Roman αnd Pre-Romαn

Glαss
in the Royal Ontαrio Museum

John W.Hayes
Roman and Pre-Roman Glass in
the Royal Ontario Museum
A Catalogue

with photographs by
L. Warren and A. Williams

~
c:>

ROM
ROY AL ONTARIO MUSEUM
TORONTO 1975
CONTENTS

Preface v
Bibliography and Abbreviations vii
Periodicals – Abbreviations xi
Concordance to Plates xii
I Introduction 1
II Core-Made Glass 5
III Moulded Bowls 16
IV Mosaic Glass 22
V Roman Blown Glass 29

VI Syro-Palestinian Glass 31
Early Series 32
Later Series 80

VII Cypriot Blown Glass 123

V III Egyptian Blown Glass 132

IX Western Products 146

Appendix 160

Index 163

Figures 165

Plates 187
 Exploration Society, Jerusalem, 1971), specifically D. Barag, "Glass",
Bibliography and Abbreviations pp. 149-60, pI. LXVIII. (In Hebrew.)
Billeter (1969) (E. Billeter) Glas aus der Sammlung des Kunstgewer-
Abdul-Hak (1951) S. and A. Abdul-Hak, Catalogue illustre du bemuseums Zurich (Museum Bellerive, Sammlungskatalog 4; Ztirich,
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(Damas, 1951). Billups Coli.: A Decade of Glass Collecting: Selections from the Melvin
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Alardio (1967) J. and A. Alarcao, "Vidros romanos do Museu Problems in Ancient Glass: Opacifiers and Egyptian Core Material",
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Ampurias I. 11: M. Almagro, Las necropolis de Ampurias I (Barcelona, 1953), Bomford Coli.: Ashmolean Museum: Ancient Glass, Jewellery and
11 (Barcelona, 1955). Terracottas from the Collection of Mr. and Mrs. James Bomford (20
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Astrom (1964) P. Astrom, "Collections of Cypriote Glass", Opuscula (1968) M. Bucovala, Vase antice de sticla la Tomis (M uzeul
Atheniensia 5 (1964) 123-58. de arheologie, Constanla, 1968).
Auktion Helbing (1913) Antike und byzantinische Kleinkunst (Auktion in Burger (1966) A. Sz. Burger, "The Late Roman Cemetery at Sagvar",
Mtinchen in der Galerie Helbing, 28-30 Oktober 1913). Acta Archaeologica 18 (Budapest, 1966) 99-234, pIs. LXXVII-CXVI.
Auktion 'Helbing (1914) Sammlung von antiken Gldsern, Terrakotten,
Marmor-Skulpturen und Bronzen aus dem Besitze von Fr. D. Caley (1962) E.R. Caley, Analyses of Ancient Glasses, 1790-1957 (Corning
Kirchner-Schwarz, Beirut, u.a. (Auktion in Mtinchen in der Galerie Museum of Glass, 1962).
Helbing am 22. und 23. Juni 1914). Calvi (1966) M.e. Calvi, "The Roman Glass of Northern Italy", Museum
Haaretz, Bulletin 8 (Tel-Aviv, June 1966) 55-64, pis. II-IV.
Barag & Yadin (1963) D. Barag and Y. Yadin, "The Glassware", in Y. Calvi (1968) M.e. Calvi, I vetri romani del Museo di Aquileia
Yadin, The Finds from the Bar-Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (Pubblicazioni dell' Associazione nazionale per Aquileia, 7, 1968).
(Judean Desert Studies, I, Jerusalem, 1963) 101-10, pIs. 29-30. Camulodunum: e.F.e. Hawkes and M.R. Hull, Camulodunum (Reports of
Barag (1965) D. Barag, "Glass Vessels from a Roman Tomb at the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London,
Nahariya", Comptes rendues du VIle Congres International du Verre, No. XIV, Oxford, 1947): specifically D.B. Harden, "The Glass", pp.
Bruxelles 28 juin/ 3 juillet 1965, paper 243. 286-307, pis. LXXXVI-LXXXVIII.
Barag (1967) D. Barag, "The Glass Vessels from Ashdod", in M. Canivet (1969) M.T.F. Canivet, "I vetri romani di Cornus conservati al
Dothan and D.N. Freedman, Ashdod I ('Atiqot, English series VII, Museo di Cagliari",JGS II (1969) 19-26.
1967) 36-37, fig. 16. Canivet: see also under Fortuna.
