attract the free negative electrons loaded while, at the same time , the
oxygen atom with negative electric charge repels the electrons moving
..... thus stabilizing the energy levels of the atoms .... separating the
water molecule into its components ..... releasing energy in the form of
hydrogen and oxygen gases.

The attraction between opposite polarities that now exists between the
free atoms and electrically loads and the stationary electrical voltage
zones further helps the process of splitting by imparting a physical impact
(impact of particles) on neighboring molecules that undergo the electrical
polarization process.

Since the voltage of the area that forms the outer wall of the resonant
cavity momentarily traps free atoms, the atoms in motion are accelerated
and deflected between the other molecules that begin to divide ... causing
a chain action.

This chain action continues to increase freeing other atoms of other water
molecules.
The pulsed potential voltage to frequency continues the action chain, with
that particular e increases the amplitude and, consequently, it accelerates
the action chain.

Simply moving free atoms back and forth in a uniform and repetitive
fashion through the electrical polarization process establishes a resonance
action within the fuel cell.

8
Action to strengthen the resonance

The action of enhancement of resonance over the influence of the pulsed

voltage potential is accomplished in several ways.

In the area of direction change of electrons, atoms electrically charged,

moving toward the molecules to further the covalent bond disturbing
water, while at the same time increases the electrical charge within the
cell during the electrical polarization process.

Increasing the number of electrically charged atoms, in the fuel cell

directly increase the voltage charged while the voltage potential applied to
pulsed frequency remains the same .... thus increasing the yield of the
absorbed power at a constant gas.

In terms of design application, the resonant cavity is multilevel with other

resonant cavities of a similar type in a sequential manner.

Just happens the electrical polarization process, the free electrically

charged atoms are recycled within the resonant cavity before their
passage into the next cavity similarly engaged in the same recycling
process.

The ordered and sequential progression of the moving atoms loaded

through the multitude of cavities, increases the charging voltage for each
phase since they have been authorized more atoms to interact with each
stage of the procedure.

To further increase the production of gas, other cavities of recycling atoms

are located on different vertical levels to meet a need predetermined gas.

The interaction of the laser beam or light energy with the free atoms
within the resonant cavity during the electrical polarization process results
in fluctuating atoms the loss or the gain of electrons .... allowing, as
mentioned, to the atoms of electrically charged.

The electrically charged atoms and expelled, they are used in combination
with the electric polarization generator, to form the regenerative energy
network.

This process simply uses the components of the water to produce

electricity without consuming atoms loaded before injection of the gas.

9
 The water injection system of Stanley Meyer

While the device described above is very simple and works for a small
static electric generator that is designed to provide large amounts of
electrical energy, which in part may be used to produce HHO gas from
water, it is much more difficult to operate, with continuity, a big engine
using only water as "fuel".

For larger engines aimed at producing

mechanical power, we need a more powerful
system, such as that developed by researcher
American Stanley Meyer.

Although many years have passed by the

sudden death and very suspicious of Stanley
Meyer, as far as we know, his project has not
yet been replicated, especially because
researchers do not understand the information
that has left.

However, recently, a man whose forum ID is "H2Opower" helped explain

what it was like Stan, and much of the following description is right here
to be shared and sought to understand by all, in order to contribute to its
development in the world.

The Canadian patent 2067735 Stan has a drawing, in which the injector
schematically shows the injection in the engine of three separate
components:

10
A first component is described as ionised gas and is mentioned as ambient
air, the second component is a part of the exhaust gas that is return hot
vapor through a throttling valve, referred to as "inert gas", the third
component that we see in the figure , it is a spray of very fine water
droplets or "mist" of cold water.

This three-component mixture passes through the high-voltage electrodes

and if the mixture does not ignite spontaneously, then it is turned on by
means of a spark.

A version of injectors suggested by Stan for an existing engine is outlined

as follows:

This is a cross section showing only two of the three inputs of gases that
flow through this injector / spark plug.

Each input has its own gas supply passage that leads between the central
electrode and the outer circular electrode, and each supply tube has its
own one-way valve to prevent reflux of the fuel input through the feed
tube.

This is just one of the ways that Stan shows that it can be done.
Here his diagram for the fuel input in a two-cylinder engine, although it
can apply equally well to any number of cylinders:

I would emphasize
that this is only an

11
explanatory diagram, since it can not happen that the intake valves and
exhaust remain open simultaneously when the sparkle candles, also, the
pistons do not ascend and descend together, but their movement is offset
to give a less irregular movement to the crankshaft.

The thing to note here, however, is that the fuel intake is through
standard valves, and which are shown of normal candles, however, this
scheme of US Patent 5,293,857 is based on the use of an electrolyser and
Stan has found a way to avoid the need for an electrolyser.

For this reason, the Stan "Gas Processor" is a truly fundamental device
despite appears to have a fairly simple construction.

The mechanism works by pumping light energy from the plant fuel supply,
this may not seem like a great benefit, but it certainly is, in fact, the heart
of the Stan system.

In addition to the extra energy, the fuel components are also subjected to
a high DC voltage, pulsed, applied in such a way that tends to divide the
molecules which then go into the engine.

The gas production is ensured by two highly reflective metal cylinders, 96

Light-Emitting Diodes ( "LEDs"), as well as by an apparatus that produces
a precise and specific high DC voltage pulsed accurately.

The reflective tubes are used to obtain the bounce of the forward light and
backward indefinitely until it is absorbed by the passage of molecules, in
addition, the choice of the LEDs is very important according to the
wavelength of light, which must correspond to the resonant frequencies of
the components where the fuel passes.

They can also be used in the LED laser, but they must be tilted slightly so
as to ensure that the reflection of light completely fill each affected section
of the gas passage process.

The operation is simple to perform, in fact, six sixteen LED banks each are
installed in the outer cylinder that has a polished inner surface.

To understand the effect of each LED, we take into account only to a

single LED on this reflective surface:

12
The LED light that illuminates the reflective surface of the inner tube, is
displayed in red in the drawing above, where you can see the upper LEDs
of the six columns.

The said light, then, is reflected back to the outer cylinder and is displayed
in yellow:

The reflected light that is shown in yellow is identical in wavelength to that

of the section shown in red.

This reflected light is subsequently reflected again from the outer tube,
repeated so many times until the entire area between the two tubes is
completely filled by the light.

This is done for each LED, and the light will continue to be reflected back
and forth indefinitely if not collide with a gas molecule.

This is the effect of a single LED, but there are six LEDs at the same level,
each produce light of the same frequency and strengthens the power of
each of the other five LEDs, producing a very powerful overall light band.

13
The same thing occurs in the vertical plane with the light that bounces
completely down the tubes, and so the LEDs, at different levels, generate
different wavelengths.

