ALGEBRA FORMULAS

Quadratic Equation
Given: 𝒂𝒙𝒏 + 𝒃𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + ⋯ + 𝒚𝒙 + 𝒛 = 𝟎
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
Property Formula
Quadratic Formula
Sum of all 𝑏
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 roots 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛 = −
𝑥= 𝑎
2𝑎 𝑐
Sum of product 𝑥1 𝑥2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 =
Discriminant (choose two) 𝑎
𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 Sum of product 𝑑
Sum of Roots (choose three) 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 + ⋯ 𝑥𝑛−2 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 = −
𝑎
𝑏 Sum of product 𝑒
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = − 𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛−3 𝑥𝑛−2 𝑥𝑛−1 𝑥𝑛 =
𝑎 (choose four) 𝑎
Product of Roots
𝑐 … …
𝑥1 ⋅ 𝑥2 =
𝑎

Forecast of Roots
Cubic Equation
𝑓(𝑥) = 0
𝑎𝑥 3 + 𝑏𝑥 2 + 𝑐𝑥 + 𝑑 = 0
No. of roots = Degree of 𝑓(𝑥)
Sum of Roots
No. of + roots = No. of change in signs in 𝑓(𝑥) minus an even no.
𝑏 No. of - roots = No. of change in signs in 𝑓(−𝑥) minus an even no.
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −
𝑎
Product of Roots
Remainder Theorem
𝑑
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥3 = − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑅
𝑎 = 𝑞(𝑥) +
Sum of Products of Roots 𝑥−𝑟 𝑥−𝑟
𝑐 𝑅 = 𝑓(𝑟)
𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑥1 𝑥3 + 𝑥2 𝑥3 =
𝑎
Factor Theorem
Example If: 𝑅 = 𝑓(𝑟) = 0
Find the roots of the equation. Then:
3
𝑥 − 13𝑥 + 12 = 0 (𝑥 − 𝑟) is a factor of polynomial 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝐺: 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞. 𝑟 is a root of function 𝑓(𝑥)
• 𝑅: 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 =?
• 𝐸, 𝑆: calculator
• 𝐴: Binomial Theorem
o 𝑥1 = −4 (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛
o 𝑥2 = 3 𝒓𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎 = (𝒏𝑪𝒒)𝒂𝒑 𝒃𝒒
o 𝑥3 = 1 𝑞 =𝑟−1
𝑝+𝑞 =𝑛→𝑝=𝑛−𝑞
Other Properties in Binomial Expansion Arithmetic Sequence
• First term is 𝑎 𝑛 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … 𝑎𝑛
• Last term is 𝑏 𝑛 Common Difference
• Middle term is 𝑟-th term, 𝑟 =
𝑛+2 𝑑 = 𝑎2 − 𝑎1 = 𝑎3 − 𝑎2 = ⋯
2
n-th Term
• Sum of Exponents, SOE
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑
o (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒏 → 𝑺𝑶𝑬 = 𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)
Sum of n Terms
o (𝒂 + 𝒌)𝒏 → 𝑺𝑶𝑬 = 𝑛
𝟐
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 )
(𝒂𝒙 + 𝒃𝒚 ) → 𝑺𝑶𝑬 =
𝒏(𝒏+𝟏)(𝒙+𝒚) 2
o 𝟐 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑)
• Sum of Numerical Coefficients, SNC 2
o (𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 Arithmetic Mean
▪ Replace variables by 1. 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑎3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛
𝐴𝑀 =
𝑛
▪ Proceed with operations.
𝑥+𝑦
o (𝑎 + 𝑘)𝑛 𝐴𝑀 =
2
▪ Replace variables by 1.
Geometric Sequence
Series of Perfect Squares 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … , 𝑎𝑛
𝑛(𝑛+1)(2𝑛+1) Common Ratio
• 12 + 22 + 32 + ⋯ + 𝑛2 = 6 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑
𝒓= = =⋯
𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐
Sum of Sums n-th Term
• (1) + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 𝒂𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 𝒓(𝒏−𝟏)
𝑛(𝑛+1)(𝑛+2)
3 + ⋯ + 𝑛) = 6 Sum of n Terms
𝟏 − 𝒓𝒏
𝑺𝒏 = 𝒂𝟏 ( )
Sum of Products 𝟏−𝒓
• (𝑛)(𝑚) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑚 − 1) + (𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 − 2) + Geometric Mean
𝑛(𝑛+1)(3𝑚−𝑛+1)
⋯ (1)(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 1) = 𝑮𝑴 = √𝒂𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒂𝟑 … 𝒂𝒏
6
• 𝑛<𝑚 𝐺𝑀 = √𝑥𝑦
Sum of Infinite Terms
𝑎1
𝑆=
1−𝑟

