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Image Resolution
3

 Image resolution refers to the spacing of pixels in an image and

is measured in pixels per inch, ppi, sometimes called dots per
Chapter Three inch, dpi.

1
 number of pixels in a digital image (Higher resolution always
Graphic/Image Data Representation yields better quality.)
width x height (e.g., 640X480)
Most common Aspect ratio: 3:4 (lines:columns)
Dots (pixels) per inch, dpi or ppi (e.g., 72 dpi)s

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Types of images
Graphic/Image
4
 An image could be described as two-dimensional array of points where every Computer Software/applications work with two basic forms of images:
point is allocated its own color. 1) Vector graphics created using points, lines, rectangles,
 Image is a collection of these points that are colored in such a way that they ellipses, arcs, or Curves- called primitives.
produce meaningful information/data. Draw programs, also called vector graphics programs, are used to
 Every such single point is called pixel, short form of picture element in create and edit these vector graphics. These programs store the
digital images.
primitives as a set of numerical coordinates and mathematical
 Pixel contains the color or hue and relative brightness of that point in the
formulas that specify their shape and position in the image. This
image.
format is widely used by computer-aided design programs to create
2  The number of pixels in the image determines the resolution of the image.
detailed engineering and design drawings. It is also used in
multimedia when 3D animation is desired.

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Types of images 1-bit (Monochrome/Bit-Map) Images

5 7
Draw programs have a number of advantages over paint-type programs.
 Precise control over lines and colors.
 Ability to skew and rotate objects to see them from different angles or add perspective.
 Also called Binary image
 Ability to scale objects to any size to fit the available space. Vector graphics always
 consists of on and off bits stored as a single bit (0
print at the best resolution of the printer you use, no matter what size you make them.
or 1)
 Color blends and shadings can be easily changed.
 The value of the bit indicates whether it is light or
 Text can be wrapped around objects.
dark since it contains no color.
 A 640 x 480 monochrome image requires 37.5 KB
of storage.
 Such images are satisfactory for displaying simple
graphics or text.

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Types of images
6 8 Gray-scale Images
2) Bit-map images (also called Raster Graphics)
 Bitmap formats are the one used for digital photographs.
 They are formed from pixels-a matrix of dots with different colors. •Each pixel is usually stored as a byte
 Bitmap images are defined by their dimension in pixels as well as by the (value between 0 to 255)
number of colors they represent.
•This value indicates the degree of
E.g. 640X480 image contains 640 pixels and 480 pixels in horizontal and brightness of that point. This brightness
vertical direction respectively.
goes from black to white
 . All digital photographs and paintings are bitmapped, and any other kind of
image can be saved or exported into a bitmap format.
•A 640 x 480 grayscale image requires
over 300 KB of storage.

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9 8-bit Color Images 11

Popular File Formats

 Choosing the right file type for your image to save in is of vital importance. If
•One byte for each pixel you are, for example, creating image for web pages, then it should load fast. So, such
•Supports 256 out of the millions possible,
images should be small size. The other criteria to choose file type is taking into
acceptable color quality
•Requires Color Look-Up Tables (LUTs) consideration the quality of the image that is possible using the chosen file type. You
•A 640 x 480 8-bit color image requires 307.2 should also be concerned about the portability of the image.
KB of storage (the same as 8-bit grey scale)
•Examples: GIF  To choose file type:
 resulting size of the imagelarge file size or small
 quality of image possible by the file type
 portability of file across different platforms
 The most common formats used on internet are the GIF, JPG, and PNG.