Barag (1970) D. Barag, "Glass Pilgrim Vessels from Jerusalem: Part Charlesworth (1959) D. Charlesworth, "Roman Glass in Northern
I",JGS 12(1970)35-63. Britain", Archaeologia Aeliana 4 ser., 37 (1959) 33-58 pis. I·V.
Barag: see also under Dura IV.5. Charlesworth (1966) D. Charlesworth, "Roman Square Bottles",
Bark6czi (1968) L. Bark6czi, "Die datierten G lasfunde aus dem 3-4. JGS 8 (1966) 26-40.
Jahrhundert von Brigetio", Folia Archaeologica 19 (Budapest, 1968) Clairmont: see Dura IV.5.
59-86. ColI. Charvet: see under Froehner. Coli.
Bark6czi (1971) L. Bark6czi, "Plastisch verzierte spatromische de Clercq: see under de Ridder.
Glasfunde aus Pannonien", Folia Archaeologica 22 (1971) 71-83. Coli. Pozzi: Collection S. Pozzi (Deuxieme Partie): Art Antique (Galerie
Benk6 (1962) A. Benk6, Uvegcorpus = Regeszeti Fuzetek, ser. 11, II Szam Georges Petit, 25, 26 et 27 juin 1919).
(Magyar Nemzeti Muzeum, Torteneti Muzeum; Budapest, 1962). Coli. Stathatos Ill: P. Amandry et al., Collection Helene Stathatos Ill, objets
Berger (1960) L. Berger, Romische Gldser aus Vindonissa (Basel, 1960). antiques et byzantins (Strasbourg, 1963), especially e. Rollet, "Objets
Beth She'arim Ill: N. Avigad, Beth She'arim Ill, The Archaeological de verre", pp. 273-75, pI. XXXIX.
Excavations during 1953-1958: The Catacombs 12-23 (Israel Corinth XII: G.R. Davidson, Corinth XII, The Minor Objects
 (Princeton, 1952), especially "Glass Vessels", pp. 76-122. VII, Die romischen Gliiser mit aufgelegten Nuppen in Koln (Koln,
Crowfoot: see Samaria-Sebaste Ill. 1962).
Crow foot & Harden (1931) G.M. Crowfoot and D.B. Harden, "Early Froehner, Coil. Charvet: W. Froehner, La verrerie antique: description de
Byzantine and Later Glass Lamps", Journal of Egyptian Archaeology la collection Charvet (privately printed, Le Pecq, 1879).
17 (1931) 196-208, pis. XXVIII·XXX.
Galerie Bachstitz 11: (R. Zahn) Galerie Bachstitz, 's Gravenhage, Band 11,
Daremberg/Saglio: e. Daremberg and E. Saglio, Dictionnaire des Antike, byzantinische, islamische Arbeiten der Kleinkunst und des
antiquites grecques et romaines (specifically Morin-Jean, "Vitrum", Kunstgewerbes, Antike Skulpturen (foreword dated 1921).
tome v.1 (1919) 934-49, with figs. 7520-50 in text). Gerasa: P.V.e. Baur, "Glassware", in (ed. e.H. Kraeling) Gerasa, City of
Davidson: see Corinth XII; also under Weinberg. the Decapolis (New Haven, 1938) 505-46, pis. 139-41.
Delougaz (1960) P. Delougaz and R.e. Haines, A Byzantine Church at Glass from the Ancient World (R.W. Smith) Glass from the Ancient World:
Khirbat al-Karak (University of Chicago Oriental Institute The Ray Winfield Smith Collection (A Special Exhibition, ... 1957)
Publications, vo!. 85, Chicago, 1960). Section on glass by Delougaz. (Coming Museum of Glass, 1957).
Doppelfeld (1961) O. Doppelfeld, "Das Diatretglas aus dem Goodenough (1953) E.R. Goodenough, Jewish Symbols in the
Graberbezirk des romischen Gutshofs von Koln-Braunsfeld", Greco-Roman Period (Bollingen Series, XXXVII) I-Ill (New York &
KOInerJb. 5 (1960/61) 7-35, pis. 1-10. Toronto, 1953).
Dragendorff: see Thera 11.
Dura IV.5: e.W. Clairmont, The Excavations at Dura-Europos, Final
Report IV, part v, The Glass Vessels (New Haven, 1963). Review: Haberey (1966) W. Haberey, "Zur Herstellung der romischen
D. Barag, lE! 17 (1967) 196-98. Wabenbecher", BJ 166 (1966) 208-12.
Dusenbery (1951) E.B. Dusenbery, "Ancient Glass in the Eugene Hajjar (1965) J. Hajjar, "Un hypo gee romain il Deb'aal dans la region de
Schaefer Collection" = The Museum (Newark, New Jersey), n.s. 3.1 Tyr", Bulletin du Musee de Beyrouth 18 (1965) 61-104, with 23 pis.