Sum of Perfect Sum of Sums Sum of Products

Squares
𝟏𝟐 + 𝟐𝟐 + 𝟑𝟐 + ⋯ + 𝒏𝟐 (1) + (1 + 2) + (1 + 2 + 3) + ⋯ + (1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ + 𝑛) (𝑛)(𝑚) + (𝑛 − 1)(𝑚 − 1) + (𝑛 − 2)(𝑚 − 2) + ⋯ (1)(𝑚 − 𝑛 + 1)

𝒏(𝒏 + 𝟏)(𝟐𝒏 + 𝟏) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2) 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(3𝑚 − 𝑛 + 1)

𝑺𝒏 =
𝟔 𝑆𝑛 = 𝑆𝑛 =
6 6
Ball Dropped From a Height Problem Shortcut For One Piece of Work:
𝟐𝒉𝟏 Case 1:
𝒅 = 𝒉𝟎 + Workers A, B, …
𝟏−𝒓
works alone
ℎ1 = ℎ𝑜 ⋅ 𝑟 and later
work together.
−𝟏
Harmonic Sequence 𝟏 𝟏
𝒕𝑨𝑩… = ( + + ⋯ )
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … 𝐴𝑛 𝒕𝑨 𝒕𝑩
Terms of Arithmetic Sequence Case 2:
Corresponding to Harmonic Sequence Workers A, B, and C
work in combinations
1 AB, AC, and BC,
𝑎1 =
𝐴1 and later work together.
1 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 −𝟏
𝑎2 = 𝒕𝑨𝑩𝑪 = 𝟐 ( + + )
𝐴2 𝒕𝑨𝑩 𝒕𝑨𝑪 𝒕𝑩𝑪
And so on…
Harmonic Mean Mixtures
𝑛
𝐻𝑀 =
1 1 1
𝐴1 + 𝐴2 + ⋯ + 𝐴𝑛
1 1 1 −1
𝐻𝑀 = 𝑛 ( + +⋯+ )
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
2𝑥𝑦
𝐻=
𝑥+𝑦

Constant Velocity
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑡
Body Moving in Stationary Medium 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑎𝑣𝑒. 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 Σ𝑦 = 𝑦
Body Moving (with velocity x) in 𝚺𝑪𝒙 = 𝑪𝒙
Moving Medium (with velocity y)
Going with Medium
Coins
𝑣 =𝑥+𝑦
• 1$ = 100¢
Body Going against Medium
• US Coins Denominations
𝑣 =𝑥−𝑦
o 1 penny = 1 ¢
o 1 nickel = 5 ¢
Work or Accomplishment
o 1 dime = 10 ¢
For One Worker
o 1 quarter = 25 ¢
𝐴 = 𝑟𝑡
o 1 half-dollar = 50 ¢
𝐴 = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑡 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
For a group of 𝑵 workers:
𝑨 = 𝒓𝑵𝒕
Age Problems Ratio
𝑎: 𝑏; 𝑐: 𝑑
Past Present Future
(𝒙 years (𝒚 years after • 𝑎 and 𝑑 are called extremes.
before present)
present) • 𝑏 and 𝑐 are called means.
Word markers Was, Is, are, Will, Mean Proportional
were, ago now shall, 𝑎: 𝑥; 𝑥: 𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑎: 𝑥: 𝑑
hence
𝑥 = 𝐺𝑀 = √𝐴𝐷
Age (𝑨) 𝐴−𝑥 𝐴 𝐴+𝑥
Representation
Proportion
𝑎 𝑐
Clock =
𝑏 𝑑
• 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 = 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th proportional

Proportionality or Variation
One Directly Proportional Variable
𝑄𝛼𝑥
𝑄 = 𝑘𝑥
One Inversely Proportional Variable
1
𝑄𝛼
𝑦
𝑚 1
ℎ = ℎ0 + 5 ⋅ 𝑄=𝑘⋅
60 𝑦
𝒎 Two Directly Proportional Variables
𝒉− = 𝒉𝒐
𝟏𝟐
𝑄 𝛼 𝑥𝑦
SH: MH: HH; 3600: 60: 5
𝑄 = 𝑘𝑥𝑦
SH MH HH
= = Two Inversely Proportional Variables
3600 12 1
30° = 5 spaces = 5 min 1
𝑄𝛼
𝑥𝑦
1
MH and HH Angle Divisible by 5 Problem Shortcut 𝑄=𝑘⋅
𝑥𝑦
60
𝑚 = (𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡 ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝐻) ( ) One Directly and One Inversely
11 Proportional Variables
𝑥
MH and HH Bisected Problem 𝑄𝛼
𝑦
60 𝑥
𝑚 = (ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝐻) ( ) 𝑄=𝑘
13 𝑦

