Computing:

• Computing is any Problem-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating algorithmic processes - e.g. through computers.

• "In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal- oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers.

• Thus, computing includes

• designing and building hardware and software
• processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information
• doing scientific studies using computers
• making computer systems behave intelligently
• creating and using communications and
• entertainment media

• finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so

on.

• The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.“

• All facts are related to SE directly or indirectly.
History of computing:
• The history of computing is longer than the history of computing hardware and modern computing technology and includes the history of
methods intended for pen and paper or for chalk and slate, with or without the aid of tables.
• Computing is intimately tied to the representation of numbers.
• The earliest known tool for use in computation was the abacus, and it was thought to have been invented 2400 BC. Its original style of usage
was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles.

Computer:
• A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions called a computer program.
• The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions.
• The same program in its human-readable source code form, enables a programmer to study and develop the algorithm

Computer software:

• Computer software or just "software", is a collection of computer programs and related data that provides the instructions for telling
a computer what to do and how to do it.
• software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and
its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system.
• Direct mode (commands)
• Indirect mode(statements)

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 • Application software, a computer software designed to help the user to perform specific tasks.
• Apps may be bundled with the computer and its system software, or may be published separately. Some users are satisfied
with the bundled apps and need never install one.
• Application software applies the power of a particular computing platform or system software to a particular purpose.
• Platform dependability is also an issue.

• System software, is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware and to provide a platform for
running application software.

Computer Network:
• A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of hardware components and computers interconnected by
communication channels that allow sharing of resources and information.

• Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such as the medium used to transport the data,
communications protocol used, scale, topology, and organizational scope.

• Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer

science, information technology or computer engineering, since it relies upon the theoretical and practical application of these disciplines.

Computer User

• A user is an agent, either a human agent (end-user) or software agent, who uses a computer or network service.

• Computer User can be a:

End User

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• The term end-user refers to the ultimate operator of a piece of software, but it is also a concept in software engineering,

referring to an idea of that group of end-users of computers.

Computer Programmer

• A programmer, computer programmer, or coder is a person who writes computer software. The term computer programmer

can refer to a specialist in one area of computer programming or to a generalist who writes code for many kinds of software.

Why Computer Programming:

• Computer programming in general is the process of writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code and documentation

of computer programs.

• The purpose of programming is to invoke the desired behavior (customization) from the machine.

• The process of writing high quality source code requires knowledge of both the application's domain and the computer science domain.
• The highest-quality software is thus developed by a team of various domain experts, each person a specialist in some area of development.
• Steps of programming for SE
• Customer’s behaviour
• Maximum utilization of Machine
• Must know CS and application domains

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Threat:
• A programmer • Programmer may apply to a range of program quality, from hacker to open source
contributor to professional.
• Technical programmer
• A single programmer could do most or all of the computer programming needed to generate the
• Open source programmer proof of concept to launch a new "killer" application (any computer
• Professional program that is so necessary or desirable that it proves the core value of some larger technology).
• Individual who can create “Killer applications”.

Five sub-disciplines of the computing field:

• Computer Science,
• Computer Engineering,
• Information Systems,
• Information Technology, and
• Software Engineering.

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Sub-disciplines of computing:

(Computer Engineering):

• Computer engineering is a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required
to develop computer hardware and software.

• Computer engineers usually have training in electronic engineering (or electrical engineering), software design, and
hardware-software integration instead of only software engineering or electronic engineering.

• Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing, from the design of individual
microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design.

• This field of engineering not only focuses on how computer systems themselves work, but also how they integrate into the larger picture.

Sub-disciplines of computing:

(Software Engineering):

• Software engineering (SE) is the application of a systematic, disciplined, measurable approach to the design, development, operation,

and maintenance of software, and the study of these approaches; that is, the application of engineering to software.

• The first reference to the term is the 1968 NATO Software Engineering Conference and was meant to provoke thought regarding the
perceived "software crisis(difficulty of writing useful and efficient computer programs in the required time )" at the time.

• The generally accepted concepts of Software Engineering as an engineering discipline have been specified in the Guide to the Software

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 Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK) that is an internationally accepting standard.

Sub-disciplines of computing:

(Computer Science):

• Computer science or computing science is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications.

• A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems.

• Its subfields can be divided into practical techniques for its implementation and application in computer systems and purely theoretical areas.

• focus on the challenges in implementing computations such as programming language theory , computer programming and complex systems,
human- computer interaction etc.

Software Engineering vs. Computer Science

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 Sub-disciplines of computing:

(Information System):

• "Information systems" is the study of complementary networks of hardware and software that people and organizations use to collect,

filter, process, create, and distribute data.

• The study bridges business and computer science using the theoretical foundations of information and computation to study various
business models and related algorithmic processes within a computer science discipline.

• Computer Information System(s) (CIS) is a field studying computers and algorithmic processes, including their principles, their software
and hardware designs, their applications, and their impact on society while IS emphasizes functionality over design such as MIS, AIS, DSS etc.

Sub-disciplines of computing:
(Information Technology):

• Information technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,

often in the context of a business or other enterprise.

• The term is commonly used as a alternative word for computers and computer networks, but it also involves other information distribution
technologies such as television and telephones.

• Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet and
telecom equipment, e-commerce and computer services.

Sub-disciplines of computing:
(System Administrator):

• Systems administrator, is a person employed to maintain and operate a computer system and/or network.
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• The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary widely from one organization to another.

• System administrators are usually charged with installing, supporting and maintaining servers or other computer systems, and planning
for and responding to service outages and other problems.

• Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related projects, supervising or training computer
operators, and being the consultant for computer problems beyond the knowledge of technical support staff.

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