(winter 1951). Harden (1933) D.B. Harden, "Ancient Glass", Antiquity 7 (1933) 419-28,
Dusenbery (1967) E.B. Dusenbery, "Ancient Glass from the Cemeteries with 4 pis.
of Sa moth race", JGS 9 (1967) 34-49. Harden (1935) D.B. Harden, "Romano-Syrian Glasses with
Dusenbery (1971) E.B. Dusenbery, "Ancient Glass in the Collections of Mould-blown Inscriptions", JRS 25 (1935) 163-86.
Wheat on College", JGS 13 (1971) 9-33. Harden (1936) D.B. Harden, Roman Glass from Karanis (University of
Michigan Studies, Humanistic Series, vo!. XLI; Ann Arbor, 1936).
Eburacum: Eburacum: Roman York (Royal Commission on Historical Review: W.A. Thorpe, JRS 27 (1937) 284-85.
Monuments: The City of York, I; London, 1962), especially D.B. Harden (1945) D.B. Harden, "Two Tomb-Groups of the First Century AD.
Harden, "Glass in Roman York", pp. 136-41, pIs. 66-67. from Yahmour, Syria, and a Supplement to the List of
Edgar (1905) e.e. Edgar, Graeco-Egyptian Glass (Catalogue general des Romano-Syrian Glasses with Mould-blown Inscriptions", Syria 24
antiquites egyptiennes du Musee du Caire; Cairo, 1905). (1944-45) 81-95, pis. V-IX.
Eisen (1927) G.A. Eisen (assisted by Fahim Kouchakji), Glass (2 vols., Harden (1949) D.B. Harden, "Tomb-Groups of Glass of Roman Date
New York, 1927). from Syria and Palestine", Iraq I 1(1949) 151-59, p!. XLlX-L.
Harden (1956) D.B. Harden, "Glass Vessels in Britain and Ireland, A.D.
Faider-Feytmans (1952) G. Faider-Faytmans et al., Les antiquill!s 400-1000", in (ed. D.B. Harden) Dark-Age Britain: Studies Presented
egyptiennes, grecques, etrusques, romaines at gallo-romaines du Musee to E. T. Leeds (London, 1956) 132-67.
de Mariemont (Bruxelles, 1952). Harden (1958) D.B. Harden, "The Glass", in J. du Plat Taylor et al.,
Fendri (1964) M. Fendri, "Les verreries romaines de Thaenae "Roman Tombs at 'Kambi', Vasa", RDAC 1940-48 (Nicosia, 1958)
(Tunisie)", Ann. 3e Congr. JIV (Damas 1964) 37-47. 46-60.
Filarska (1952) (1962) B. Filarska, Szkla Staroiytne I. 1I (Muzeum Harden (1964) D.B. Harden, "Some Tomb Groups of Late Roman Date
Narodowe w Warszawie, Warsaw 1952, 1962) in the Amman Museum", Ann. 3e Congr. JIV(Damas, 1964) 48-55.
Fishbourne 11: B. Cunliffe, Excavations at Fishbourne 1961-1969, Vo!. 11, Harden (1968) D.B. Harden, "The Canosa Group of Hellenistic Glasses
The Finds (Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of in the British Museum",lGS 10 (1968) 21-47.
Antiquaries of London, No. XXVII, Leeds, 1971); specifically D.B. Harden (1969) D.B. Harden, "Ancient Glass, I: Pre-Roman",
Harden and J. Price, "The Glass", pp. 317-68, pis. XXV-XXVIII. Archaeological Journal 125 (1968; pub!. 1969) 46-72, pis. I-X.
Forbes (1966) R.J. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology V (2nd ed., Harden (1970) D.B. Harden, "Ancient Glass, 11: Roman", Archae-
Leiden, 1966) 112-236 ("Glass"). ologicaIJournal 126 (1969; pub!. 1970) 44-77, pis. I-XII.
Fortuna (1965) M.T. Fortuna, "I vetri soffiati della necropoli di Heinemeyer (1966) (E. Heinemeyer) Kunstmuseum Diisseldorf, Glas I
Akko",lGS 7 (1965) 17-25. (Kataloge des Kunstmuseums Dlisseldorfl, 1966).
Fortuna: see also under Canivet. Hellstrom (1965) P. Hellstrom, Labraunda 11.1, Pottery of Classical and
Fossing (1940) P. Fossing, Glass Vessels before Glass-Blowing Later Date, Terracotta LampsandGlass(Lund, 1965),especially pp.
(Copenhagen, 1940). 53-54, 84-86, pis. 29-30,40.
Fremersdorf, Ill: F. Fremersdorf, Die Denkmiilerdes romischen KOln Ill, Herbert (1964) K. Herbert, Ancient Art in Bowdoin College (Cambridge,
Romisches Buntglas in KOln (Koln, 1958). Mass_, 1964).
