MODUL 14

TOPIC : REPORTED SPEECH

DEADLINE : ONE WEEK
REPORTED SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT (OR REPORTED) SPEECH. INTRODUCTION
There are two ways of relating what a person has said: direct and indirect.
In direct speech we repeat the original speaker’s exact words:
He said, “I have lost my umbrella.”
Remarks thus repeated are placed between inverted commas, and a comma is placed
immediately before the remark. Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in
plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without
necessarily using the speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. that can usually be omitted after
say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain,
object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation
is reported verbally, though direct speech is sometimes here to give a more dramatic
effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect, some changes are usually necessary.
Pronouns And Adjectives: Changes Necessary
A. First and second person pronouns and possessive adjectives normally change to
the third person except when the speaker is reporting his own words. (I = he, she; me
= him, her; my = his, her; mine = his, hers; we = they...)
1. She said, “he’s my son”.
She said that he was her son.
2.“I’m ill”, she said.
She said that she was ill.
B. THIS / THESE
THIS USED IN TIME EXPRESSIONS USUALLY BECOMES THAT.
She said, “She’s coming this week”.
She said that she was coming that week.
THIS AND THAT USED AS ADJECTIVES USUALLY CHANGE TO THE.
He said, “I bought this pearl/these pearls for my mother”.
He said that he had bought the pearl/the pearls for his mother.
THIS, THESE USED AS PRONOUNS CAN BECOME IT, THEY/THEM.
He came back with two knives and said, “I found these beside the king’s
bed”.
He said he had found them beside the king’s bed.
He said, “We will discuss this tomorrow”.
He said that they would discuss it (the matter) the next day.
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A. Adverbs and adverbial phrases of time change as follows:
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
today that day
yesterday the day before
the day before yesterday two days before
tomorrow the next day/the
following day
the day after tomorrow in two day’s time
next week/year etc. the following week/year
etc.
last week/year etc. the previous week/year
etc.
a year etc. ago a year before/the
previous year

“I saw her the day before yesterday”, he said.  He said he’d seen her two days
before.
“I’ll do it tomorrow”, he promised.  He promised that he would do it the next day.
She said, “My father died a year ago”.  She said that her father had died a year
before/the previous year.
B. But if the speech is made and reported on the same day these time changes are not
necessary:

At breakfast this morning he said, “I’ll be very busy today”.  At breakfast this
morning he said that he would be very busy today.
C. here can become there but only when it is clear what place is meant:

At the station he said, “I’ll be here again tomorrow”.  He said that he’d be there
again the next day.
Usually here has to be replaced by some phrase:
She said, “You can sit here, Tom”.  She told Tom that he could sit beside her.
STATEMENTS IN INDIRECT SPEECH: TENSE CHANGES NECESSARY
A. Indirect speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He says that ...
This is usual when we are:
a. reporting a conversation that is still going on
b. reading a letter and reporting what it says
c. reading instructions and reporting them
d. reporting a statement that someone makes very often, e.g. Tom says that he’ll
never get married.

When the introductory verb is in a present, present perfect or future tense we can
report the direct speech without any change of tense:
PAUL (phoning from the station): I’m trying to get a taxi.
ANN (to Mary, who is standing beside her): Paul says he is trying to get a taxi.
B. But indirect speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense. Verbs in the
direct speech have then to be changed into a corresponding past tense. The changes
are shown in the following table.
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Simple Present Simple Past
“I never eat meat”, he explained. = He explained (that) he never ate meat.
Present Continuous Past Continuous
“I’m waiting for Ann”, he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
Present Perfect Past Perfect
“I have found a flat”, he said. = He said (that) he had found a flat.
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
He said, “I’ve been waiting for ages”. = He said (that) he had been waiting for
ages.
Simple Past Past Perfect
“I took it home with me”, she said. = She said (that) he had taken it home
with her.
Future Conditional
He said, “I will/shall be in Paris on = He said (that) he would be in Paris on
Monday”. Monday.
Future Continuous Conditional Continuous
“I will/shall be using the car myself on the = She said (that) she’d been using the car
24h”, she said. herself on the 24th.
Conditional Conditional
I said, “I would like to see it”. = I said (that) I would like to see
All those changes represent the distancing effect of the reported speech. Common sense,
together with the time aspect from the speaker’s point of view, are more important than the
rules when making the usual changes.
QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct question: He said, “Where is she going?”
Indirect question: He asked where she was going.
A. When we turn direct questions into indirect speech, the following changes are necessary:
a. tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, and adverbs of time and place change as in
statements.
b. the interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form.
c. the question mark is omitted in indirect questions.
B. If the introductory verb is say, it must be changed to a verb of inquiry, e.g. ask, wonder, want
to know etc.

