11

Understanding
Culture Society and
Politics
Fourth Quarter
MODULE 1
State and Non-state
Institutions
 What I need to know
Society consists of social structure and social institutions that are
governed by norms and values. Each individual in a society has specific
roles and functions that are meant to achieve equilibrium. For society to
continue to exist and develop, state and non-state institutions co-exist. The
practice of human rights is considered a privilege of every individual in
human society, and is ideally and believed to be distributed equally.
By the end of World War II, various humanitarian issues and cries
took place. Hence, several initiatives were taken by different organizations to
address transnational and local issues that states faced with. This saw the
establishment of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), which is mandated to be of assistance to crisis victims (Evans,
2008). These cases of human predicaments show how human rights are
being violated and deposed by institutional actors such as governments. The
creation of state and non-state institutions became more relevant in the
advent of globalization and urbanization, as these two institutions presented
the capacity to create diverse impact ranging from social, cultural,
economic, and up to the political.

At the end of this module, you shall be able:

1. to differentiate state and non-state institutions.
2. to differentiate the functions of the different non-state institutions
in the society.
3. to evaluate the impact of interventions of non-state institutions in
the process of governance of the state.

What I know
Pre-test
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write your answer in your notebook.

I. Enumeration
List the items asked in each number.
1. 4 examples of non-state institutions
2. 2 example of state institutions
 3. 3 kinds of financial institutions
4. 3 roles of trade unions
5. 2 categories of NGO’s
6. 2 elements of national security

What’s in
Have you heard of your parents talking about going to the bank to
save, withdraw or loan some amount of money? How do you think does this
bank affect you as an individual or your family?

What’s new
How do you think state and non-state institutions affect the lives of
people in the society?

What is it
STATE AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS
How can you differentiate state and non-state institutions? What are
their functions in human society? Weber defines state as “a human
community that claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force
within a given territory” (Shandra, 2007). This definition reflects the
inevitable existence of the government, civil service, and police in every
society. State Institutions Supporting Constitutional Democracy Chapter 9,
defined state institutions as independent subject only to the Constitution
and the law, and they must be impartial and must exercise their powers and
perform their functions without fear, favour or prejudice. These institutions
are accountable to the National Assembly and must report on their activities
and the performance of their functions to the Assembly. No person or organ
of state may interfere with the functioning of these institutions. Other
branches of state, through legislative and other measures, must assist and
protect these institutions to ensure the independence, impartiality, dignity
and effectiveness of these institutions. Examples of state institutions are
government hospitals, public schools, the supreme court and other
government funded institutions. On the other hand, non-state institutions
are not related to the components of the state. Although states possess the
official political power in a given territory, the capacity of nonstate
institutions to affect the political and economic trajectory of a society cannot
be discounted.
These nonstate institutions include the following: banks and
corporations, cooperatives and trade unions, transnational advocacy groups,
and development agencies and international l organizations. These nonstate
institutions are equally capable of influencing policy formation and
implementation.

Banks and Corporation

There are several financial institutions that aid people in terms of

money and investments. In these institutions, everything is associated,
related, and linked to money and financial transactions. They cater to
different types of people and organizations. Financial institutions may be
categorized into major forms such as commercial banks, investment banks,
insurance companies, brokerages, and corporations. See table 1.

Financial Institution Description

1. Commercial banks  Financial deposit with security and
convenience which could be in the form of
credit card, debit card, and check
 Provide business, individual, and personal
loans, enabling commercial banks to earn
interest
 Serve as payment agents within and outside
the country through wire transfer
 Subjected to more regulations
2. Investment banks  Financial intermediaries that perform a
variety of services for business and some
governments
 Issue securities to the investing public
 Make markets, facilitate mergers, and other
corporate reorganizations
 Act as a broker for institutional clients
 Under the supervision of regulatory bodies
such as the Securities and Exchange
Commission, FINRA, and the US Treasury
 Subjected to fewer regulations
3. Insurance  Aid individuals and companies in terms of
 companies risk management and wealth preservation
 Capable of earning profit and paying claims,
through their large number of insurances
4. Brokerages  Intermediaries in the transaction between
buyers and sellers for the purpose of security
 Commission-based earnings
5. Investment  Help individuals invest funds or money with
companies or other investors to manage portfolios of
corporations security
 Purchase securities indirectly through a
package product such as a mutual fund