Fremersdorf, IV: F. Fremersdorf, Die Denkmiiler des romischen KOln IV, Histria 11: P. Alexandrescu, in (ed. Em. Condurachi) Histria I1
Das naturfarbene sogenannte blau-griine Glas in Koln (Koln, 1958)_ (Bucarest, 1966).
Fremersdorf, VI: F. Fremersdorf, Die Denkmiiler des romischen KOln VI, Honey (1946) W.B. Honey, Glass: A Handbook ... (Victoria & Albert
Romisches geformtes Glas in KOln (Koln, 1961). Museum, London, 1946).
Fremersdorf, VII: F. Fremersdorf, Die Denkmiilerdes romischen KOln
Isings (1957) C. Isings, Roman Glass from Dated Finds (Archaeologia 1970). Sections on glass by M.P. Moriconi.
Traieciina, 11; Groningen & Djakarta, 1957).
Isings (1965) C. Isings, in M.J. Vermaseren & c.c. Van Essen, The Papathanasopoulou (1966) r. A. na1Ta8avaoo1Toui\ov,
Excavations in the Mithraeum of the Church of Santa Prisca in Rome 'Ei\i\TjvwTu<a 'Yvai\wa a'Y'Ycia TOU MOVOELOV nvi\ov, A Delt.
(Leiden, 1965),508-29. 21 (1966) A' 184-197, pis. 66-69 and r ' .. LT:
Israeli, Mus. Haaretz: Y. Israeli, The Glass Collection of the Museum
Haaretz (Museum Haaretz, Tel-Aviv, undated). Rademacher (1942) F. Rademacher, "Frankische Glaser aus dem Rheinland",
Bl 147 (1942) 285-344, pis. 41-72.
Richborough I·IV: J.P. Bushe-Fox,Firsl/ Second/Third/ Fourth Report on the
Khayat Sale (1917) Fifth Avenue Auction Rooms, Inc. (New York), Sale no.
Excavation of the Roman Fort at Richborough, Kent (Reports of the
1475, Dec. 14 & 15, 1917: A ncient Greek and Roman Glass ... collected
Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London, Nos.
by Mr. Azeez Khayat.
VI,VII,X,XVI; Oxford, 1926,1928,1932,1949).
Kisa (1908) A. Kisa, Das Glas im Altertume (3 vols., Leipzig, 1908).
de Ridder (1909) A. de Ridder, Collection de Clercq VI, Les terres cuites
Kunisch (1967) N. Kunisch, "Neuerworbene antike Glaser der
etles verres (Paris, 1909).
Antikenabteilung der Staatlichen Museen Berlin", AAnz, 1967, 179-96.
Royal Cemeteries of Kush IV: D. Dunham, Royal Cemeteries of Kush IV,
Royal Tombs at Meroe and Barkal (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 1957).
Labino (1966) D. Labino, "The Egyptian Sand-Core Technique: A New
Interpretation",JGS 8 (1966) 124-27. von Saldern (1959) A. von SaId ern, "Glass Finds at Gordion",JGS I (1959)
Lamm (1930) c.J. Lamm, Mi/lelalterliche Glaser und Steinschni/larbeiten 23-50.
aus dem Nahen Osten (Forschungen zur islamischen Kunst, hrsgb. von von Said ern (1968) A. von Said ern, A ncient Glass in the Museum of Fine A
Friedrich Sarre, v; Berlin, 1930). rts, Boston (1968).
Lancel (1967) S. Lancel, Verrerie antique de Tipasa (Paris, 1967). Leiden Samaria-Sebastelll: G.M. Crowfoot, "The Glass", inJ.W.Crowfoot, G.M.
Cat.: (W.c. Braat) Glas uit de Oudheid/ Verres de l'antiquite (exhibition, Crowfoot, K.M. Kenyon et al., Samaria-Sebaste Ill, The Objects from
Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden, 18/519/8/1962). Samaria (London, 1957) 403-22, pI. xxv.
Loch Catalogue: (N. Leipen) The Loch Collection of Cypriote Antiquities Sangiorgi (1914) (Sangiorgi Coli.) G. Sangiorgi, Collezione di vetri antichi
(ROM, Toronto, 1966). dalle origini al V sec. d.e. (Milano/Roma, 1914).
Lullies (1955) R. Lullies, Eine Sammlung griechischer Kleinkunst SCE IV.3: O. Vessberg; "Glass: Typology-Chronology", in O.
(MUnchen, 1955?). (H. von Schoen Collection, Lugano; now in Vessberg and A. Westholm, The Swedish Cyprus Expedition IV Part 3, The
Staatliche Antikensammlung, MUnchen.) Hellenistic and Roman Periods in Cyprus (Lund, 1956) 128-75,193-219,
figs. 41-63.
McFadden (1946) G.H. McFadden, "A Tomb of the Necropolis of Ayios Schuler (1959) F. Schuler, "Ancient Glassmaking Techniques: The Molding