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10 24-bit Color Images 12 Popular File Formats

 The most common image file formats used on internet or System Independent Formats are
 Each pixel is represented by three bytes (e.g., RGB) GIF
Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) one of the most important formats because of its historical connection to
 Supports 256 x 256 x 256 possible combined colors
the WWW and HTML markup language as the first image type recognized by net browsers.
(16,777,216)  initially for transmitting Graphical images over phone lines via modems.
PNG
 A 640 x 480 24-bit color image would require 921.6 KB of  stands for Portable Network Graphics
 It is intended as a replacement for GIF in the WWW and image editing tools.
storage
 PNG-24 is another version of PNG, with 24-bit color support, allowing ranges of color to a high
 Most 24-bit images are 32-bit images, color JPG.
 Supports interlacing
o the extra byte of data for each pixel is used to store an alpha  PNG can be animated through the MNG extension of the format, but browser support is less for
this format.
value representing special effect information.

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Popular File Formats

13 Popular File Formats 15
System dependent Formats
Windows(BMP): X-windows(XBM):
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group):  A system standard graphics file format  Primary graphics format for the
for Microsoft Windows X Window system
 created by the Joint Photographic Experts Group  It is capable of storing 24-bit bitmap  Supports 24-bit color bitmap
images
 The most important current standard for image compression (.jpg, .jpeg,.jpe).  Used in PC Paintbrush and other  Many public domain graphic
programs editors, e.g., xv
 The human vision system has some specific limitations andJPEG takes  Used in X Windows for storing
icons, pixmaps, backdrops,
advantage of these to achieve high rates ofcompression. Macintosh(PAINT, PICT): etc.
 PAINT was originally used in MacPaint
 JPEG allows the user to set a desired level of quality, or compression ratio (input program, initially only for 1-bit
monochrome images.
divided by output).  PICT format is used in MacDraw (a
 Though JPGs can be interlaced, they do not support animation and vector based drawing program) for
storing structured graphics
transparency unlike GIF.

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Popular File Formats

14 Popular File Formats 16 Common Audio Formats
There are two basic types of audio files:,
1 Streaming Audio File Formats Streaming is a network technique for transferring
 TIFF(Tagged Image File Format ) data from a server to client in a format that can be continuously read and processed by the
 stores many different types of images (e.g., monochrome, grayscale, 8-bit client computer.
& 24-bit RGB, etc.)  There are three primary streaming formats that support audio files:
 Uses tags, keywords defining the characteristics of the image that is included RealAudio/Real Media(RA/RM)
in the file. For example, a picture 320 by 240 pixels would include a 'width'  For audio data on the Internet, the de facto standard is Real Network's RealAudio
tag followed by the number '320' and a 'depth' tag followed by the number
(.RA) compressed streaming audio format.
'240'.
 These files require a RealPlayer program or browser plug-in. The latest versions of
 It does not provide any major advantages over JPEG and is not as user-
Real Networks’ server and player software can handle multiple encodings of a single file,
controllable.
allowing the quality of transmission to vary with the available bandwidth. Webcast radio
 Do not uses TIFF for web images. They produce big files, and more
importantly, most web browsers will not display TIFFs. broadcast of both talk and music frequently uses RealAudio.
 Streaming audio can also be provided in conjunction with video as a combined Real
Media (RM) file.
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Popular File Formats Popular File Formats

17 19
WAV (windows audio video)
ASF
 Microsoft’s Advanced Streaming Format (ASF) is similar to designed to Real Network's  The WAV format is the standard audio file format for Microsoft Windows applications and is the
Real Media format, in that it provides a common definition for internet streaming media and can default file type produced when conducting digital recording within Windows. It supports a variety of
accommodate not only synchronized audio, but also video and other multimedia elements, all bit resolutions, sample rates, and channels of audio. This format is very popular upon IBM PC (clone)
while supporting multiple bandwidths within a single media file. Also like Real Network's Real platforms, and is widely used as a basic format for saving and modifying digital audio data
Media format, Microsoft’s ASF requires a program or browser plug- in. AIF/AIFF
 The pure audio file format used in Windows Media Technologies is Windows Media Audio 7
 The Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is the standard audio format employed by computers
(WMA files). Like MP3 files, WMA audio files use sophisticated audio compression to reduce
using the Apple Macintosh operating system. Like the WAV format, it supports a variety of bit
file size. Unlike MP3 files, however, WMA files can function as either discrete or streaming data
resolutions, sample rates, and channels of audio and is widely used in software programs used to
and can provide a security mechanism to prevent unauthorized use.
create and modify digital audio.
MOV
 Apple QuickTime movies (MOV files) can be created without a video channel and used as a MIDI/MID