Table 1 provides the summary points for each type of financial

institution together with its descriptions and major functions. In general,
financial institutions cater to people and firms, possibly generating a
significant impact to society. The two most well-known financial institutions
that are actively shaping the socioeconomic development of the Philippines
are the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. They have been
providing financial aid to the Philippine government and various non-
governmental organizations (NGOs) to facilitate their developmental
objectives.
A corporation is a company or group of people authorized to act as a
single entity (legally as a person) and recognized as such in law. Early
incorporated entities were established by charter (i.e. by an ad hoc act
granted by monarch or passes by a parliament or legislature). Corporation is
a legal entity created under state law and is designed to generate a
jurisdiction where they are chartered into two kinds:
1) Whether or not they can issue stock
2) Whether or not they are for profit

Where the local law distinguishes corporations by ability to issue

stock, corporations allowed to do so are referred to as “stock corporations”.
Ownership of the corporation is through stock, and owners of stock are
referred to as “stockholders”. Corporations not allowed to issue stock are
referred to as “non-stock” corporations. Considered the owners of the
corporation are those who have obtained membership in the corporation,
and are referred to as “members” of the corporation.
Corporations chartered in regions where they are distinguished by
whether they are allowed to be for profit or not are referred to as “for profit”
or “not-for-profit” corporations, respectively.
There is some overlap between stock/non-stock and for profit/not-for-
profit corporations in that not-for-profit corporations are always a non-stock
as well. Profit corporation is almost always a stock corporation, but some for
profit corporations may choose to be non-stock.
Registered corporations have legal personality and are owned by
shareholders whose liability is limited to their investment. Shareholders do
not typically actively manage a corporation; shareholders instead elect or
appoint a board of directors to control the corporation in fiduciary capacity.
 What I have learned
SO FAR?
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on your
notebook.
1. How are insurance companies different from investment companies?
2. How do banks interact with the state?
3. How different is a nonstate institution from a state institution?

1. Cooperatives and trade unions

Trade unions and cooperatives have the primary role of promoting

labor welfare and good industrial relations. Trade unions and cooperatives
are organizations comprising workers and laborers with common goals,
purposes, and interests. They mostly concern employment relations,
decency, and welfare.
A cooperative is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by
its members. Members often have a close association with the enterprise as
producers or consumers of its products or services, or as its employees.
Cooperatives often share their earnings with the membership as
dividends, which are divided among the members according to their
participation in the enterprise, such as patronage, instead of according to
the value of their capital shareholdings.

Cooperatives play a critical role in building community wealth for

several key reasons:
1) They often provide quality goods and services to areas that have
been shunned by traditional business because they are deemed
less profitable markets.
2) They typically invest in local communities. For example, many
rural cooperative utilities finance community infrastructure
projects, make equity investments in local businesses, make grants
to neighborhood nonprofits, and sponsor a range of community-
focused events.
3) Since most cooperative members are local residents, business
profits remain and circulate within the community.
4) Cooperative membership builds social networks and strengthens
social cohesion, which are essential elements of strong, healthy
communities, by connecting diverse community residents.
5) Purchasing cooperatives, in particular, help small, local business
remain competitive within the markets dominated by large,
national retailers.
6) Workers cooperatives, in particular, create quality, empowering
jobs for community members.
 7) Cooperatives are typically based on the cooperative values of “self-
help, self-responsibility, democracy and equality, equity and
solidarity” and the seven cooperative principles:
1. Voluntary and open membership
2. Democratic member control
3. Economic participation by members
4. Autonomy and independence
5. Education, training and information
6. Cooperation among cooperatives
7. Concern for community

Cooperatives are dedicated to the values of openness, social

responsibility and caring for others. Such legal entities have a range of
social characteristics. Membership is open. Economic benefits are
distributed equally to members level of participation in the capital invested.
Cooperatives may be classified as either worker, consumer, producer,
purchasing or housing cooperatives.
Trade unions is an organization whose membership consists of
workers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common
interests. A trade union may be:
a) A company union that represents interests of only one company
and may not have a connection with other unions. Also called
house union, a company union is often a bogus one and is
generally illegal.
b) A general union that represents workers from several companies in
the same industry, also called an industrial union.
c) A craft union that represents skilled workers in a particular field
such as carpentry or welding.