He said, “Where is the station?”  He asked where the station was.

C. ask can be followed by the person addressed (indirect object):
He asked, “What have you got in your bag?”  He asked (me) what I had got in my
bag.
But wonder and want to know cannot take an indirect object, so if we wish to
report a question where the person addressed is mentioned, we must use ask.
He said, ”Mary, when is the next train?”  He asked Mary when the next train
was.
D. If the direct question begins with a question word (when, where, who, how, why
etc.) the question word is repeated in the indirect question:

He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”  He asked (her) why she hadn’t put
on the brake.
She said, “What do you want?”  She asked (them) what they wanted.
E. If there is no question word, if or whether must be used:

“Is anyone there?” he asked  He asked if/whether anyone was there.

COMMANDS, REQUESTS, ADVICE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct command: He said, “Lie down, Tom”.
Indirect command: He told Tom to lie down.
Indirect commands, requests, advice are usually expressed by a verb of
command/request/advice + object + infinitive.
A. The following verbs can be used: advise, ask, beg, command, order,
remind, tell, warn etc.

He said, “Get your coat, Tom!”  He told Tom to get his coat.
B. Negative commands, requests etc. are usually reported by not + infinitive:

“Don’t swim out too far, boys”, I said  I warned/told the boys not to swim out too
far.
EXCLAMATIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Exclamations usually become statements in indirect speech. The exclamation mark
disappears.
a. Exclamations beginning What (a) ... or How ... can be reported by:
- exclaim/say that:

He said, “What a dreadful idea!” or “How dreadful!”  He exclaimed that it was a

dreadful idea/was dreadful.
- give an exclamation of delight/disgust/horror/relief/surprise etc.
- if the exclamation is followed by an action we can use the construction with an
exclamation of delight/disgust etc. + he/she etc. + verb.

b. Other types of exclamation such as Good! Marvellous! Splendid! Heavens!

Oh! Ugh! etc. can be reported as in (b) or (c) above:
“Good!” he exclaimed.  He gave an exclamation of pleasure/satisfaction.
“Ugh!” she exclaimed, and turned the programme off.  With an exclamation of
disgust she turned the programme off.
c. Note also:

He said, “Thank you!”  He thanked me.

He said, “Good luck!”  He wished me luck.
He said, “Happy Christmas!”  He wished me a happy Christmas.
He said, “Congratulations!”  He congratulated me.
He said, “Liar!”  He called me a liar.
He said, “Damn!” etc.  He swore.
The notice said: WELCOME TO WALES!  The notice welcomed visitors to Wales.
YES AND NO IN INDIRECT SPEECH
yes and no are expressed in indirect speech by subject + appropriate auxiliary verb.
He said, “Can you swim?” and I said “No”  He asked (me) if I could swim and I
said I couldn’t.
He said, “Will you have time to do it?” and I said “Yes”  He asked if I would have
time to do it and I said that I would.
OFFERS AND SUGGESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
A. OFFERS

“Shall I bring you some tea?” could be reported He offered to bring me some tea.
B. SUGGESTIONS

“Shall we meet at the theatre? could be reported He suggested meeting at the

theatre.
INDIRECT SPEECH: MIXED TYPES
Direct speech may consist of statement + question, question + command, command
+ statement, or all three together. Normally each requires its own introductory verb.
“I don’t know the way. Do you?” he asked.  He said he didn’t know the way and
asked her if she did/if she knew it.
He said, “Someone is coming. Get behind the screen.”  He said that someone was
coming and told me to get behind the screen.
REPORTED SPEECH: OTHER POINTS
A. MUST: after a past reporting verb, must does not usually change:

He said, “It must be pretty late, I really must go”.  He said that it must be pretty
late and he really must go.
had to is also possible in reported speech, but this is really the past of have to, not
must.
He said, “I have to go. I have an appointment in half an hour”  He said that he
had to go because he had an appointment in half an hour.
B. MODAL VERBS: Past modal verbs (could, might, ought to, should, used to, etc. )
do not normally change in reported speech.

He said, “I might come”.  He said that he might come.

He said, “I would help him if I could”.  He said that he would help him if he could.
He said, “You needn’t wait”.  He said that I needn’t wait.