There is, then, a strong interaction between the waves of different

frequencies, which produces intermediate frequencies with a process that
the technique called the "heterodyne":

In this diagram it has been possible not to show the way in which the
reflected light from each LED interacts with all the other LED light, but
there is a complete mixing of the beams.

The LEDs are shown with exaggerated dimensions and spaces to give a
reasonably understandable diagram.
The diagram above, shows hardly the level of intensity of the light within
the gas processor, and shows only six of the 96 LED actually installed.

It's a bit 'hard to imagine this device, but the gas (of any kind) flowing
through the circular space donut-shaped between the two tubes, is hit by
a very high level of light energy of an appropriate frequency.

14
"H2Opower" believes that the optimum LED frequencies are those shown
below:

Although, not surprisingly, it is not easy to find a supplier of LEDs that

emit these exact individual frequencies, most of the LEDs on the market,
rather than only one single frequency, emitting a band of frequencies that
include, however, the frequencies above indicated.

The operation of the gas processor is further improved by the application

of a high pulse voltage between the inner and outer metal cylinders.

This voltage excites the gas molecules flowing between the two cylinders
and, since pulsed, induces a separating action between the molecules
which consequently will tend to divide:

Please note that in all of the free energy systems high power, is very
important to have the gas production device that works in perfect
resonance.

15
If it is still available, look at the excellent 'H2Opower' video:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kQCCwCCBoNY,

It shows that, in fact, that the operation of the resonant circuit is all.

Briefly, the frequency of the resultant waveform which passes through the
winding "A" of the previous figure, is adjusted up to that almost no
current flows through the 'winding.

All this is a bit like tuning a radio to a particular station, in both cases, the
signal of a certain frequency found is not able to "listen" to each current
passing through the winding.

This leads us to suspect that almost no current would flow from winding,
but it is not the case, because the current flowing in the secondary
winding from the local environment (after all, here there is no electrical
connection between the two windings, as well as common sense says that
electrons flowing into "A" do not flow on the other winding).

This resonant operation gives a big increase in energy from the local
environment.

The objective of the above-described gas process, is to edit any gas that
passes through it: the air, the water vapor, the HHO, or whatever, can
pass, reaching were highly energetic.

The high voltage applied to the metal cylinders in the process gas does
not flow through the gas between the cylinders; instead, it shall provide a
high positive electrostatic charge to the outer cylinder and a very high
charge Negative to the inner cylinder, making sure that these two
opposite charges "stirino" the charged parts of each molecule to
themselves.

The positive charge of the gas ions are pulled towards the negative inner
cylinder and the negatively charged gas ions are pulled towards the
positive outer cylinder.

Stan uses this technique to the incoming air when using an electrolyser to
feed an engine:

16
However, Stan preferred to use air, water mist and a part of the exhaust
gas as shown in the previous drawing to power its engines.

This is an effective method, as stated "H2Opower", clarifying that he had

used a car with front engine, as there is plenty of these three components
(although, ideally, you'd rather get the right calibration to avoid stressing
the engine! ).

One thing, then, that "H2Opower" wanted to point out is that the injectors
are already installed to convert any car to run on alternative fuels such as
natural gas, can be adapted to become the equivalent of injectors type
Stan, only if they are added a pair of high voltage electrodes for each
injector, which must be fed by a pulse circuit such as Stan called: "voltage
Intensifier circuit."

The arrangement would, then, like this:

17
On page 220 of the "Technical Document" Stan Meyer found on:

http://www.free-energy-info.tuks.nl/MeyerData.pdf

which can be downloaded for free, you will find more information than you
ever wanted to know about this topic.

18
 The strange nature of water and the advanced electrolysis

This chapter deals with systems to improve the functioning of the vehicle
with the use of water, so it seems appropriate to begin with a brief note
on water itself.

At a quick glance, it looks like we know everything on the water, its

composition is H2O and when it breaks down, we get two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen atom - right? Well, maybe yes, and maybe not.

The longer you research on systems that use water, the more you come
to realize that water is not as simple as you might initially think.

There is a much maligned branch of alternative called "Homeopathy

medicine", which is based on giving patients very dilute aqueous solutions
with various chemicals.

skeptical researchers performed professional-quality tests intended to

show that homeopathy is fraudulent and has no medical benefits
whatsoever.

Unfortunately, the tests did not work in the way the researchers wanted,
tests have shown that in fact there was some benefit from being
examined treatments and, unfortunately, as it was also used a placebo
control group, the effect placebo was definitely not the cause of the
effects recorded during the trials.

I decided not to accept the results that went against their expectations,
the researchers started on test patients of increasingly diluted samples.

Eventually, got to the level where there was no longer remained a single
atom of the chemical into the liquid with which the patients were tested,
including their dismay, it was observed that the medical effect remained!

They tested, then, with water that he had never received any chemical
treatment, and there was not any medical effect; thereafter, they
returned to test the apparently "pure water" and definitely free of
chemicals, but the medical effect was again detected, despite the fact that
there was not an atom of the chemical substance in water.

19
This clearly shows that the water was different after having dissolved the
chemical, although no chemical had been there; Researchers, then, were
forced to conclude that water has "memory."

This, of course, is a conclusion based on facts that are difficult to explain,

and you may wish to deduce something else from such tests.

Very interesting, about, the studies done by Mr. Masaru Emoto:

http://www.vidaplena.net/Videos_VP/Videos_A-B/Agua.htm

who have shown that the thoughts of random

people can alter the water structure without
that they have no physical contact with the
water!

If the water receives positive thoughts and is

then frozen, the resulting crystal structure will
be like this.

Whereas, if negative thoughts are aimed to

water, obviously just looking up and thinking,
or by writing those thoughts down on paper, the resulting shape of the
crystal is very different when the water is frozen, as shown here:

It is not all that surprising when you consider that the quantum mechanics
researchers have said for some time that the experiments can also be
affected by an observer.

People who build Joe Cells which operate through environmental energy
focused by specially treated and structured pure water, showed that
certain people can affect a Joe cell, negatively, from 45 meters of distance
!

20
Personally, I'm pretty sure we do not understand the fundamental nature
of our environment and that we have a very vague idea of how we, as
individuals, impattiamo on our environment.

There is an extremely honest and reputable researcher called George

Wiseman who operates through his company Eagle-Research

(http://www.eagle-research.com/).

George is very experienced in producing "Brown's Gas" and publishes

excellent instruction books on the subject, but the really interesting thing
is that Brown's Gas is produced from water, and that this gas has
remarkable properties that are currently not easily explained by the
"conventional" science.

When Brown's Gas is used as the gas to power a cutting torch (like an
oxy-acetylene torch) the resulting flame is nearly colorless and can be
touched with bare hands without any ill effects - that is, the hand is not
burnt!

But when applied to a fire brick which is intended to withstand high

temperatures, burns, and produces a clean, clear hole through it.

also it can vaporize tungsten rod which normally does so at 6000 ° C,

which indicates that the flame temperature depends on what it touches.