Clock Interchange Problem Shortcut

60
𝑚 = (ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝐻𝐻 + ℎ𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑀𝐻 × 12) ( )
143
Venn Diagram Formulas Means of Two Numbers
Arithmetic Mean
𝑥+𝑦
𝐴𝑀 =
2
Geometric Mean
𝐺𝑀 = √𝑥𝑦
Harmonic Mean
2𝑥𝑦
|𝐴 ∪ 𝐵| = |𝐴| + |𝐵| − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| 𝐻𝑀 =
𝑥+𝑦
Quadratic Mean or Root Mean Square

𝑥2 + 𝑦2
𝑄𝑀 𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑀𝑆 = √
2
Relationship Between Means:
𝐺𝑀2
𝐻𝑀 =
𝐴𝑀

|𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶| = |𝐴| + |𝐵| + |𝐶|

−|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵| − |𝐴 ∩ 𝐶| − |𝐵 ∩ 𝐶|
+|𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶|

Percent
𝑥
%𝑥 = ⋅ 100
𝑅
A is P % more than B
𝐴−𝐵
%𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝑃% =
𝐵
𝐴 = (1 + 𝑃)𝐵
A is P% less than B.
𝐴−𝐵
%𝐴 − 𝐵 = −𝑃% =
𝐵
𝐴 = (1 − 𝑃)𝐵
 Trigonometry formulas
Six Trigonometric Functions Special Functions

QII – only
sin and csc
are positive. QI – all
positive

QIII – QIV– only

only tan cos and sec
and cot are positive. are positive. • Versine: 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉) = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝛉)
• Vercosine: vercosin(θ) = 1 + cos(θ)
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = • Coversine: 𝐜𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉) = 𝟏 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉)
ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟

• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑎𝑑𝑗
= ℎ𝑦𝑝 =
𝑥 • Covercosine: covercos(θ) = 1 + sin(θ)
𝑟
𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉)
𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦 • Haversine: 𝐡𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝛉) =
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗 = 𝑥
𝟐
vercosin(θ)
1 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 • Havercosine: havercosin(θ) =
• 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑜𝑝𝑝 = 𝑦 2
coversin(θ)
1 ℎ𝑦𝑝 𝑟 • Hacoversine: hacoversin(θ) =
• 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = = = 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 covercos(θ)
1 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝑥 • Hacovercosine: hacovercos(θ) =
• 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = = = 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 𝑜𝑝𝑝 𝑦
• Exsecant: 𝐞𝐱𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝛉) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝛉) − 𝟏
• Excosecant: excsc(θ) = csc(θ) − 1
Angle Units Conversion
1 rev = 360 degrees
Angle Measurement
1 rev = 2π rad
Complement Angle, 𝚺𝜽 = 𝟗𝟎°
1 rev = 400 grad
𝜃𝑐 = 90° − 𝜃
1 rev = 6400 mils
Supplement Angle, 𝚺𝜽 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝜃𝑠 = 180° − 𝜃
Explement Angle, 𝚺 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝜃𝑥 = 360° − 𝜃
Coterminal Angles
𝜃 = 𝜃 + (𝑛)(360°), 𝑛 = 1,2,3, …
Special Angles Trigonometric Identities
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝜽 = 𝟏
o Divide by cos2 𝜃 and sin2 𝜃 to get two
more identities.
o 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
o cot 2 𝜃 + 1 = csc 2 𝜃
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
o Add both equations to get product to sum
identity of sine-cosine.
o 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩)
o Set B = A in sin(𝐴 + 𝐵) to get double
angle identity of sine.
o 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
• 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩
o Add both equations to get product to sum
identity of cosine-cosine.
o 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩) + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩)
o Subtract equations to get product to sum
identity of sine-sine.
o 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 − 𝑩) − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑨 + 𝑩)
o Set B = A in cos(𝐴 + 𝐵) to get double
angle identity for cosine.
o 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
▪ Set cos 2 𝐴 = 1 − sin2 𝐴
▪ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨
𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝑨 = (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨))
𝟐
Special Triangles ▪ Set sin 𝐴 = 1 − cos 2 𝐴
2