Table 2 presents the major societal roles of trade unions and

cooperatives.
Role Description
1. Political  Can be powerful and influential in creating political
impact
 Can be in conflict with other parties due to large
number of members with common interests that are
different from other union’s interest
2. Market  Reactive because of pre-occupied economic aims
that concern employment salaries, wages, and
inflation rates and rights (macro and micro
economic policies)
3. Regulatory  Influential in determining and improving job
qualities and standards to regulate employment
functions
4. Democratizing  Promote rights to economic democracy and
participation to industrial democracy
5. Service  Promote the welfare of members through various
initiatives and partnerships with different
organizations that provide service to them
6. Enhancement  Concerned for potential development and member’s
improvement
7. Welfare  Multifunctional institutions, conforming more to the
idea of the trade union as being part of a movement

2. Transnational Advocacy Groups

Societal issues and problems are not concentrated in a certain society

or within a specific area only. It may also be extended across borders and
countries. Most of these issues have something to do with international
policies that are not responsive to contemporary issues. Keck and Sikkink
(1998) argue that international law-making undergoes changes and have
been more concerned of public issues. These changes were brought about by
the rapid growth of transnational advocacy networks that constantly
influence the policy making in a country by sponsoring advocacy campaigns
publicizing social issues.
The pressure that transnational advocacy groups (TAGs) create in
state institutions, and at times to the general public, creates a negative
image. Evans (2008) argue that “transnational networks and corporations
are considered as bad guys whereas the non-government organizations are
the good guys.” This is despite the fact that NGOs are highly interrelated
with TAGs. Transnational actors could be categorized into local social
movements, foundations, media, religious organizations, scholars,
international agencies, and regional intergovernmental organizations (Keck
and Sikkink,1998).
What do you think are the issues being catered by TAGs? Human
rights, consumers’ rights, women’s rights, international peace, and
environmental issues are mostly the concerns of these groups. Transnational
networks can be very influential because of their broad scope and wide
connections. These networks have specific roles to partake that can be
achieved through effective measures, case-specific methods, and activities.
The very essence of transitional groups is the formation and development of
their advocacies and campaigns that represent certain principled causes,
ideas, values and beliefs.
TAGs serve as international catalysts for change, aiming to achieve
international changes toward policies and practices. An example of TAG is
Green Peace, which is popular for its members’ active and alternative
engagement of the public and concerned agencies in relation to
environmental issues.

Who participates in transnational advocacy groups?

Who participates in transnational advocacy networks? There is no

single list, but the major actors often include:
1. National and international nongovernmental organizations
2. Local social movements
3. Foundations
4. The media
5. Religious organizations, trade unions and consumer organizations
 6. Intellectuals and scholars
7. Agencies within international and regional intergovernmental
organizations
8. Parts of executive or parliamentary branches of governments

3. Development Agencies

Development agencies are organizations with specific aims and goals.

The common denominator among these organizations is the term
development. These agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and
advancement of specific societal concerns, which can be infrastructure or
social institutions. Several sectors of the international community have
issues with development, as they believe that is laden with various social
constructs that revolve around postcolonial and hegemonic arguments.

Some of the critical questions that are posed include then following:
a. Who defines development?
b. What are the characteristics of being developed?
c. Who controls the values that are associated with development?

For the purpose of this discussion, we will use the context of political
and economic development.
There are two major types of organizations that are considered as
development agencies international organizations and NGOs. What is the
difference between the two? Do these two have similarities?

4. International Organizations
An international organization is an organization with an international
membership, scope, or presence. Coppee (2011) stated that “one of the
important roles of international organizations is to translate agreed-upon
values into rights and obligations.” The central role of international
organizations is essentially to provide support and assistance through
organized framework to international cooperation. This cooperation aims to
be developed across several institutions over time. The United Nations (UN)
is a premier example for this as it aims to

Achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of

an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character, and in improving and
encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedom for all
without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion (UN Charter).