sound-only format. Since version 4.0, Quick time provides true streaming capability. QuickTime MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface), is not a file format for storing or transmitting recorded
also accepts different audio sample rates, bit depths, and offers full functionality in both sounds, but rather a set of instructions used to play electronic music on devices such as synthesizers.
Windows as well as the Mac OS. MIDI files are very small compared to recorded audio file formats. However, the quality and range of
MIDI tones is limited
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Popular File Formats

18 20 DIGITAL AUDIO AND MIDI
2 Discrete Audio File Formats
 the traditional discrete audio file that you can save to a hard drive or other digital  What is sound?
 Sound is a wave form of energy, just like electricity like light, but is
storage medium. Common discrete audio file formats include WAV, AIF, AU and MP3. A macroscopic and involves molecules of air being compressed and
expanded under the action of some physical device.
fifth format, called MIDI is actually not a file format for storing digital audio, but a  For example, a speaker in an audio system vibrates back and forth and
produces a longitudinal pressure wave that we perceive as sound.
system of instructions for creating electronic music.  Since sound is a pressure wave, it takes on continuous values, as
opposed to digitized ones.
AU How to Record and Play Digital Audio?
 The AU file format is a compressed audio file format developed by Sun Microsystems In order to play digital audio (i.e. WAVE file), you need a card with a Digital to
and popular in the UNIX world. It is also the standard audio file format for the Java Analog Converter (DAC) circuitry on it. Most sound cards have both an ADC
programming language. Only supports 8-bit depth thus cannot provide CD-quality sound. (Analog to Digital Converter) and a DAC so that the card can both record and play
MP3 digital audio. This DAC is attached to the Line Out jack of your audio card, and
 MP3 stands for Motion Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer 3 Compression. MP3 converts the digital audio values back into the original analog audio. This analog
files provide near-CD-quality sound but are only about 1/10th as large as a standard audio audio can then be routed to a mixer, or speakers, or headphones ..
CD file. Because MP3 files are small, they can easily be transferred across the Internet
and played on any multimedia computer with MP3 player software.
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21 MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface 23 MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
 is a protocol that enables computer, synthesizers, keyboards, and another musical device
to communicate with each other.  Pitch:
 This protocol is a language that allows interworking between instruments from different  The Musical note that the instrument plays
manufacturers by providing a link that is capable of transmitting and receiving digital data.
Components of a MIDI System  Voice:
 Synthesizer:  Voice is the portion of the synthesizer that produces sound.
 It is a sound generator (various pitch, loudness, tone color).
 Synthesizers can have many (12, 20, 24, 36, etc.) voices.
 A good (musician’s) synthesizer often has a microprocessor, keyboard, control panels,
memory, etc.  Each voice works independently and simultaneously to produce sounds of
 Sequencer:  Different timbre and pitch.
 a stand-alone unit or a software program for a personal computer. It used to be a storage
 Patch:
server for MIDI data. Nowadays it is more a software music editor on the computer.
 It has one or more MIDI INs and MIDI OUTs.
 The control settings that define a particular timbre.

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22 MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface

 Basic MIDI Concepts
 Track:
 Track in sequencer is used to organize the recordings.
 Tracks can be turned on or off on recording or playing back.
 Channel:
 MIDI channels are used to separate information in a MIDI system.
 There are 16 MIDI channels in one cable.
 Channel numbers are coded into each MIDI message.
 Timbre:
 The quality of the sound, e.g., flute sound, cello sound, etc.
 Multimbral - capable of playing many different sounds at the same time
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(e.g., piano, brass, drums, etc.)

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