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Projectiles

D D Wijesinghe
Projectiles
Whenever a particle is projected upwards at an angle (not vertical), we
find that the particle traces some path in the air, and falls on the
ground at a point, other than the point of projection.
The path of traced by a projectile is known as the trajectory.
If u = Velocity of projection 0
v1 u cos θ
and θ is the angle of

u sin θ
u cos θ
projection with the u u cos θ
horizontal, then, h = Height
v2
Vertical component of the initial θ
velocity = u sin θ u cos θ u cos θ
Horizontal component of the initial v3
velocity = u cos θ
Total motion of the particle can be considered in two sub motions.
Those are (i) the motion in vertical direction and
(ii) the motion in horizontal direction
D D Wijesinghe
(i) Motion in vertical direction
0
If the vertical height covered by v1 u cos θ

u sin θ
u cos θ
the object is y, and time taken for u u cos θ
that journey is t, then, v2
h = Height
1
y  ( u sin  ) t  (  g ) t 2 θ
2 u cos θ u cos θ
g is negative if vertically upwards motion is considered. v3
(ii) Motion in horizontal direction
During the same period of time, t, if the horizontal distance covered by
the object is x, then,
x  ( u cos  ) t
g does not involve in the second equation, as the effect of g in
horizontal direction is zero.
∴ (u cos θ) does not change throughout the journey.
D D Wijesinghe
Important terms
Trajectory: The path traced by the projectile in the space.

Angle of projection: The angle, with the horizontal, at which the


projectile is projected.

Velocity of projection: The velocity, with which the projectile is


projected.

Time of flight : The total time taken by the projectile, to return back to
the ground after reaching the maximum height.

Range: The distance, between the point of projection and the point
where the projectile, strikes the ground.
It may be noted that the range of a projectile may be horizontal or
inclined.

D D Wijesinghe
Example -1
A projectile is fired upwards at an angle of 300, with a velocity of 40 m/s.
Calculate the time taken by the projectile to reach the ground and the
horizontal range covered. Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 .
Solution
Let the time to reach the
ground (time of flight) is t. 40 sin 30
40m/s
During time t, the total h = Height
vertical distance covered = 0 300
By applying s = ut +1/2 at2 , 40 cos 30 R = Range
vertically,
1
 0  ( 40 sin 30 ) t  ( 9.8 ) t 2
0
∴ t = 4.08 s
2
∴ The time taken by the projectile to reach the ground = 4.08 s
The horizontal distance covered during this time = Horizontal Range
= (u cos θ)t = 40 x (cos 300 )x 4.08 = 141 m
D D Wijesinghe
Example -2
A bomber, flying horizontally at a height of 500 m with a velocity of 450 km/h, has
aimed to hit a target. Find at what distance from the target, he should release the
bomb in order to hit the target. Find the velocity of the bomb when it is hitting the
target. Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 .
Solution
When the bomb is released, its initial velocity is 450
km/h and direction is horizontal
After the bomb is released and until it hits the target, if 450 km/h
the time spent is t, by applying s = ut +1/2 at2 ,
1 500

500 m
vertically, 500  0  ( 9.8 ) t 2 t 
2 4 .9
During this period of time, the bomb horizontally
travels a distance R, from the point of releasing the R = Range θ0 u

bomb to the point of hitting the target. v

 450 1000   450 1000   500 


R t     1262.7 m
 3600   3600   4.9 
The vertical and horizontal components of the velocity 0f the bomb, when it is hitting
500
the target are u and v, then, u  450 km / h  125 m / s and v  0  9.8   99
4 .9
∴ The velocity when hitting the target = 125 2  99 2  160 m / s
Direction of that velocity = tan -1 (99/125) = 380 with the horizontal
D D Wijesinghe
Exercises
(i) A ball is projected upwards with a velocity of 15 m/s at an angle of
250 with the horizontal. Calculate the flight time and the horizontal
range of the ball? Assume g = 9.8 m/s2 .
(ii) A bullet is fired with a velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 450 with the
horizontal. How high the bullet will rise?
(iii) If a particle is projected inside a horizontal tunnel which is 5 m
high, with a velocity of 60 m/s, find the angle of projection and
greatest possible range.