It can also be welded with aluminum to aluminum without the need of an

inert gas, can weld aluminum and brass and it can weld a steel rod to an
ordinary brick building, it can melt to a glass brick.

This is not "normal" for a chemical reaction of combustion, showing that

Brown's Gas is not a chemically substance "normal", and as the Brown's
gas comes from the water, the thing perhaps suggests that the water is
not a substance chemically "normal"?

I will leave you to think with your mind on this, perhaps aided by
subsequent reflection of Moray B. King.

21
 Electrolysers that made history

We describe below, the different types of said oxyhydrogen generators

also "booster" who, rightly or wrongly, have helped create the scientific
basis that, without large end-effects, led Brown's gas to be classified now
as a revolutionary element that is worthy of further study and scientific
laboratory tests as a safe and reliable use, especially in the automotive
field.

To begin, I would like to stress that each engine is different and it

depends on how the engine is efficient to understand what kind of
improvement in km / l may be obtained from a booster.

Just to be sure I understand what it is, a booster has been previously

shown to be a simple removed from the box that contains a set of steel
plates submerged in water which generally has dissolved an additive to
make it able to conduct electricity.

Furthermore, a pipe from the upper part of the container carries the gas
into the air filter of the vehicle, via one or two simple safety devices.
Adding to this gas mixture that is created within a cylinder of the engine,
it causes a considerable improvement in the quality of combustion of the
fuel and the reduction of harmful emissions, which approach zero!

As a result of this, it is also possible to reduce the amount of fossil fuel

that is sent to the engine, which is something that could not be made if it
were not added the oxyhydrogen, which prevents the engine to overheat,
resulting in damage of the valves.

However, the recent engine designs, include an electronic control unit (

"ECU") which controls the amount of fuel that is sent to the motor.

The ECU accepts input signals from an "oxygen sensor" inserted in the
exhaust stream and, often, by a second sensor after the catalyst to ensure
that the catalyst is successful.

Unfortunately, the exhausted obtained by the improved fuel combustion

caused by the oxyhydrogen gas and containing, consequently, traces of
oxygen, causes the ECU to think that the air-fuel mixture of the engine is
too lean and, therefore, to pump more fuel in the attempt to compensate
for what.

Ideally, this can be avoided by adding a circuit that adjusts the signal
from the oxygen sensor, so that it is correct for the combustion of the fuel
and, therefore, to the ECU.

22
To recap, the only practical device that you can build and use to improve
automotive performance is a 'booster' that improves the efficiency of fuel
consumption in the engine, resulting all in a greater power, better torque,
a good fluidity of operation and harmful emissions of the exhaust gas
greatly improved.

However, if the control unit is not adjusted or its input signal not
controlled, the data km / l may actually be slightly lower due to undesired
fuel injections in excess that is pumped into the engine.

If, in contrast, a control circuit is used to correct the error of the ECU,
then the gains of km / l will be evident.

At this point it is legitimate to ask the question: what gains in km / l can

be expected?

The worst result of which I have ever heard of was 8%, which is very rare,
while the average gain is 20% likely.

Typical gains are in 'order of 25% to 35%; It is not particularly unusual to

have 35% to 60%, while the results up to 100% and more were achieved,
but they are rare, a realistic expectation would be at most a good 33%
gain.

One thing that must be understood is:

a booster is not a toy!

If you are making and using one of these devices, do you own risk.

The designer of the booster nor the author of this document are
liable in the event you should suffer loss or damage because of
your actions.

Although it is believed to be completely sure to make and use a

booster constructed properly, and follow the safety instructions in
this document, it is emphasized that the responsibility is yours and
yours alone.

23
 Examples of practical realization of some types of electrolyzers

Once it has gained some experience in the management of a single-

cylinder engine gas HHO, the transition to a multi-cylinder engine is not
very difficult because each of its cylinder is basically to be treated in the
same manner as that of the single-cylinder engine.

Instead of inserting a small tube in the aspiration of the carburetor of

each cylinder is more convenient and economical to use the existing
intake manifold, leave the throttle wide open and entering the HHO gas
pipe in the collector.

Moreover, it must be used a piece of flexible stainless steel pipe to absorb

vibrations of the engine caused by electrolysis, and, as is often the case,
use a controlled valve by means of a needle fitted with knob to set the gas
flow to a minimum ( about 1000 revolutions per minute), accoppiandoci a
second valve controlled by a throttle lever, parallel to the latter and
connected to the accelerator, to be able to then provide more power to
the motor (see Figure).

Summarizing the above, we examine now what are the main factors to
consider them when we decide to "hybridize" a common vehicle for it to
work with gas:

1. must be acquired a suitable vehicle and saying so we mean that the

best results are obtained on an old vehicle that has the capacitive
discharge ignition, or even one older with switch contact point of the
ignition system. These types of electrical installations allow the
carburation, and do not allow a greater flow of fuel if one of the exhaust

24
gas sensor decides that the mixing inside the combustion chamber is too
lean for the good operation as is the case using only standard fossil fuels.
Ideally, the vehicle must have a good deal of free space in the engine
compartment, and if the goal is to get it to work only with water, the
smaller the displacement is better even though it must be clear that it will
form rust in the exhaust system and that they will also have other
problems of aging. For a longer life of the vehicle should, then, convert it
so that it can operate with natural gas (LPG) and injections of atomized
water into the combustion chamber, so that the engine does not warm up
too improving, thus, the life of the valves;

2. We must also decide which size of the cell or the electrolytic cells will
be taken to enable their safe placement within the engine compartment as
well as the installation of additional devices. If an inverter is used, then, it
should preferably be mounted in a manner that is cooled by the same air
flow that is used for the radiator. The inverter will have an input of 12
volts DC, an output of 110 volts AC and variable absorption between 600
and 800 watts. When this is done, you will see the space that remains in
the engine compartment to insert the other elements of the plant and,
consequently, which dimensions may have the electrolyzer and the
bubbler. It should be emphasized that it is absolutely vital that no device
containing HHO gas is installed in the part of the vehicle in which sit the
driver and / or passengers, and it is extremely important that at least one
bubbler is installed between the dell 'electrolyzer output and the motor
and that both the electrolyser that the bubbler are equipped with special
caps that in the event of accidental ignition of gas they contain can be
easily expelled by limiting or eliminating any physical damage to the units.
Since then, all located in the engine compartment, the shock wave of the
explosion is will be significantly reduced before it can reach the passenger
area, and no spray of electrolyte can reach people;

3. when you have found the space in the engine compartment and the
supports of the system fixed, we can choose the size of the electrolyzer
and, consequently, its size plates. For the container of the latter it is
recommended to use the "Plexiglas" Acrylic provided it is thick enough to
allow the notch grooves (slots) in order to accommodate stainless steel
plates; It recommends 20 mm thick with 3 mm deep slot carved;