International organizations concentrate mostly on the distribution of

equitable health and social development. Also, these organizations have
diverse networks that enable them to provide and exchange support across
different borders and localize their implementations of international policies.

There are two main types:

 a. International Non-governmental Organizations (INGOs): non-
governmental organizations that operate internationally which include
non-profit organizations and worldwide companies such as the World
Organization of the Scout Movement, International Committee of the
Red Cross and Médecins Sans Frontières.
b. Intergovernmental organizations, also known as International
Governmental Organizations (IGOs): the type of organization most
closely associated with the term ‘international organization’, these are
organizations that are made up primarily of sovereign states (referred to as
member states).

The first and oldest intergovernmental organization is the Central

Commission for Navigation on the Rhine, created in 1815 by the Congress of
Vienna.

The roles of international organizations are the following:

 Helping to set the international agenda,
 Mediating political bargaining,
 Providing place for political initiatives, and
 Acting as catalysts for coalition formation.

International organizations also define the salient issues and decide

which issues can be grouped together. IGOs often work closely with other
organizations, including NGOs (e.g., Greenpeace and Amnesty
International), which serve many of the same functions as their IGO
counterparts and are particularly useful for mobilizing public support,
monitoring the effectiveness of international aid, and providing information
and expertise. Although many of the thousands of NGOs direct their
activities toward less developed countries in Africa and Asia, some of which
have authoritarian forms of government most of these groups are based in
developed states with pluralist political systems. Only a small fraction of
NGOs is international in scope, though they have played an increasingly
important roles in international relations.

The following are example of international organizations as listed by

Coppee (2011): UN and its specialized agencies; Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD); Organization of African Unity (OAU);
Organization of American States (OAS); Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN), wherein the Philippines is a founding member; European
Union (EU, formerly the European Communities); MERCOSUR (Southern
Market or Mercado Comun del Sur); Caribbean Community (CARICOM);
European Free Trade Association (EFTA); and North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) among Canada, the United States, and Mexico.

Nongovernment Organizations

Mostly working in limited territories, NGOs are often characterized by

their intensive collaboration with local stakeholders to improve their
beneficiaries’ conditions. Este (1992) defined NGOs as “those non-profit,
often voluntary, organizations that carry a broad range of social
development functions with and on behalf of people. The vast majority of
these organizations exists outside of government and, thus, their programs
emanate more from the expressed needs of people rather than from
governments.”
Most NGOs aim to promote the practice of democracy among societies.
These organizations are independent, and they encourage participation from
the public. NGOs also aim to promote social change through their initiatives
and organizational methods.
Sometimes, NGOs seek partnership from some other institutions and
organizations to fund their projects and programs. Many NGOs have
targeted their efforts toward population groups that tend to be underserved
by governmental programs, including women, the aged, physically and
mentally disabled persons, the poor, and various social groups that have
been marginalized by virtue of race, religion, ethnicity, caste, and social
class.

The World Bank (1989) provides a classic categorization of NGOs. See Table
3.

Category Description
Community Represent voices of people from different
associations communities, and act as bridge between members of
the communities and government
Policy advocacy Have local, national, and international levels of
groups participation; serve as catalysts for collective action
among poor persons in societies unaccustomed to
such behaviour
Service provider Have national and international levels of
intermediaries participation; serve remote areas and communities
especially those who fail to receive government
programs; seek fund through income generating
activities which are mostly non-profit
Contractors Involved in sponsored projects as consultants to
government agencies or to international financial
institutions that gain to profit at all
Cooperatives Protect and provide economic benefits to the needy;
are formed when a task cannot be done on the
individual level, such as obtaining credit (Cernea,
1988:13 – 4 Estes, 1992).