D D Wijesinghe
Example -3
A particle is thrown with a velocity of 5 m/s at an elevation of 600 to the
horizontal. Find the velocity of another particle thrown at an elevation of
450 which will have (a) equal horizontal range (b) equal maximum
height (c) equal time of flight.
Solution
(a) Both projectiles have equal horizontal range
For the first particle, if the time of flight is t, then
0 = 5 sin 600 t + ½ (-9.8) t2 ∴ t = 5 sin 600 / 4.9
If the horizontal range is R, R = 5 cos 600 t
∴ R = 5 cos 600 (5 sin 600 / 4.9) = 2.21 m
For the second particle, if the velocity of projection is u, and it has the
same horizontal range, then,
u cos 450 (u sin 450 / 4.9) = 2.21 ∴ u = 4.67 m/s
∴ To have the equal horizontalD Drange,
Wijesinghe
the velocity of projection of
the second particle, u = 4.67 m/s
(b) If the maximum height reached by the first particle is H, then,
considering vertical motion, 0  ( 5 sin 60 0 ) 2  2 ( 9.8 ) H
( 5 sin 60 0 ) 2
H 
2  9.8
As the maximum height of the second particle is same, then,
( u sin 45 0 ) 2
H
2  9.8
( u sin 45 0 ) 2 ( 5 sin 60 0 ) 2
 
2  9.8 2  9.8
5 sin 60 0
u  0
 6.12 m / s
sin 45
(c) If the two particles have the same time of flight, t, then, considering
vertical motion,
For first particle, 0 = 5 sin 600 t + ½ (-9.8) t2 ∴ t = 5 sin 600 / 4.9
For second particle, 0 = u sin 450 t + ½ (-9.8) t2 ∴ t = u sin 450 / 4.9
u sin 45  5 sin 60
0 0 5 sin 60 0
 uD DWijesinghe 0  6.12 m / s
sin 45
Example 4
A projectile is aimed at a mark on the horizontal plane through the point
of projection. It falls 12 m short when the angle of projection is 150, while
it overshoots the mark by 24 m, when the angle of projection is 450 . Find
the angle of projection to hit the mark.
Solution
Assume mark is at R. Let the angle
of projection to hit the mark is θ
and velocity of projection is u.
450
Let the flight time for each 150
O R1 R R2
horizontal range, OR1, OR and OR2
are t1 ,t and t2 respectively. . 12 m 24 m

For flight time t, 0 = (u sin θ) t + ½ (-9.8) t2 ∴ t = 2u sin θ / 9.8


∴ Horizontal range, OR = (u cos θ)t = 2u2 sinθ cosθ/9.8 = u2 sin2θ /9.8
u 2 sin 2 u 2 sin 30 0 u 2 sin 90 0
 OR  Accordingly,  OR1  and OR 2 
9.8 9.8 9.8
D D Wijesinghe
u 2 sin 2
 OR 
9.8
u 2 sin 30 0
 OR1 
9.8
450
u 2 sin 90 0
 OR2  O
150
R1
9.8 R R2

As OR2 – OR1 = 36, 12 m 24 m

u 2 sin 90 0 u 2 sin 30 0
  36 u  36  9.8  2
2

9.8 9.8
( 36  9.8  2 )  sin 2 ( 36  9.8  2 ) sin 30 0
OR   72 sin 2 and OR1   36
9.8 9.8
As OR = OR1 + 12, 72 (sin 2θ)= 36 +12

sin 2θ = 2/3 ∴2θ = sin -1 (2/3) = 420 ∴ θ = 210

∴ Angle of projection to hit the mark = 210


D D Wijesinghe
Example 5
A body is projected at such an angle that the horizontal range is three
times the maximum height. Find the angle of projection.
Solution
Let angle of projection, θ,
velocity of projection, u, u sin θ u
maximum height, h, and h = Max. height
horizontal range, R, then, θ0
by applying v2 = u2 + 2as, u cos θ R = Range
vertically,
( u sin  ) 2
0  ( u sin  ) 2  2 ( 9.8 ) h h 
2  9.8 1
By applying s = ut +1/2 at2 , vertically, 0  ( u sin  ) t  ( 9.8 ) t 2
u sin  2
∴ Flight time, t  ∴ Horizontal range, R = (u cos θ)t
4.9
    
As R = 3h, u cos   
2
u sin u sin ( u sin )
 R  u cos      3
4  4.9   4 .9  2  9 .8
 4 
 tan     tan 1  DD Wijesinghe
53.10
3 3
Exercises
(i) A bullet is fired upwards at an angle of 300 to the horizontal from a
point on a hill. It strikes a target which is 80 m lower than P. The
initial velocity of the bullet is 100 m/s. Calculate the actual velocity
with which the bullet will strike the target.
(ii) A shot is fired with a velocity of 30 m/s from a point 15 m in front of
a vertical wall 6 m high. Find the angle of projection to the
horizontal for the shot just to clear the top of the wall.
(iii) A projectile fired from the edge of a 150 m high cliff with an initial
velocity of 180 m/s at an angle of elevation of 300 with the
horizontal. Neglecting the air resistance, find (a) the greatest height
above the ground reached by the projectile, and (b) horizontal
distance from the gun to the point where the projectile strikes the
ground.