4. The additional elements for the electrolyzer that must be installed are:

· The pressure switch;

· The water level sensor;
· electric cables;
· Of feed water pipes with relative one-way valve;
· Cables wires welded to the end plates through the container;

25
· The anti-spray mat inside the electrolyzer;

5. The lid of the container must be perfectly watertight and positioned so

that it can act as a safety cap in the unlikely event that the gas in the cell
from catching fire. If this is not possible, then a further large diameter
tube inserted in the cover in order to provide the same type of protection
is to be installed;

6. One or more bubblers must be constructed and installed in the vehicle

and positioned preferably one close to the electrolyzer (to contain any
electrolyte vapors) and one close to the motor to ensure that any
remaining potassium hydroxide vapor is removed by minimizing the
volume of gas that could be turned on if the engine were to have a
flashback problem. Furthermore, it must install a unidirectional flow valve
between the two bubblers in such a way that, if the gas in the bubbler
near the engine starts, any of the explosion pressure wave remains
trapped by the valve and prevents that the water bubbler in the other can
go back in the electrolyzer.

7. The control circuit that drives the pump that restores the water level
can be built, according to the electrical circuit already indicated above and
easily available on the market. It is in no way critical of the construction
process of this controller, as long as does its job reliably and is easy and
inexpensive to build and / or raise.

A plastic water tank can be placed wherever it is convenient in the vehicle

and a plastic pipe will go from it to the inlet of the water pump.

Required components

1. The electrical connection to the vehicle's electrical system (with built-in

security features);
2. A "inverter" which raises the electrolyser voltage to 160 volts;
3. An electric circuit which generates a complex waveform for splitting
water;
4. A special toroidal transformer that connects the electric circuit to the
electrolyzer;
5. 101 stainless steel plates 316 specially prepared for the electrolyzer
and connected in series;
6. a bubbler double protection system to connect the electrolyzer securely
to the internal combustion engine.

None of these elements is particularly difficult to achieve, but each must

be done with special care in accordance with the detailed instructions.

26
The container

The container must have slits cut in a very precise way, if you do not have
a milling machine, then you should consider to give her to a specialist
workshop, container has two ends, two sides, a base and a lid.

Of these, the two sides and the base are in need of precise grooves 101
that have the function to accommodate the electrode plates and keep
them firmly in place, but still must have enough play to allow the
electrolyte to equalize the various levels in of the cell (see Figure).

A tolerance of 0.0075 cm in width of the groove is sufficient to do this and

also avoid a substantial electrical flow around the plates, the base and two
sides of the cell are accurately
cut grooves with a milling
machine.

Because the plates must be slid

from above, the lateral grooves
need of be etched through the
entire height of the side panel,
also, there must be a gas tight
joint between the base and the
sides, also the slots cut in the
based not also be made under
the base of the side panel (see
figure):

27
 If it is difficult to perform grooves accurately, an alternative method is to
attach a thin piece of acrylic grooved at the base (see Figure):

Since it is difficult to affect a large number of accurate grooves in Plexiglas

you can use the supplementary strip for both sides and the base as well
as use the material used for the plastic cutting boards.

This material "UHMW - PE" (Ultra High- Weight Polyethylene) or "HDPE"

(High Density Polyethylene) is easily cut and is not brittle and paste within
an enclosure in 2.5 cm thick acrylic.

The grooves which are formed by the plates must be of 0.075 mm wider
than the thickness of the plates.

A good plate thickness is 1.5875 mm, so that the recommended width of

the groove where it will house is of 1.6625 mm., Also will have to adopt a
glue specifically designed to join together acrylic sheets, as this glue will
settle the plates together so that the two sheets become one continuous
piece of acrylic especially along the joint.

It will begin, therefore, by coupling the sides and base by inserting, then,
two or three plates in the slots to be fairly confident that the alignment is
perfect during the machining process, it is also important that the ends of
lines of the sides during the ' bonding, between them are at 90 ° when it
will be joined at the base.

Some problems on acrylic Wrap resistance were detected in severe road

conditions, so it was suggested that the acrylic components are contained
inside sheaths in DA18 mm thick box-shaped sheet metal to 25 mm and
that the corners are reinforced with iron cleats fixed with screws screwed
in the resin as shown in the following Figure:

28
Drafting and preparation of the plates

It is necessary a series of plates 101 to the electrolyzer, the material used

in making the plates is very important, and that the better is the AISI
316L stainless steel of a thickness of approximately 1.5 mm as it contains
a mixture of nickel and molybdenum in the correct proportions to make it
an excellent catalyst for the electrolysis technique.

'Very important, then, that when you want an offer to buy the plates,
make sure that the supplier is aware of the desired precision, as the plates
must be cut with a tolerance of + / - 0.025 mm.

That level of accuracy excludes any kind of flame cutting as the heat
inevitably creates distortion in the steel, also with the cut expected a
tolerance of +/- 0.375 mm on cuts and + / - 0.025 mm flatness.

With laser cutting, for example, you get a high precision and we can
expect good result as + / - 0.125 mm on the cuts, and also there are no
problems for the flatness as such type of laser cutting does not distort the
edges.

The plates are squares of 15 x 15 cm, but this does not represent the real
active surface area because some areas of the plate are inside the
grooves and the other above the electrolyte surface.

Another point to consider is that 101 steel plates weigh considerably as

well as weighs the electrolytic solution in which they are immersed, is
essential therefore to have a container that is sufficiently robust and also
if it is used some mounting bracket, the same must be dimensioned in
relation all'ingente load to bear.

The preparation of the plates, then, is one of the most important steps in
producing an electrolyser which works well, because it's something that

29
takes a long time, but it is vital that it is done with care and without
haste.

Surprisingly, the polished steel brand-new it is not particularly suitable for

use in an electrolyser, and must be carefully prepared and treated before
it can produce the expected level of output of the HHO gas.

The first step is to treat both faces of each plate in order to facilitate the
gas bubbles to detach from their surface.

This could be done with a strong blast, but if you choose this method must
be done very carefully in that the sand used does not contaminate the
plates because the stainless steel is certainly not cheap and if you make a
wrong blasting, you will risk that the plates become unusable for the
electrolysis.

A more secure method is to scratch the surface of the plate with the
coarse-grained sandpaper in two different directions perpendicular to each
other, causing the formation of microscopic sharp peaks and valleys on
the surface of the plate as those sharp points and ridges are those
specially designed to help both the formation of bubbles that the passing
of the same on the plate (See Figure).

You can use a 15 x 120 cm belt sander which is great for the preparation
of the dishes adopting grit sandpaper 60 or 80, remember to always wear
rubber gloves when handling the plates to prevent the fingers will mark
the plates.

Wear gloves is very important as the plates must be kept clean and free
from grease, ready to tackle the other phases of their preparation.