Ermoyenis at Kourion", AlA 50 (1946) 449-89, pIs. XXXIV· XLIX. Process", Archaeology 12 (1959) 47-52.
Marconi (1932) P. Marconi, "Vetri romani net Museo di Zara", Bolle/lino Schuler (1962) F. Schuler, "Ancient Glassmaking Techniques: The Egyptian
d'arte 26 (1932) 33-41. Core-vessel Process", Archaeology 15 (1962) 32-37.
Masterpieces of Glass: D.B. Harden, K.S. Painter, R.H. PinderWilson and Schulman, List: lacques Schulman, N. V. (Keizersgracht 448 Amsterdam);
H. Tait, Masterpieces of Glass (exhibition, British Museum, London, List, No ....
1968). Simonett (1941) C. Simonett, Tessiner Graberfelder (Monographien zur Ur-
Mladenova (1963) 71. Mna.L\eHOBa, 'npe.L\MeTH 01' CTbKno H und FrUhgeschichte der Schweiz, Ill; Basel, 1941).
ana6aCTbp 01' HeKponona Ha AnonOHHH', in (l1B. BellellHKOB et Slg. Bremen: W. Bremen, Die alten Glasgemalde und Hohlglaser der
al.) AnonoHHH (Sofia, 1963) 305-312,pls.162-168. Sammlung Bremen in Krefeld (= Bl, Beihefte 13, Koln, 1964).
Morin-Jean (1913) Morin-Jean, La Verrerle en Gaule sous l'empire romain Slg. Kirchner-Schwarz: see Auktion Helbing (11J14).
(Paris, 1913). Slg. Niessen: Beschreibung romischer A ltertiimer gesammelt von Carl Anton
Morin-Jean: see also Daremberg/Saglio. Niessen, britischem Consul in COIn a. Rh., 3. Bearbeitung (COln, 1911).
Slg. Ruesch: Sammlung A. Ruesch, Ziirich: Griechische, etruskische und
Nessana I: D.B. Harden, "Glass", in ed. H. Dunscombe Colt, Excavations at romische Altertiimer, Auktion in Luzern, Galerie Fischer, 1936. (Section
Nessana 1 (London, 1962),76-91. v, "Glaser" = pp. 27-30, pI. 60.)
Neuburg (1949) F. Neuburg, Glass in Antiquity (London, 1949). Neuburg Slg. Schiller: see under Zahn.
(1962) F. Neuburg, Antikes Glas (Darmstadt, 1962)/ A ncient Glass (London, Slg. Vogell: (1. Boehlau) Griechische Altertiimer siidrussischen Fundorts
1962). References here are to the English edition. aus dem Besitze des Herrn A. Vogell, Karlsruhe (Versteigerung zu
Nolte & Haevernick (1967) B. Nolte and T.E. Haevernick, "Agyptische und Kassel durch M. Cramer, 26-30 Mai, 1908).
griechische frUhe Glasgefasse", in Die griechische Vase (Wissentliche Smith: see Glass from the Ancient World.
Zeitschrift der Universitat Rostock, 16. Jahrgang, 1967, Gesellschafts- Sorokina (1962) H. n. COpOKI1Ha, 'CTeKno 113 paCKonOK
und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe, Heft 7/8 & Heft 9/10; Rostock, naHTI1KanC',1 1945-59 rr.' , in Materiali 103 (1962) 210-36.
1967) 491-93, pis. 58-65. Sorokina (1965) H. n. CopoKHHa, 'CTeKnHHHb!e COCYllbl 113
TaHaHca' ,in Ll,peBHOCTI1 HI1)\(HerO Ll,oHa Materiali 127 (1965)
Oliver (1967) A. Oliver, Jr., "Late Hellenistic Glass in the Metropolitan 202-48, with 13 figs.
Museum", lGS 9 (1967) 13-33 (with additions and correctionslGS 11, Sorokina (1967) N.P. Sorokina, "Das antike Glas der Nord-
1969, 17-18). schwarzmeerkuste", Ann. 4e Congr. JIV (Ravenna, 1967) 67-79.
Oliver (1968) A. Oliver, Jr., "Millefiori Glass in Classical Antiq- Spartz (1967) E. Spartz, A ntike Glaser (Kataloge der Staatlichen
uity",lGS 10(1968)48-70.
Ostia 11: F. Berti, A. Carandini et al., Ostia 11 (Studi Miscellanei 16; Rome,
 Kunstsammlungen Kassel, Nr. I, 1967). Eremitage", in Die griechische Vase (Rostock, 1967) 555-60, pis.
Sunkovsky (1956) R. Sunkovsky, Antike Gliiser in Carnuntum und Wien
(Wien, 1956).
Weinberg (1965) G.D. Weinberg, in G.D. Weinberg et al., The
Ten Centuries that Shaped the West: (H. Hoffmann) Ten Centuries that Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered (Transactions of the American
Shaped the West: Greek and Roman Art in Texas Collections (exhibition, Philosophical Society, n.s. 55, part 3, Philadelphia, 1965).