D D Wijesinghe
Example 6
Find the least initial velocity which a projectile may have, so that it may clear a wall
3.6 m high and 4.8 m distant from the point of projection. It strikes the horizontal
plane through the foots of the wall at a distance 3.6 m beyond the wall. The point of
projection is at the same horizontal level as the foot of the wall.
Solution
Let angle of projection, θ, velocity of
projection, u, and flight time, t, then,
considering vertical motion,

u sin θ
1 2 t 
u sin  P
0  ( u sin  ) t  ( 9.8 ) t u 4
2 4.9 h 4

3.6 m
Considering horizontal motion,
4.8  3.6  ( u cos  ) t θ0 u cos θ
O 4.8 m 3.6 m
 u sin   u 2  8.4  4.9
8.4  ( u cos  )  
 4.9  sin  cos 
Considering horizontal motion, from O to P, if the time spent is T, 4.8  ( u cos  ) T
then 1
Considering vertical motion, from O to P, 3.6  ( u sin  ) T  ( 9.8 ) T
2
22
 4.8   4.8 
Substituting for T, 3.6  ( u sin  )    4.9  
 u cos
D D  
Wijesinghe  u cos  
4.9  4.8 2
3.6  4.8 tan   2
u cos 2 
4.9  4.8 2
 sin  cos 
Substituting for u2, 3.6  4.8 tan  
8.4  4.9  cos 2 
7 7
 tan     tan 1    60.2 0
4 4
8.4  4.9
Substituting for θ, u  9.77 m / s
sin 60.2  cos 60.2
0 0

D D Wijesinghe
Velocity and direction of motion after projection: Example
(i) A projectile is fired with a velocity of 80 m/s at an elevation of 650 . Find its
velocity and direction after 5 seconds of firing.
Solution v sin θ
v

80 sin 650
By applying v = u + at, vertically and horizontally,
θ

v sin   80 sin 65 0  9.8  5  v sin   23.51 80 m/s P v cos θ

v cos   80 cos 65 0  v cos   33.81


 v  23.512  33.812  41.2 m / s 650
O
80 cos 650
 23.51 
  tan 
1
  34.8 0
 33.81 

∴ After 05 seconds, the velocity of the projectile is 41.2 m/s and the direction is
34.8 0 to the horizontal.

D D Wijesinghe
Exercises
(i) A shot is fired with a velocity of 420 m/s at an elevation of 320 . Find the
velocity and direction of the shot after 20 seconds of firing.
(ii) A projectile is fired with a velocity of 500 m/s at an elevation of 350 .
Neglecting air friction, find the velocity and the direction of the projectile
moving after 30 seconds of firing.
(iii) A particle is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of
450 to the horizontal. When it reaches certain point P, it is found to be
moving at an angle of 300 to the horizontal. Find the time for the particle
to reach the point P and distance OP.
(iv) A particle is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of
300 with the horizontal. Find the time when the particle will move
perpendicular to its initial direction.
(v) A body is projected upwards with a velocity of 50 m/s at an angle of 500
with the horizontal. What will be its (a) velocity and (b) direction at a
height of 30 m from the point of projection.
2
(vi) The velocity of a particle at its greatest height is times of its velocity
5 0.
at half of its greatest height. Show that the
D D Wijesinghe
angle of projection is 60
Problem No. (vi)
2
(i) (The velocity of a particle at its greatest height is times of its velocity
5
at half of its greatest height. Show that the angle of projection is 600 .
Solution
Q
Let angle of projection, θ, v u cos θ

u sin θ
velocity of projection, u, u P
u cos θ
maximum height, h .
h/2 h = Max. height
θ0
Maximum height, h occurs at Q. O u cos θ