30
Any particles created by the sanding process on the plates should be
eliminated by washing the steel with clean tap water (not city water,
however, due to all the chlorine and other chemicals added), and only
with distilled water for rinsing final.

A procedure which is often omitted from those who make electrolyzers is

the fact that electrolysis is not only an electrical process, but is also a
magnetic process and is important for maximum operating efficiency that
the plates are aligned magnetically.

The easiest way to address this situation is to give the plates a slight
magnetic orientation simply by wrapping a few turns of wire around the
stack of plates and passing some brief pulses of DC current through the
wire (see Figure).

Obviously, the plates must be kept in the same direction when they are
placed in their container.

The next step in the preparation process is to prepare a diluted solution of

potassium hydroxide by adding small quantities of potassium hydroxide in
the water contained in a vessel.

The container, then, must not be that of glass is not a suitable material to
mix the electrolyte.

Potassium hydroxide, also called KOH or "Caustic Potash," needs to be

treated with care and especially, always kept in a sturdy airtight container
that must be clearly labeled "DANGER - potassium hydroxide" and kept in
a safe place, where it can not be reached by children, pets or people that
can not read the label.

When working with dry KOH flakes or granules, you must always wear
safety goggles, rubber gloves, a long sleeved shirt, socks and long pants
and wear a mask that covers the mouth and nose.

31
If you are mixing solid KOH with water, you must always add the KOH in
water, and not vice versa, and use a plastic container for mixing,
preferably one that has twice the capacity of the mixture over.

The mixing must be done in a well ventilated area that is not drafty and
air currents that may disperse around the dry KOH.

When mixing the electrolyte, never use hot water! The water should be
cold because the chemical reaction between the 'water and the KOH
generates a large amount of heat, also, if possible, immerse the container
of the mixture in a larger container filled with cold water which will help to
maintain the low temperature if the mixture should "boil" it will contain
the spill.

You also have to add only a small amount of KOH at a time, stirring
constantly, and if you stop stirring for any reason, put a lid on all
containers.

If, despite all precautions, the KOH solution comes into contact with skin,
wash the affected area with cold water and apply some vinegar since the
same is acidic and will help to balance the 'alkalinity of the KOH.

You can, as needed, use lemon juice if you did not have vinegar to hand -
but it is always advisable to keep a bottle of vinegar handy.

To counter the electrolyte splashing, then, just to have a layer of

waterproof mat above the tops of the plates (see Figure):

32
In the figure above, they are shown only some of the 101 plates in order
to maintain quite clear design and adapt it to the page.

The plates at each end have a steel belt welded in order to allow a simple
and robust electrical connection to be made through the container, as
shown in Figure above.

As already mentioned, the grooves where they are strung, the plates are
wide enough to allow the electrolyte level to equalize between the cells, to
which the supply water is carried out in order to deliver the same amount
of liquid to each cell.

In this example, the additional power supply is controlled by the electronic

circuit of a pressure switch which soon will occur a lowering of the
electrolyte level, with a consequent pressure drop, will activate the water
pump and, by means of some small holes made in the feed pipes placed
above the plates to the center of the cell, it will then be restored to the
level as shown in Fig. 33.

The supply pipe is branched into four separate arms, each supplies only a
quarter of a cell:

33
It is important to include a one-way valve in the water supply line just
outside the electrolyzer, otherwise the pressure inside the electrolyser will
push the gas towards the pump.

34
 Safety standards

Simple direct current references

It's important to understand the basic principles of electrolysis if you are

to be successful in building and operating a booster, or, alternatively,
upgrade.

A "DC booster" operates in "direct current", which is the type of electricity

supplied by a car battery.

The basic method of construction is very simple, two metal plates are
placed in water and an electric current is passed between them.

This causes the water decomposition in a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen

gas (The two components used in the Space Shuttle); the greater the flow
of current, the greater the volume of gas that will be produced.

The provision reads:

Recalling that the result of this operation was to produce fuel for the
Space Shuttle, you should avoid doing it at home and, above all, let the
gas produced by the process accumulates at the ceiling.

There are many videos on the web where people act in a dangerous
manner by performing electrolysis at home with a container which is open
at the top, as shown above.

All this is very dangerous - is not an engine that pushes the Space Shuttle
into space!

35
If you were to pick up a cup of oxyhydrogen gas and turn it on, the
resulting explosion will probably damage your hearing permanently, so be
sure not to do it!

Just for the fact that a chain saw, although very useful, must be treated
with respect as it is a dangerous device, thus, the oxyhydrogen gas
mixture is so very useful, but it contains a lot of energy and therefore
needs to be treated with respect .

This process of water electrolysis has been studied thoroughly by a very

talented experimenter Michael Faraday, who presented his results in a
very technical and scientific format, not easy for most of the common
people, but it tells us in simple terms that the amount of oxyhydrogen gas
produced is proportional to the current that flows through the water.

The way to increase the gas production rate is, therefore, to increase the
flow of current, also it found that the optimum voltage between two
"electrodes" plates is 1.24 volts.

This sounds a bit 'technical, but it is a very useful source of information.

In the arrangement shown above, twelve volts is passed through two

plates immersed in water, Faraday tells us that only 1.24 volts of twelve
volts will be used to produce oxyhydrogen, and the remaining 10.76 volts
will only serve to heat water as for an electric kettle, producing steam at
the end.

As we want to get oxyhydrogen gas and not steam, this is bad news for
us!

What it tells us is that Faraday if you choose to do it that way, only 10%
of the power taken by the booster actually makes oxyhydrogen gas, while
a massive 90% is wasted as heat.

We do not want a low level of electrical efficiency of the genre!

One way around the problem is to use two cells like these:

36
This solution employs 1.24 volts twice, while twelve volts remains
unchanged and therefore the electrical efficiency goes up to 20% and the
heat loss falls to '80%.

This is an improvement, but the most important thing is the fact that they
were produced twice as oxyhydrogen gas, then we have doubled the
electrical efficiency and doubled the gas output, for a result that is four
times better than before.

I could, now, to step forward and use three cells like these:

This time we are using three of our sections of 1.24 volts and this gives us
an electrical efficiency of 31% and three times the amount of gas, making
the system nine times more effective.

This means that we are definitely going in the right direction, but how far
can you go on like when using a twelve volt?

When using the construction materials which years of testing have shown
to be particularly effective, there is still a certain voltage drop across the
metal plates, which means that the best voltage for each cell is
approximately 2 volts and then with a twelve volt battery, six cells are the
best combination that gives us an electrical efficiency of 62% and six
times as much gas, which is 37 times better than a single cell, and the
wasted electric power drops from 90% to 38%.

Of course, it would not be practical to have six cells, each big as a car
battery, as it would never be able to fit them into most vehicles!