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT AND NONSTATE

INSTITUTIONS
 Government plays a vital role in human society because it is expected
that its effort and initiatives must be aligned with public welfare and service.
Personal interest must be the least concern of the bureaucracy to ensure
good will and avoid societal dysfunction. Failure to perform bureaucratic
functions will lead to different forms of conflict among societies.
How does the government relate to nonstate institutions?
Governments are faced with varying demands from its constituents. When
governments are unable to address such demands and their related issues,
nonstate institutions create responses to facilitate government intervention
through policy campaigns or even actual delivery of demanded services and
products. Presently, nonstate institutions have been empowered, allowing
them to have greater and wider participation in different societies. This paved
the way to a broader relationship with government institutions.
The ideal relationship of government and nonstate institutions is one
that is on equal footing in addressing social issues. Given the roles that
these institutions take, will these two institutions really equal? Government
rules society according to existing norms and values in the form of laws,
rights, and policies. This reflects how powerful a government institution can
be. Accordingly, if nonstate institutions interfere with the governing body,
two possible things can happen. First, integration among these two
institutions may take place to achieve precise solution towards development.
Second, conflict and tension may also arise because one could exceed the
other in terms of societal control and influences.

 Economic Alliance

In a continuously globalizing world, interdependence among states in

procuring commodities and services is inevitable. The lack of supply in one
country can be addressed by another country that has a surplus of which.
As raw materials become scarcer and more difficult to procure, economic
alliance presents itself as one of then solutions. This aims to promote
economic improvement and, at the same time, resolve issues concerning
closed economies.
The main objective of economic alliance is to produce economic
policies that lead to economic diversity and growth. The ASEAN Economic
Community (AEC) is one of the more recent examples of economic alliances
formed by countries to promote economic stability and sustainability in their
region. In AEC, citizens of participating countries are expected to have easier
employment access within the region. The transfer of commodities will also
be made cheaper through lowered tariff to promote intensive economic
linkages and free flow of goods.

What I have learned so far?

Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers in your
notebook.
 1. How does globalization foster economic alliance among states?
2. How can non-state institutions affect the decisions of the
government?
3. What are the different types of non-governmental organizations?

 National security

National security is “a state or condition where our most cherished

values and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance
and our unity, welfare and well-being as nation and people are permanently
protected and continuously enhanced” (DLSU, 2011). This definition is one
of the many definitions attributed to national security .

What are the elements of national security? See Table 4.

Element Description
1. Sociopolitical  Regardless of social differences, societal harmony
stability must be achieved and maintained through the
effort of the government, public, and other
institutions.
2. Territorial  This refers to the permanent inviolability of our
integrity national territory and its effective control by the
government and the state.
 Protection from illegal incursions and resource
exploitation must be maintained.
3. Economic  Economic equality must prevail considering
solidarity public interest, dignity, and labor’s welfare.
4. Ecological  This refers to the conservation of the environment
balance through initiatives and sustainable development.
5. Cultural  This refers to the common set of norms and
cohesiveness values rooted from cultural ethics.
6. Moral-spiritual  There should be national cooperation guided by
consensus common deeds, goals, and objectives
7. External peace  Society must be free from threat, violence, war,
and hostility.

With the growing political clout of several countries, the concept of an

all sovereign state becomes threatened. This also poses risks on the
maintenance of national security. The maritime dispute between the
Philippines and China over the Panatag Shoal (Scarborough Shoal) and the
Spratlys has been the cause of threat to the national security of both
countries.

 Disaster Mitigation and Risk Reduction

One of the areas where non-state institutions are actively involved in

is disaster response. There has been an observed increase in weather
variability that has caused climate-induced disasters in human population.
This is often associated to climate change. The United Nations Office for
Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) argues that “there is no such thing as a
‘natural’ disaster, only natural hazards”.

Figure 1 Processes of Disaster

According to Figure 1, the main cause of disaster is the combination

of hazard and vulnerability. Hazards may be caused by natural phenomena
or by humans. Society and its environment are vulnerable to these kinds of
incidents. Then preparations and planning must be led by the governing
body, and they must be followed by the society under it, making other
institutions react also to the given situation.

Disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) is a step-by-step

process that considers several elements. Figure 2 below shows the elements,
processes, and flow of disaster risk management.
Figure 2 DRRM protocol

Key Elements of Disaster Risk Management

The first step in disaster risk management is the identification or

assessment of risks. It involves monitoring, identifying risk, and analyzing
vulnerability. Followed by the prevention and mitigation process,
management will set up plans and actions towards the risks and disasters.
Then, warning and notice are provided to the public, which includes
evacuation and emergency planning. Last, the adaptation, or recovery, stage
takes place, wherein rehabilitation, reconstruction, and rescue services
happen.