Houston/Dallas/San Antonio, 1970-71). Weinberg (1966) G.D. Weinberg, "Evidence for Glassmaking in
Thera 11: H. Dragendorff et al., Thera 11 Theraeische Graeber (Berlin, Ancient Rhodes", in Melanges offerts cl K. Michalowski (Warsaw,
1903). 1966) 709-12.
Trowbridge (1930) M.L. Trowbridge, Philological Studies in Ancient Weinberg (1970) G .D. Weinberg, "Hellenistic Glass from Tel Anafa in
Glass (University of Illinois Studies in Language and Literature XIII, Nos. Upper Galilee",JGS 12(1970) 17-27.
3-4 (August, November 1928); Urbana, Ill., 1930). Weissgerber (1968) C. Weissgerber, "Die antiken Glaser im
Dortmunder Museumsbesitz", in Beitriige zur Archiiologie des
Vanderhoeven (1961) M. Vanderhoeven, Verres romains (ler-1l1me r6mischen Rheinlands (Rheinische A usgrabungen, Band 3, Diisseldorf,
siecle) des Musees Curtius et du Verre cl Liege (1. Int. du Verre, Liege, 1968) 333-61, pis. 35-51.
1961).
Vanderhoeven (1962) M. Vanderhoeven, De romeinse Glasverzameling in Zahn, Slg. Schiller: R. Zahn, Sammlung Baurat SchWer, Berlin (Rudolph
het Provinciaal Gallo-Romeins Museum (Tongeren, 1962). Lepke's Kunst-Auctions-Haus, Berlin W 35, Katalog 2008, 19-20.
Vanderhoeven (1967) M. Vanderhoeven, "La verrerie moulee sur corps Marz 1929).
de sable dans les collections beiges", Ann. 4e Congr. JI V (Ravenna, Zouhdi (1964: I) B. Zouhdi, "Les verres mosaiques et millefiori du
1967) 39-46. Musee ational de Damas", Ann. 3e Congr. JIV (Damas, 1964) 68-78.
Vente Durighello (1911) Verres et bronzes antiques-verrerie arabe: Zouhdi (1964:2) B. Zouhdi, "Les verres conserves au departement des
ancienne collection 1. -A. Durighello (Hotel Drouot, vente du 17 au 19 antiquites syriennes des epoques grecque, romaine et byzantine du
Mai 1911). Foreword by Froehner. Musee National de Damas", Bull. JIV 3 (1964) 41-54.
Vessberg (1952) O. Vessberg, "Roman Glass in Cyprus", Opuscula
Archaeologica 7 (1952) 109-65, with 24 pis.
Note: The study by Kunina and Sorokina of glass unguentaria from
Vessberg: see also SCE IV.3.
South Russia (TpYJJ.bI 3pMHTa}/(a 13, 1972, 146-177) arrived too
Vigil Pascual (1969) M. Vigil Pascual, El vidrio en el mundo antiguo
late to be taken into consideration in the present volume. In addition,
(Instituto Espanol de Arqueologia, Bibliotheca Archaeologica, VII;
the copious material illustrated in the third volume of the Gezer
Madrid, 1969). report (R.A.S. Macalister, The Excavation ofGezer Ill; London, 1912)
Voscinina (1967) A.I. Voscinina, "Friihantike Glasgefasse in der was unfortunately overlooked; for this I owe an apology.
Periodicals – Abbreviations
AAnz: Archaologischer Anzeiger.
ADelt: 'ApxawAo'Yu,(W !lEAn'ov,
AlA: American Journal of Archaeology.
Ann. ... Congr. lIV: Annales du ... Congres des Journees Inter-
nation ales du Verre.
Bl: Bonner Jahrbiicher.
BSA: Annual of the British School at Athens.
Bull. lIV: Bulletin des Journees Internationales du Verre. CRh:
Clara Rhodos.
IEl: Israel Exploration Journal.
lGS: Journal of Glass Studies.
lOA I: Jahreshefte des Osterreichischen Archaologischen
Institutes. lRS: Journal of Roman Studies.
Kolner lb.: Kolner Jahrbuch fUr Vor- und Friihgeschichte
Materiali: MaTepHaJlbI H HCCJleJl.OBaHHH no apXeOJlOfHH CCCP. Man. Ant.:
Monumenti antic hi.
NSc: Notizie degli scavi.
QDAP: Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities for Palestine. RDA
C: Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus.
Sov. arch.: COBeTCKa51 apXeOJlOfHH.
8 Int. Congr. Glass: 8th International Congress on Glass, London 1-6 July
1968: Studies in Glass History and Design.