Perhaps it would be enough to put all the dishes in a single cell, but,
unfortunately, if we do, a good dose of electrical current would flow
around the plates and not much gas would produce.

A top view of this scheme is shown here:

37
This is a problem for us, and so you will not get your six times the gas
production or our massively reduced heating.

Fortunately, there is a very simple solution, and that is to divide the

container of the cells into six watertight compartments using thin
partitions like this:

This returns us our high efficiency by blocking the current flow that passes
out from the plates and, by forcing the passage of current through the
plates, producing gas between each pair of plates.

Incidentally, if this booster is powered by the electrical system of a

vehicle, the voltage, although called "twelve volt", will actually be almost
fourteen volts when the engine is running because the "twelve-volt"
battery increases.

This would allow us to use seven cells inside our electrolyser, rather than
the six cells shown above giving us seven times the volume of gas that a
single pair of plates produces other.

Nevertheless, some prefer six cells, seven cells - the choice is up to him
who builds unity.

38
We have seen the methods to increase gas production and reduce the
waste of energy, but do not assume that the goal is to make great
oxyhydrogen gas volumes.

It has been found that with many of the vehicles, the improvement of
performance engines can take place with an oxyhydrogen gas production
rate of less than 1 liter per minute ( "lpm") as flow rates of just 0.5-0.7
liters per minutes are often very effective.

Remember, the oxyhydrogen gas from a booster is used as an igniter for

the regular fuel used by the engine and not as an additional fuel!

The great advantage of an efficient booster design is that it can produce

the desired volume of gas using a much lower current and, thus, an
additional lower load on the motor.

It 'good to make sure that it has been shown that with the battery
connected directly to the booster or "electrolyser", there is no protection
against short circuit caused by a loose wire or anything else, there should
be, then, the first thing , a fuse or a switch connected to the battery.

In a car, you are provided with suitable switches from any power supply
outlet and are used in the "fuse box" to provide protection to any lighting
circuit and to each gripping circuit.

They are not expensive as they are manufactured in very large volumes
and are also available on eBay.

The switch is wired in this way:

un dispositivo comune (fino a 32 ampere) si presenta

così:

39
Some aspiring builders of cells, believe that some aspects of the
construction are too difficult for them.

Here are some tips that could make the simplest construction.

The realization of a container of seven cells is not difficult, the pieces are
cut for the two sides, a base, a lid and six absolutely identical partitions.

These partitions must be exactly the same, so that there is no tendency to

develop leaks.

If you decide to use the folded electrode system, shown in the following
pages, you have to drill the bolt holes in the partitions before assembling
them:

The bottom piece has the same length of the sides, and the width equal to
the most twice partitions thickness of the material used to construct the
housing.

If used for the construction acrylic plastic, the supplier can also give a
"glue" that, in fact, "weld" together the pieces that seem to have been
made in a single piece.

In this way, they would be assembled so:

40
Here, the partitions are fixed in position one at a time and, finally, the
second side is glued in such a way that the partitions to mate exactly and
have the same width.

A simple solution to the lid is to glue and screw a strip of rubber all around
the top of the unit as shown here:

A flexible PVC gasket, positioned between the sides and the cover may
help to achieve a good seal when it is bolted.

The gas outlet tube is located in the center of the lid, which is a position
that is not affected if the unit is tilted while the vehicle is on a steep area.

Years of testing have shown that a very good choice of material for the
electrode plates is stainless steel 316-L, however it is very difficult to
electrically connect the plates within the cells, so much so that it is
necessary to use steel wire stainless steel to make the connections as the
bolted connections are not very suitable.

Also solder the wires to the stainless steel plates is not something that a
beginner can do well as it is much more difficult to weld mild steel.

There is a good alternative which is to organize the material of the plate

so that it has no need of connections to the wire:

41
Although this six-cell design may seem a little 'complicated, but from a
quick glance is really a very simple construction.

Each of the plates used in the central cells is just in this form:

The shapes of the plate above, are arranged so that the screws can be
reached, from above, with a fixed key while the nut is tightened.

Unless you are able to bend the dishes, I suggest you use a stainless steel
mesh instead of the plates, as it works very well and can be easily cut
with scissors or with any other tool, and can be bent at home using simple
tools: a team, a piece of angle iron, a small piece of mild steel sheet, a
hammer, etc.

You will find out of any shop selling metal, heaps of scrap pieces thrown
for recycling, there will clippings of various sized iron corner and all sorts
of other small sections of metal sheets and strips.

Blocking, then the pot between two angles in a vice and, being careful,
frequent and delicate tapping with a hammer near the curved position,
you can manage to get a very clean and precise curve of the plate:

The folded sheet may, therefore, be blocked

between two steel strips obtaining a U-
shaped section to be finished again with a
hammer, along the desired bending line:

42
 The thickness of the steel bar inside of the curve
must have the exact width of the gap required
between the faces of the finished plates.

It is not particularly difficult to dispose of flat bars

of 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm and also 6 mm,
as common thicknesses used in steel-making,
which however can also be combined to give any
gap necessary.

There are many varieties of stainless steel net and the shape and
thickness are not important, but it is necessary to choose a type which is
quite rigid and that can hold its shape even after it has been folded.

This could be a good choice:

Your local steel supplier probably has some types on hand and can show
you how particular varieties are flexible.

The shape shown above is for a "three dishes per cell" model, where there
are two of the active plate faces.

This type of construction is

reasonably easy to assemble, and
the two bolts which pass through
the walls and which hold the plates
rigidly in position, are easily
accessible from above to lock them
firmly with two keys.

The washers are optional if it is

decided that the shirt was a bit 'too
flexible or if you think that the bolts might eventually loosen, you can also
connect two sides with plastic washers, bolts, plastic ties or anything else
that takes them well separated.

These holding plates separated, even if they should come loose, keeping
the distance between the plates.

43
This gap must be a compromise, because the more the plates are close,
the better the production of gas, but it is more difficult for the bubbles
detach from the plates and rise to the surface, consequently blocking
certain areas of the plate and preventing the further production of gas
from the same side of the plate.

A common choice of gap is 3 mm which is a good compromise away.

Spacers circular would be similar to these:

If the current is low enough, an even simpler form which has only a single
pair of active plate surfaces per cell, can be used as shown here:

Each of these devices may have 6-7 cells and the plates can be realized
without external aid.

You will notice that the electrical connections at each end of the device are
immersed to make sure that a loose connection can not cause sparks and
ignite the gas Oxyhydrogen the top of the container.

There should be a sealing washer inside to prevent any loss of electrolyte

from the clamping bolt.

44
If you want to use three pairs of active plates in each cell, the shape of
the plate may be so:

Technological safeguards

A 'electrolyzer' is composed of two stainless steel plates that transform

the water into a gas, dividing it into hydrogen and oxygen by means of an
electric current that is passed through them in the liquid.