C. CONDITIONALS: Conditional sentences type two remain unchanged.

He said, “If my children were older I would emigrate”. He said that if his children were older
he would emigrate.
SAY AND TELL AS INTRODUCTORY VERBS
A. say and tell with direct speech.
1. say can introduce a statement or follow it.

Tom said, “I’ve just heard the news”. or “I’ve just heard the news”,Tom said.
Inversion of say and noun subject is possible when say follows the statement.
“I’ve just heard the news”, said Tom.
say + to + person addressed is possible, but this phrase must follow the direct statement; it
cannot introduce it.
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom said to me.
Inversion is not possible here.
2. tell requires the person addressed.

Tell me. He told us. I’ll tell Tom.

Except with tell lies/stories/the truth/the time, when the person addressed need not to be
mentioned.
He told (me) lies. I’ll tell (you) a story.
Tell used with direct speech must be placed after the direct statement:
“I’m leaving at once”, Tom told me.
Inversion is not possible with tell.
B. say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is possible
but less usual than tell + object.
He said he’d just heard the news.
He told me that he’d just heard the news.
Note also tell ... how/about:
He told us how he had crossed the mountains.
He told us about crossing the mountains.
He told us about his journeys.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
- A. J. Thomson and A.V. Martinet, A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1986
- R. Fernández Carmona, English Grammar… with exercises, Longman, 2000
- R. Murphy, English Grammar in Use, Cambridge University Press 1990
- M. Harrison, Grammar Spectrum 2, Oxford University Press, 1996
- N. Coe, Grammar Spectrum 3, Oxford University Press, 1996

ASSIGNMENT
STATEMENTS
1. These people are saying these things. Report them, using says that.
a. Paul: “Atlanta is a wonderful city.”
____________________________________________________
b. Ruth: “I go jogging every morning.”
___________________________________________________
c. Anna: “Jenny isn’t studying for her exams.”
_____________________________________________
d. Andrew: “I used to be very fat.”
_______________________________________________________
e. Jim: “I can’t swim.” _____________________________________

2. People made these statements. Report them, using said.

a. “Mary works in a bank”, Jane said.
____________________________________________________
b. “I’m staying with some friends”, Jim said.
_______________________________________________
c. “I’ve never been to Russia”, Mike said.
_________________________________________________
d. “Tom can’t use a computer”, Ella said.
_________________________________________________
e. “Everybody must try to do their best”, Jill said.
__________________________________________
f. “Jane may move to a new flat”, Rachel said.
____________________________________________
g. “I’ll stay at home on Sunday”, Bill said.
_________________________________________________

3. Report what the guests said at a wedding last Sunday.

a. Miss Moore: “They’ll make a lovely couple.”
_____________________________________________
b. Mr Smith: “They’re going to live in Brighton.”
____________________________________________
c. Mrs Jones: “The bride and the groom are very nice young people.”
__________________________
d. Mr Roberts: “The bride is wearing a beautiful wedding dress.”
______________________________
e. Mr Clarke: “The couple’s parents look happy.”
___________________________________________
f. Miss Mayall: “The bride’s father has bought them a big flat.”
_______________________________

4. Change the following statements into the reported speech.

a. “I have something to show you”, I said to her.

__________________________________________________________
b. “I’m going away tomorrow”, he said.

__________________________________________________________
c. “I’ve been in London for a month but I haven’t had time to visit the Tower”, said
Rupert.

__________________________________________________________
d. “I’ll come with you as soon as I’m ready”, she replied.

__________________________________________________________
e. “We have a lift but very often it doesn’t work”, they said.

__________________________________________________________
f. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow”, he said.

__________________________________________________________
g. “I found an old Roman coin in the garden yesterday and I am going to take it to the
museum this afternoon”, he said.
__________________________________________________________
5. Write these sentences in indirect speech.
a. “I’m very tired”, she said.
__________________________________________________________
b. “I’ll see them soon”, he said.
_________________________________________________________
c. “I’m going to the cinema”, she said.
_________________________________________________________
d. “I see the children quite often”, he said.
_________________________________________________________
e. “I’m having a bath”, she said.
_________________________________________________________
f. “I’ve already met their parents”, she said.
_______________________________________________
g. “I stayed in a hotel for a few weeks”, she said.
___________________________________________
h. “I must go home to make dinner”, he said.
______________________________________________
i. “I haven’t been waiting long”, she said.
_________________________________________________
j. “I’m listening to the radio”, he said.
____________________________________________________
k. “I’ll tell them the news on Saturday”, she said.
___________________________________________
l. “I like swimming, dancing and playing tennis”, he said.
____________________________________