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    Tutorial 3-Necleic Acid

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    Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in the 1950s. They explained that DNA is a double-stranded helical structure. Each strand consists of nucleotides composed of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. The paired nucleotides on each strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form the polynucleotide backbone.

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    Tutorial 3-Necleic Acid

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    68 views4 pages
    Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in the 1950s. They explained that DNA is a double-stranded helical structure. Each strand consists of nucleotides composed of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. The paired nucleotides on each strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form the polynucleotide backbone.

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    Tutorial 3-Necleic acid

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    Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in the 1950s. They explained that DNA is a double-stranded helical structure. Each strand consists of nucleotides composed of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. The paired nucleotides on each strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form the polynucleotide backbone.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    68 views4 pages

    Tutorial 3-Necleic Acid

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    Eng
    Watson and Crick discovered the structure of DNA in the 1950s. They explained that DNA is a double-stranded helical structure. Each strand consists of nucleotides composed of a phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base. Adenine pairs with thymine via two hydrogen bonds, and guanine pairs with cytosine via three hydrogen bonds. The paired nucleotides on each strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds to form the polynucleotide backbone.

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    of 4

    202105

    UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN


    CENTRE FOR FOUNDATION STUDIES

    FHSC1214 FUNDAMENTALS OF CELL BIOLOGY

    TUTORIAL 3
    BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES III

    [Source: Final Examination for Sept 2019]


    Q1. Figure 1 shows part of a DNA molecule.
    Hydrogen bond

    Pentose

    Phosphate

    Figure 1

    (a) Explain how structure D is different in DNA and RNA. (2 marks)


    Structure D (pentose sugar) in DNA is deoxyribose and in RNA it is a ribose.
    Deoxyribose lacks of hydroxyl on the second carbon where as ribose
    contains hydroxyl group on its second carbon.

    (b) Identify the purine that forms bond C. (1 mark)


    Guanine.

    (c) Complete Table 1 to show the percentages of bases. (3 marks)

    Table 1
    Bases Percentages
    Guanine 16
    Thymine 34
    Adenine 34
    Cytosine 16

    1
    202105

    [Source: Final Assessment for Jan 2020 (truncated)]


    Q2. (a) State whether the nucleic acid shown in Figure 2.1 is a DNA or RNA. Provide
    justification on your answer in not more than 50 words. Suppose 15% of the
    bases are Z, what would be the percentage of base X? (5 marks)

    Figure 2.1

    It is a DNA. The second carbon of the pentose sugar does not connect to
    hydroxyl group. It contains adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. The
    nucleic acid is double stranded. The backbonds run in opposite 5’ to 3’
    direction from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel. Base X is
    also 35%.

    [Source: Final Assessment for May 2020]


    (b) Figure 2.2 shows the sequence of one of the polynucleotides of a DNA
    molecule.
    3’-GAACTTACTGA-5’
    Figure 2.2

    (i) State the base sequence of the polynucleotide complementary to Figure


    2.2. (2 marks)
    5’-CTTGAATGACT-3’

    (ii) Explain how you decipher the base sequence in (b) (i). Answer in not
    more than 60 words. (4 marks)

    By using complementary base pairing rule. Adenine (A) always pair up


    with Thymine (T). Guanine (G) always pair up Cytosine (C).
    Double strands of DNA are antiparallel. Their C-5’ to C-3’ orientations
    run in opposite directions.

    2
    202105

    [Source: Final Examination for Dec 2019]


    Q3. (a) Briefly explain how DNA can form a double helix. (2 marks)
    Hydrogen bonds are formed between the complimentary base paring. Adenine
    (A) always pair up with Thymine (T). Guanine (G) always pair up Cytosine
    (C).

    [Source: Final Assessment for Dec 2020 (truncated)]


    (b) State THREE (3) differences between a DNA and an mRNA. Answer in not
    more than 80 words. (3 marks)

    DNA mRNA
    Sugar Deoxyribose ribose
    No. of strands Double Single
    Nitrogenous Adenine, Cytosine, Adenine, Cytosine,
    bases Guanine and Guanine and Uracil
    Thymine
    Function Carry genetic Carry information to
    information form protein.

    [Source: Final Assessment for Apr 2021]


    Q4. Figure 1.2 shows James Watson and Francis Crick who discovered the structure of
    deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in the 1950s.

    Figure 1.2

    What do you think they were explaining regarding their finding? Answer in not
    more than 100 words. (6 marks)

    DNA is double stranded. The double strands of DNA twist around each other to form a
    helical structure called double helix. Each strand consists of a lot of nucleotides.
    A nucleotide is composed of phosphates group, pentose sugar and nitrogenous base.
    The nitrogenous bases can be divided into 4 types: adenine (A), guanine (G),
    cytosine(C) and thymine(T). A will pair up with T and form two hydrogen bonds
    between them.

    3
    202105

    G will pair up with C and form three hydrogen bonds between them. Nucleotides are
    link together to form a polynucleotide by phosphodiester linkage. Purine base of a
    polynucleotide strand will pair up with pyrimidine base of another polynucleotide
    strand.

    [Source: Final Examination for Apr 2016]


    Q5. Figure 4 shows part of a polynucleotide molecule.

    Figure 4

    (a) Name bond N. (1 mark)


    Hydrogen bond

    (b) With justifications, state whether the polynucleotide shown in Figure 4 is


    DNA or RNA. (3 marks)
    The polynucleotide is DNA. It is double stranded. The nitrogenous bases found
    in the polynucleotide molecule are adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine.

    (c) Contrast the structural features of a polypeptide molecule with the


    polynucleotide shown in Figure 4. (3 marks)

    Polypeptide Polynucleotide
    Monomer Amino acid Nucleotide
    Bond Peptide Phosphodiester
    No. of strands One Two

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