The resulting gas is called 'oxyhydrogen' gas, because it is a mixture of

hydrogen and oxygen.

The oxyhydrogen is a highly explosive gas, much of the individual

hydrogen and much more dangerous for petrol fumes, as it burns at least
1,000 times faster.

Consequently, the most important information on electrolyzers concern

the safety devices and techniques that must be used for their treatment.

The objectives are both to maintain the actual amount of gas present in
the system to a minimum and to avoid that any spark could reach the
gas.

A simple electrolyser can be built in this way (see. Figure):

45
This architecture electrolyzer uses a toroidal transformer to interface the
vehicle electronics to the electrolyser cells and it is essential that the
transformer is used very carefully and in no case this transformer must be
supplied by the electronics on board when connected to something
different with respect to the electrolyser cells because the same act as a
safety buffer.

When it is run by its electronics, this transformer draws additional energy

from the car.

While this is very useful for electrolysis, there are sometimes

unpredictable power surges that can generate up to 10,000 amps of
current, and, if you were to occur when the transformer is not connected
to the electrolyzer capable of absorbing this excess, the electrical
conditions resulting they can be very serious.

If you're lucky you only burn expensive electrical components, but if

you're not you can cause a lightning strike risk, which is why it is
imperative that the toroid transformer is never powered up with
'secondary winding is connected to something else of 'electrolyzer.

While the physical arrangement of the various components can vary

considerably, there are some essential general safety measures that need
to be considered:

1. The electrolytic cell must not be connected directly to the battery but
its power is supplied via a relay which is operated by the ignition system.
This is important because we must never forget to turn off an electrolyser
not directly connected to power when the vehicle stops, since the
production of gas would continue while the vehicle is parked. This
additional accumulated gas would become a hazard and the battery would

46
be drained with no benefit. The connection through the relay, then, makes
the 'safe electrolyzer as it goes out automatically.

2. The electrolyzer power supply, then, passes through an on-off switch.

This is an important caution, because if you ever experience a malfunction
in the electrolytic cell, which causes an increase in the current passing
through it (derivandone excessive heating), then the on-off circuit
disconnetterebbe the connection and prevent any serious problem. A
light-emitting diode with a current limiting resistor, for example from 680
ohms in series, can be connected directly in parallel to the switch contacts
and the "Light-Emitting Diode" can be mounted on the dashboard.

3. Whether the 'electrolyzer that the' bubbler ', have lids of "security".
This is very important, for if the oxyhydrogen that emerges from the
surface of the liquid should be turned on and the unit was solidly sealed,
the pressure buildup inside the unit would be very fast and the whole
thing could explode like a grenade. If, however, there are the lids of
"safety" as soon as the pressure begins to climb the cap is ejected,
maintaining the integrity of the devices and preventing an excessive
pressure build-up. The above is very important to avoid, in the first place,
the ignition of the gas.

4. The wires that go to the plates inside the electrolyser are both
connected well below the liquid surface. This is to avoid the possibility of
their disconnection and / or loosening caused by the vibration of the
vehicle which would cause a spark in the gas filled region.

5. The volume above the liquid surface is kept as low as possible to

minimize the effects of an explosion, in the unlikely event that happen,
despite all the precautions taken. Some experimenters like to reduce the
volume above the liquid surface, filling it with polystyrene in the "beans."
I personally am not inclined to adopt this provision of polystyrene, as it is
a material with remarkable electrostatic properties. Large electrical loads
may act on the polystyrene, and while the moisture conditions inside the
electrolyzer are not particularly well suited to electrostatic sparks, the risk
of explosion would be greater as a result of the displacement of pieces of
polystyrene within the cell.

Finally, the oxyhydrogen gas is passed through a 'bubbler' before sending

it to supply the motor. A bubbler is just a tall, narrow container partially
filled with water, where the gas is gushing near the bottom of forcing him
to rise through the 'water before continuing to the engine.

47
If, for any reason, the gas in the engine fuel supply pipe were to ignite, it
will only be turned on the gas above the water in the bubbler.

This will only blow the cap of the bubbler, limiting the explosion to a small
amount of gas, while the water column below will prevent the explosion of
the gas content in the electrolyzer.

Some researchers have suggested using non-return valves of flame

ADOPTED in the equipment for gas welding, but These are too slow to
work with the oxyhydrogen gas where the flame front moves at a
thousand meters per second.

So the best practice is to use one, or more, as they are bubblers Both
easy to realize That to install and are very reliable.

The electrolyte

We will go now to examine and describe the following pulsed electrolysis

system that divides the water into a mixture of gases, mainly hydrogen
and oxygen.

The mixture of gas, which will be called "Oxyhydrogen-HHO" is highly

explosive and even a small volume of gas exploded in the air is quite likely
to cause permanent hearing loss or its deterioration due to the shock
waves caused by ' explosion.

If the gas, then, is turned inside a sealed

container the resulting explosion is such as
to shatter the container and push the
shrapnel fragments in all directions, these
fragments can cause serious injury and all
precautions must be taken to ensure an
explosion like that never happens.

To make the water inside the conductive

current electrolyzer, it has already said it is
necessary to add potassium hydroxide (KOH)
to the distilled water. This is the best
electrolyte for an electrolyser of this type,
but the potassium hydroxide, also known as "caustic potash", is very
aggressive and, therefore, must be handled with care and kept away from
contact with the skin and, more importantly, from the eyes.

48
If any splashes come in contact with your skin is very important that the
affected area be immediately rinsed with plenty of running water and, if
necessary, with wine vinegar neutralizes it.

The electrolyte, therefore, is a mixture of water and an additive that

allows more current to flow through the liquid.

Most of the substances that today are used to obtain an electrolyte, are
unsuitable, resulting in the production of hazardous gases, damage to the
surfaces of the plates and obtaining of an irregular electrolysis with
currents that are difficult to control.

These include salt, battery acid and baking soda, but we strongly advise
you not to use them.

What is needed is a substance that is not consumed during electrolysis

and does not damage the plates even after years of use.

There are two very suitable substances for this: sodium hydroxide, also
called "lye" or "caustic soda", whose chemical formula is NaOH, and a still
better other substance which is potassium hydroxide or "caustic potash
"(chemical formula KOH), which can also be purchased on the web.

NaOH is that KOH are very caustic materials and should be handled with
the utmost care.

The great researcher Bob Boyce of the United States is one of the most
experienced people for the construction and use of boosters of different
model.

He has kindly shared the information on how to stay safe when mixing
and using these chemicals.

Bob says that these materials are highly caustic and so they need to be
handled carefully and kept away from contact with the skin, and more
importantly, from the eyes.

If it comes in contact with any splashes, it is very important that the

affected area is clean immediately with plenty of water and, if necessary,
with the use of white wine vinegar which is acid and therefore neutralizes
the caustic liquid.