Ideally, the first responders to a disaster are the institutions related to

the government. However, in situations where logistical support is lacking,
nonstate institutions often become the first responders in areas devastated
by disasters. In the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan), Leyte and other
neighboring provinces received support from both state and nonstate
institutions.

 Social Development

Social development is one of the goals of every society. Any society

that undergoes social development is expected to move upward or attain
progress. Social development entails productivity, better efficiency,
accomplishment, and innovations (Cleveland and Jacobs, 1999).
 The pursuit of public health equity, or equal access to health systems,
is one of the primary foci of international organizations as the United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization.
Human rights and social justice are the focus of organizations such as
Amnesty International, Save the Children, and International Justice
Mission. All of these examples highlight the clamor for social development.
On one hand, the government continues to search for different ways to
achieve social development. On the other hand, nonstate institutions also
participate in promoting social development through their various initiatives
and advocacies relating to social welfare. Social development is a very long
process that requires proper strategic planning (long term) and operational
planning (short term). This is not possible without the union of public,
government, and other institutions including nonstate institutions that
perform a great role not only in social development but also in terms of
social empowerment.

What`s More
Directions: Make a quotation related to the role of state and non-state institutions in the socal
development.

What I have learned

Directions: Write the key understanding you have taken from the
module you just successfully studied. (24 – points)

Rubrics:
Content – Expresses knowledge of the topic (8 points)
Organization – Concept is logically presented (8 points)
Presentation – Ideas/concepts are well presented and legible (8points)

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 What I can do
Directions: Read and do the activity in the box below. Write you answer in
your notebook. (24 points)
Rubrics:
Criteria Rating Score
Content – Expresses knowledge of 2 4 6 8
the topic
Organization – Concept is logically 2 4 6 8
presented
Presentation – Ideas/concepts are 2 4 6 8
well presented and legible
Total

In a 500-word essay, evaluate the working relationship between the

Philippine state and the non-state institutions that helped during the
aftermath of Yolanda (Haiyan). Use concrete examples from news bulletins
and other reports to support your arguments. The main question that you
need to address is this: How effective was the collaboration of Philippine
government and non-state institutions in responding to the needs of the
survivors of Typhoon Yolanda?

POST TEST
A. Knowledge
Directions: Identify the concept referred to by each item. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. Defined by Weber as “a human community that claims the
monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given
territory”
2. A company or group of people authorized to act as a single entity
(legally as a person) and recognized as such in law
3. They provide business, individual, and personal loans, enabling
commercial banks to earn interest
4. It is a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its
members
 5. These institutions are accountable to the National Assembly, and
must report on their activities and the performance of their
functions to the Assembly.
6. These are organizations with specific aims and goals with
development as the common goal

B. Enumeration
Directions: List the items asked in each number below.
7. Give 3 types of non-state institutions
8. Give the 3 interrelationships between the government and the non-
state institutions

C. Essay
Directions: Explain the following. Write your answer in your notebook.
(4 points each)
Criteria Rating Score
Content – Expresses knowledge of 1 2 3 4
the topic
Organization – Concept is 1 2 3 4
logically presented
Presentation – Ideas/concepts are 1 2 3 4
well presented and legible
Total

9. Differentiate state and non-state institutions.

10. Choose two non-state institutions and differentiate their
functions in the society.
11. Explain the interrelationship of the government and non-state
institutions in attaining progress for the society.
12. Cite an example of an NGO that you know. How did this NGO
help your community?
 References
Alejandria-Gonzalez, Maria Carinnes P., Understanding Culture Society and
Politics, Makati City: Diwa Learning Systems Inc, 2016
Baleña, Ederlina D., Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta, Understanding
Culture Society and Politics, Edcuational Resources Corporation, 2016

n.d. http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/offices/sps/rotc/pdf/ms1/threat-
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M.
n.d. google.com. Accessed june 30, 2020.
ttp://www.fig.net/resources/publications/figpub/pub38/figure_3.jpg
.
n.d. google.com. Accessed june 30, 2020.
http://www.ilocarib.org.tt/Promalco_tool/productivity-
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