∴ Vertical component of the velocity at Q = 0


Assume, half the maximum height, h/2, occurs at P.
Let the vertical component of the velocity at P = v
Horizontal component of the velocities at P and Q = u cos θ
By applying v2 = u2 + 2as, for the motion from O to Q, in vertical direction,
1 2
0  ( u sin  )  2 (  g ) h
2
 gh  u sin 2 
2
∴ Velocity at P = v 2  ( u cos  ) 2 D D Wijesinghe 1
gh  u cos   u
2 2
sin 2   cos 2 
2
By applying v2 = u2 + 2as, for the motion from P to Q, in vertical direction
h 1 2
0  v  2(  g )
2  v  gh
2  v  u sin 2 
2

2 2
1 2
∴ Velocity at P = v  ( u cos  ) 
2 2 u sin 2   u 2 cos 2 
2
1 1 1
u sin 2   cos 2  u  cos 2 
2 2 2
Velocity at Q = u cos θ (This is horizontal)
As given in the problem,  2 
Velocity at Q =    (Velocity at P)

 5 
 2  1 1
 u cos    u
  cos 2

 5  2 2

2 1 1  1
 u cos   u   cos 2  
2 2 2
 4 cos   1 2  cos  
5 2 2  2
  60 0
D D Wijesinghe
Projectiles on inclined plane: Example 1
(i) A ball is projected from a point with a velocity of 10 m/s on an inclined
plane. The angle of projection and inclination of the plane are 350 and 150
respectively with the horizontal. Find the time of flight of the ball, when it
is projected (a) upwards (b) downwards the plane.

Solution
g cos150
10 sin200
10 m/s

200 150
(a) When projected upwards
If the flight time is t, by applying s = ut +1/2 at2 perpendicular to the plane
1 10 sin 20 0
0  (10 sin 20 0 ) t  ( 9.8 cos15 0 ) t 2 t  0
 0.72 s
2 ( 4.9 ) cos15

∴ When the ball is projected upwards the plane, the flight time = 0.72 s
D D Wijesinghe
(b) When projected downwards
10 sin500

g cos150 350
150

150

If the flight time is t, by applying s = ut +1/2 at2 perpendicular to the plane,


1
0  (10 sin 50 0 ) t  ( 9.8 cos15 0 ) t 2
2
10 sin 50 0
t  0
 1.62 s
( 4.9 ) cos15

∴ When the ball is projected downwards the plane, the flight time = 1.62 s

D D Wijesinghe
Projectiles on inclined plane: Example 2
(ii) A projectile is projected from a point, on an inclined plane, with a velocity
of 30 m/s. The angle of projection and the angle of inclined plane to the
horizontal, are respectively 550 and 200. Show that the range up the plane
is maximum for the given plane. Find the range and the time of flight of the
particle.
Solution
g cos200
For the maximum range on the 30 sin350
plane upwards, the angle of 30 m/s
projection to the horizontal
 
should be  where 𝛼 is 350 200
4 2
the inclined angle of the plane to the horizontal.
Here, the angle of projection to the horizontal = 55 0
  20 0
For maximum range, the angle of projection =   45  0
 55 0
4 2 2
∴ For the given plane, range is maximum.

D D Wijesinghe
If the flight time is t, by applying s = ut +1/2 at2 perpendicular to the plane,
0
1 30 sin 35
0  ( 30 sin 35 0 ) t  ( 9.8 cos 20 0 ) t 2 t  0
 3.74 s
2 ( 4.9 ) cos 20
∴ The flight time of the projectile, when projected upwards the plane = 3.74 s

If the range on the plane is R, by applying s = ut +1/2 at2 along the plane,
1
R  ( 30 cos 35 0 ) t  ( 9.8 sin 20 0 ) t 2
2
 R  ( 30 cos 35 0 )( 3.74 )  ( 4.9 sin 20 0 )( 3.74 ) 2  68.4 m

∴ Range on the plane = 68.4 m

D D Wijesinghe
Exercises
(i) A plane has a rise of 5 in 12. A shot is projected with a velocity of 200 m/s
at an elevation of 300 .Find the range of the plane, if the shot is fired (a) up
the plane, (b) down the plane.
(ii) A player can throw a cricket ball 100 m on a level ground. Find the
distance through which he can throw the same ball from the top of the hill,
at an angle of 520 30’, if the slope of the hill is 150 .
(iii)A shot is fired with a velocity of 100 m/s at an angle of 450 with the
horizontal, on a plane inclined at an angle of 300 with the horizontal. Find
the maximum range of the shot.

D D Wijesinghe

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