For the preparation of a solution, then, they must add small amounts of
KOH to distilled water held in a container.

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The container must not be glass as it is not of sufficient strength to be a
suitable material to mix the electrolyte.

The KOH itself must always be kept in a suitable container sealed, clearly
labeled "DANGER - potassium (or sodium) hydroxide."
We should keep it, then, in a safe place, where it can not be reached by
children, pets or people that can not read the label.

If the supply of KOH is delivered in a strong plastic bag, once opened, you
have to transfer all of its contents in sturdy plastic containers airtight that
you can open and close without any risk of spilling the contents.

Hardware stores sell large plastic containers with airtight lids that can be
used for this purpose.

When working with dry KOH flakes or granules, you must use protective
goggles, rubber gloves, a long sleeved shirt, socks and long pants.

It 'also better to wear a mask that covers

the mouth and nose, in addition, if you are
mixing solid KOH with water, always add
KOH in water and not vice versa, and use a
plastic container for mixing, preferably one
that has the double the capacity of the
mixture over.

Mixing must be carried out in a well-

ventilated place that is not full of drafts and
air currents that can blow around the dry
KOH.

When mixing the electrolyte, then, you should never use hot water; the
water must be cold because the chemical reaction between the water and
the KOH generates a large amount of heat.

If possible, place the mixing container in a larger container filled with cold
water, which will help keep the temperature down, and if your mixture
starts to "boil" will contain the spill.

Add, moreover, only small amounts of KOH at a time, stirring constantly,

and if you stop for any reason, you have to put the lids on all containers.

If, despite all precautions, it happens the contact of the KOH solution with
the skin, wash thoroughly with cold running water and apply some
vinegar.

50
The vinegar is acidic, and will help to balance the alkalinity of the KOH,
you can also use lemon juice if you do not have vinegar to hand - but it's
always a good idea to have a bottle of vinegar at your fingertips hand.

The concentration of the electrolyte

Is a very important factor in general is more concentrated the electrolyte,

the greater the current and the product of the oxyhydrogen gas volume.
However, there are three main factors to be taken into account:

a) The resistance to current flow through the plates of metal electrodes.

b) The resistance to current flow between the metal plates and the
electrolyte.
c) The resistance to current flow through the electrolyte itself.

a) - In an electrolyzer scheme like those mentioned above, the project

itself is well done but you have to understand that each of these three
areas of power loss is important to get the best possible performance.

We were taught in school that metals conduct electricity, but what was not
mentioned, probably, was the fact that some metals, such as stainless
steel, are poor conductors and it is for this that the electrical cables they
are made with copper wires and not steel.

We observe in the figure below as the current flows into the plates of an
electrolyser:

The fact of having bends and curves in the plates has no significant effect
on current flow.

The resistance to current flow through the plates of metal electrodes is

something that can not be overcome easily and economically, and
therefore must be accepted as a fact.

51
In general, the heating caused by this cause is low and not of great
concern, but provide a larger surface area to the plate, this reduces the
power loss component making its operation more efficient.

b) - The resistance to flow between the electrode and the electrolyte is a

completely different thing and, in this field, considerable improvements
can be made.

After extensive testing, Bob Boyce has found that a significant

improvement can be made if a catalytic layer is spread on the surface of
the active plate.

c) - The resistance to flow through the same electrolyte can be minimized

by using the catalyst in its optimal concentration.

When using NaOH, the optimal concentration is 20% by weight, for

example 1 cc of water weighs one gram, one liter of water weighs one
kilogram, but if 20% (200 grams) of this kilogram must be made from
NaOH , then the remaining water can only weigh 800 grams and so will
only be 800 cc of volume.

Then, to form a 20% "weight" mixture of NaOH and distilled water, 200
grams of NaOH are added (very slowly and carefully, as explained above
by Bob) to about 800 cc of cold distilled water and the electrolyte volume
product will be about 800 cc.

When KOH is used, the optimal concentration is 28% by weight, and then,
280 g of KOH are added (very slowly and carefully, as explained above by
Bob) at only 720 cc of cold distilled water.

Both of these electrolytes have a much lower freezing point than water
and this can be a very useful feature for people who live in places that
have very cold winters.

52
Another factor that influences the current flow through the electrolyte is
the distance that the current must travel through the electrolyte - the
greater the distance, the greater the resistance.

By reducing the distance between the plates to a minimum improves the

efficiency, however, practical factors come into play here as the need for
sufficient space to the bubbles to escape from between the plates; a good
compromise for optimal operation is a pitch of 3 mm.

However, there is a problem with using the optimum concentration of

electrolyte, and that is that the current flow caused by the electrolyte is
probably much higher than what we want.

To cope with this we are able to use an electronic circuit called a "Pulse-
Width Modulator" (or "PWM") circuit.

These are often sold as "DC Motor Speed controllers" and he bought one,
will want to choose one that can handle at least 30 amps of current.

A PWM circuit operates in a very simple way, as turns on and off the
current flowing to the electrolyzer many times each second.

The current is controlled by how long (in seconds) is On, compared to how
long it disattivata- Off.

For example, if the On time is twice longer than the switch-off time
(66%), then the average current flow will be much greater than it would if
the On time were only half of the off time (33% ).

When using a PWM controller, it is normal to place the control knob near
the dashboard and to mount a simple and inexpensive ammeter to the left
so that the driver can increase or decrease the current flow deemed
necessary.

The layout is as follows:

53
There is a controller circuit, more sophisticated, called: "CCPWM" which
lets you select the current you want, so that the circuit always maintains
the set value.

Some of the more simple boosters not using a PWM circuit for controlling
the current flow by means of a very low electrolyte concentration, so that
the resistance to current flow through the plates, is kept always lower
than the maximum level endured.

This device, of course, is much less efficient and causes the resistance of
the electrolyte, however, a heating which, in turn, is a problem that must
be accurately resolved, the advantage is that the system is more simple.

54
 INDEX NECKLACE HHO IV

Electrochemical relating to Stanley Meyer - fuel cells ....................1

Electric polarization of the water molecule.........................................1
Process of Electric Polarization .........................................................1
Separation of the water molecule covalently ......................................2
Natural water, the source of hydrogen ..............................................3
The formation of zones of tension ....................................................3
Producing Hydrogen On Demand......................................................5
Mega Watt performance of Gas........................................................7
Resonance action and its effects ......................................................7

The water injection system of Stanley Meyer ...............................10

The strange nature of water and the advanced electrolysis..........19
Electrolysers that made history ...................................................22
Examples of practical realization of some types of electrolyzers ..24
Required components ...................................................................26
The container ..............................................................................27
Drafting and preparation of the plates.............................................29

Safety standards..........................................................................35
Simple direct current references ....................................................35
Technological safeguards ..............................................................45
The electrolyte.............................................................................48
The concentration of the electrolyte................................................51

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