The following abbreviations are also used in the Text and

Catalogue sections:

BM: British Museum, London.

MMNY: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New
York. ROM: Royal Ontario Museum,
Toronto.
v & A: Victoria and Albert Museum, London.

All measurements are expressed in centimetres, All

catalogued items are illustrated in the Plates, with the
exception of those marked with an asterisk in the
Catalogue,
Concordance to Plates
NOTE: Items not illustrated in the Plates or Figures are indicated in the catalogue by an asterisk. The numbers of
those examples illustrated in the halftone plates appear below in bold type followed by the number(s) of the
Plate (s) in which they are shown.

1-18 1 179-81 14 283-84 19 386 28 475 24

19-33 2 182 15 285 20 387--88 476-84 31
34-40 3 183-86 14 286 19 25 389 22 485-92 32
41 4 187-91 15 287-88 20 390-91 26 493 17
42 3 192 14 289 26 392 23 494-501
45-46 3 193 15 290-96 20 393-95 29 32 502-10
47-52 4 194-95 14 297 18 394 also 33 511 32
53-54 40 196-97 15 299-303 23 514-41 33
55-64 5 198 20 21 396 25 543-60 34
65-81 6 199-202 304 23 397 19 561-62 36
82 4 15 305 21 398-99 25 563-65 35
83-92 7 203 13 306 13 400-1 29 566 36
93 8 204 14 307-11 21 402-3 26 567-84 35
94 7 205-8 13 312 22 404 24 585-91 36
95-97 8 209 15 313-21 21 405-9 26 592-97 37
98 9 210 20 322 22 410-11 25 599 18
99 16 211 13 323 21 412-13 26 600 37
100-16 9 212 20 324-27 22 414 27 601-4 36
117 8 213 12 328-29 23 415-16 25 605-6 37
118-22 9 214 13 330-35 22 417 28 607-8 41
123 12 215-26 16 336-38 23 418 25 610 34
124-25 11 227 17 339 25 419-20 26 611 37
126 12 228-32 16 340-41 23 421 27
342 22 612 35
127-28 8 232 also 422 26
129-30 12 17 343-44 23 613 37
423 23
131 8 233 41 345 22 615-17 38
424 28
132-44 10 234 17 346 23 618-35 39
425-38 27
145-47 11 235-36 16 347 22 439 26 636 4,
148-54 12 237 17 348-50 23 440 27 40
155 24 238 16 351 21 441-44 28 637 41
156-57 12 239-41 17 352 29 445 19 638 39
156 also 242 16 353-57 23 446 28 639-45 40
19 158-59 243-51 17 358-60 28 447-48 29 646-48 39
8 160-62 252-53 16 361 22 449 28 649 17
13 254 17 362 29 450-53 29 650 34
163 12 255-56 41 363-68 24 454 28 651 40
164 19 257-69 18 369 22 455-57 29 652-54 43
165 12 270 20 370-71 30 458 28 655 19
166 17 271-72 8 373 21 459-60 29 656 43
167-68 12 273-74 19 374-78 24 461-62 28 657-70 42
169 8 275 20 379 25 463-69 30
170-72 12 276-77 19 380 31 470 3 I
173-76 14 278-79 20 381-83 25 471-72 30
177 30 280-81 7 384 28 473 31
178 42 282 22 385 23 474 28
HISTORY OF THE COLLECTION the core-made pieces (32) contained a cutting from an
The Royal Ontario Museum's first large collection of ancient unidentified sale catalogue which appears to refer to it.
glass was formed in the years following 1910 with funds Unfortunately no provenances were supplied with any of
provided by Mr. Walter E.H. Massey. Purchased by the first these vessels-an all too frequent failing of private collections
Director of the Museum, Dr. Currelly, in the Middle East, this of this kind, and one which considerably lessens their value
comprises a number of pieces from the Fayoum (916.1 series) for scholarly purposes. The Syro-Palestinian pieces in this
and a larger number from Egypt and Syria with no specific collection almost all have a highly iridescent surface-very
provenance (909.3 series; most of the unprovenanced items probably the result of deliberate "doctoring" by the dealers
in the 951x8 series are probably from this source also). These from whom they were acquired-which tends to obscure the
early acquisitions, some 250 in all, mostly exhibit a natural real character of the glass. In this respect they contrast
weathering in the form of a thin creamy crust (the Egyptian markedly with the Museum's earlier acquisitions from the
pieces are virtually unweathered); pronounced iridescence same regions. Most of the core-made pieces, however, have
and a black crust are present in a few cases only. Other early not suffered from this treatment, which seems to indicate
acquisitions include a collection of pieces from Palestine that they were acquired from a different source.
(910.52 series) acquired from Vester & Co. in Jerusalem in A third major source was the Loch collection of Cypriot
1910; many of these have siteprovenances. Some millefiori antiquities, presented to the Museum by the Dowager Lady
bowls were purchased from the same source in 1923 (923.54 Loch in 1965 (965.114 series). This includes over sixty
series). Further items came to the Museum in 1918 with the pieces of Syrian and Cypriot glass acquired in Cyprus.
purchase of the collections of Dr. W.A. Sturge (Mildenhall, Various other vessels have come to the Museum at
England); these include the core-wound hydria 21 and the different times from private Toronto collections. Some
fine cinerary urn 615, both from Italian sites, and a number further material from Palestine was donated by Dr. T.J.
of other pieces apparently from Italian, Cypriot and Meek in 1952 (952.118 series), and a small SyroPalestinian
Palestinian sources (918.5 series). collection came by bequest from Mrs. Ina B. McKinnon in
During the 1920s and early 1930s a number of items were the same year (952.10 series); some pieces from Cyprus
acquired in England. These include two vessels formerly in were donated by the late Mr. Desmond Fitzgerald (959.130
the Sir John Evans collection, and a number of others of series). A few individual items come from other gifts and
North European and British origin. Several items (in the purchases made over the years; these are noted in the
924.14 series) are claimed to be from the old collections of Catalogue. A small collection donated in 1971 by Mr. and
the Chichester Museum (dispersed after the First World Mrs. S.J. Zacks is listed as an appendix.
War); however, the British findspots claimed for these seem Some of the earlier acquisitions were discussed by D.B.
impossible I-the majority are in fact late Palestinian or Syrian Harden in his publication of the Karanis finds (see Harden,
pieces-and are here discounted. 1936,passim).3 The pieces from the Loch collection were
The second major source of the Museum's glass collection listed by N. Leipen in The Loch Collection of Cypriote
was a donation in 1950 of some 200 pieces by the late Miss Antiquities (ROM exhibition catalogue, 1966). The rest are
Helen Norton of Montreal (950.157 series). The large .private (with a few exceptions) published here for the first time.
collection of which these formed only a small part2 is said to I wish to take the opportunity here of expressing my
have been mostly acquired in Syria; however, a number of thanks to the various benefactors past and present, whose
items can be traced to New York sales in the 1920s. One generosity has contributed to the building up of the
piece (642) comes originally from the Sir John Evans collections listed below. Their gifts have made the present
collection, some others are clearly Western (e.g. 617), and volume possible.
one of
DATING-EVIDENCE disagree with the published opinions of the excavators of
The dating-evidence for the various classes of preRoman sites on the dates of their finds. Since in at least two
core-made glass is conveniently summarized by Fossing instances a considerable readjustment of established datings
(1940), that for Roman glass from the West by Isings (1957) is involved, some explanation seems appropriate at this
and Berger (1960); further evidence is cited in more recent point. Let us consider these questions site by site.
studies. In both cases a large body of material is available
from closed and welldated deposits, permitting in most 1) Tel Anafa. Weinberg (1970, 18) claims, on the basis
instances fairly close dating of individual types-though for mainly of the coin-evidence, that this site was abandoned c.
some periods (e.g. later Hellenistic times) the evidence is 75 B.C.. This seems contradicted by finds from Knossos,
still rather inadequate. The dates proposed below for where ribbed bowls analogous to those from Tel Anafa
examples of these classes are therefore fairly secure. occur in late first century B.c./early first century A.D.
In the case of Roman glass from the East the available groupS.5 There is as yet no evidence from other sites that
dating-evidence is far less satisfactory. In Egypt it still these types were produced any earlier. It may also- be noted
depends very largely on the finds from a single site (Karanis; that a fragment with fluting and cut decoration is paralleled
see comments below). The material from Syria, Palestine at Samaria in an allegedly late first century B.C. context,6
and Cyprus, though extremely rich, can rarely be dated while the earlier types of fluted bowl (see Catalogue, no. 45)
precisely in the manner of the Western finds, since in most are apparently absent at Tel Anafa. A Herodian (i.e.
cases it comes from communal or family chamber-tombs Augustan) date for the final occupation, possibly going
used over extended periods of time, in which the vessels down into the first years A.D., seems called for.7
deposited with individual burials can rarely be isolated.
Some valuable evidence is provided by sites occupied briefly 2) Karanis. The date of the latest occupation here, crucial
during the Second Jewish Revolt (A.D 132-5),4 and the finds for the dating of Late Roman glass in Egypt and the whole of
from Dura-Europos (destroyed in A.D. 256) give a picture of the East, has generally been assumed to be fourth or early
those types current by the middle of the third century-though fifth century, again mainly on the coin-evidence from the
it must be stressed that this site affords merely a terminus site as a whole. However, this is open to question: most of
ante quem, since many of the pieces from there are of earlier the best groups of glass of Harden's "late" fabrics were
types, and relatively few have a precise findspot. Apart from found in closed deposits together with dishes and bowls of
this, Syro-Palestinian glasswhich forms the bulk of the African Red Slip Ware (Late Roman B) of types which
Toronto collections-has to be dated largely on stylistic elsewhere8 occur only in groups of late fifth- to early
grounds, and on the evidence provided by parallel types from sixth-century date.9 A closer examination reveals that
the West. I have here attempted to establish a stylistic virtually no coins were actually present in these Karanis
sequence within each of the various classes, using such groups, or in those levels which stood in direct
datingevidence as is available for each, in order to arrive at a stratigraphical relationship to them, so generalizations on
more precise date for individual types. The dates appended to the basis of finds from elsewhere on the site are hazardous,
each piece in the Catalogue should thus be regarded as the associated pottery in these cases providing the surest
merely approximate-relative rather than absolute, and guide to date. The glass shapes common in these groups
subject to fluctuation as other examples of their class are comprise the oval dishes of Harden's class I type A I, the
redated. The same is largely true in the case of the Cypriot shallow bowls class n A I (a)-(b), the deep bowls class III A
series, which is dated in part on the analogy of Syrian and I (b), the "wine-glasses" class VII (cups) A I, the jars with
Western pieces. The dangers of such a subjective approach zigzag trails class VIII A 11, the "poppy head" jars class VIII
are obvious, but, I hope, partly offset by the number of C, and some large examples of the flasks of class IX
examples available for comparison. It will be seen that some (principally type A [ (a) 3-4, with a frilled coil on the
of the dates proposed below for individual pieces vary by as shoulder). Folded rims, pad-bases, and trailed threads and
much as a couple of centuries from those given by other zigzags in plain glass are characteristic of these types. Some
authors (who disagree among themselves), even in the case other late types (in Harden's fabrics 3-5) are conspicuously
of some relatively wellknown types. This merely illustrates absent, notably the conical lamps with prunt decoration
our present lack of knowledge. (class VI, passim) and a series of dishes and bowls with
It should be noted that in certain cases I have chosen to reworked (not folded) rims.