▪ 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 − 𝟏
𝟏
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝑨 = (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝑨))
𝟐
•
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 + 𝑩) =
𝟏 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝑨 − 𝑩) =
𝟏 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑨 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑩
o Set B = A in tan(𝐴 + 𝐵)
2 tan 𝐴
o tan(2𝐴) =
1−tan2 𝐴

• 𝐬𝐢𝐧(−𝜽) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝐜𝐨𝐬(−𝜽) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝐭𝐚𝐧(−𝜽) = − 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
• 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟗𝟎° ± 𝜽)
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐜𝐬𝐜(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝜽 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜(𝟗𝟎° − 𝜽)
Inverse Trigonometric Functions Right Triangle
• arcsin 𝑥 = sin−1
𝑥
• arccos 𝑥 = cos−1 𝑥
• arctan 𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥
• arccsc 𝑥 = csc −1 𝑥
• arcsec 𝑥 = sec −1 𝑥
• arccot 𝑥 = cot −1 𝑥

Sinusoidal Curve
• 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑏𝑥
• 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180°
Amplitude
• 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 90°
𝑦𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑦𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴=
2
𝐴 = |𝑎| Oblique and Scalene Triangles
Period
2𝜋
𝑇=
|𝑏|
Radian Frequency
𝜔 = |𝑏|
Frequency
1
𝑓=
𝑇
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄
𝑦 = 𝛼 cos 𝑏𝑥 + 𝛽 sin 𝑏𝑥 = = = 𝟐𝑹
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝑪
Amplitude 𝑅 = radius of circumscribed circle
𝐴 = √𝛼 2 + 𝛽 2 𝒂𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒃𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑩
Secant and Cosecant Curve 𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑪
𝑦 = 𝑎 sec 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 csc 𝑏𝑥 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝑪 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Period
2𝜋 Shortcut Solutions
𝑇=
|𝑏| Case I:
𝑑 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
Tangent and Cotangent ℎ=
sin(𝐴 + 𝐵)
𝑦 = 𝑎 tan 𝑏𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑎 cot 𝑏𝑥
Period
𝜋 Case II:
𝑇=
|𝑏|
𝑑 sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
ℎ=
sin(𝐴 − 𝐵)
PLANE MENSURATION formulas
Area Formulas for Triangle Area of Inscribed Triangle

𝟏
𝑨= 𝒃𝒉 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝟐 𝑨=
𝟒𝑹

Area of Circumscribed Triangle

𝟏
𝑨= 𝒂𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐 𝑨 = 𝒓𝒔

Area of Escribed Triangle

𝑨 = √𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄)

𝟏
𝒔= (𝒂 + 𝒃 + 𝒄)
𝟐 𝑨 = 𝑹(𝒔 − 𝒂)

Equilateral Triangle

𝟏 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎°
𝟐
√𝟑 𝟐
𝑨= 𝒂
𝟒
3 Altitudes of a Triangle 3 Angle Bisectors of a Triangle

(Orthocenter) (Incenter)
𝟐𝑨 𝟐
𝒉𝒂 = 𝒕𝑨 = √𝒃𝒄𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂)
𝒂 𝒃+𝒄
𝟐𝑨 𝟐
𝒉𝒃 = 𝒕𝑩 = √𝒂𝒄𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒃)
𝒃 𝒂+𝒄
𝟐𝑨 𝟐
𝒉𝒄 = 𝒕𝒄 = √𝒂𝒃𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒄)
𝒄 𝒃+𝒄
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝒉𝒂 + 𝒉𝒃 + 𝒉𝒄 = 𝟐𝑨 ( + + )
𝒂 𝒃 𝒄

3 Median Lines of a Triangle

(Centroid)
𝟏
𝒎𝒂 = √𝟐(𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) − 𝒂𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎𝒃 = √𝟐(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 ) − 𝒃𝟐
𝟐
𝟏
𝒎𝒄 = √𝟐(𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 ) − 𝒄𝟐
𝟐
Area of Sector and Circular Arc Length Secant Law

𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
𝟏 𝟏
𝑨= 𝒓𝒔 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐

Chord

The Regular Polygons

• These are polygons with common (or equal)
length of sides.
• Common polygons

Name No of Sides (n)

Pentagon 5
𝜽 Hexagon 6
𝑳 = 𝟐𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐 Heptagon 7
𝟏
𝑨𝑺𝑺 = 𝒓𝟐 (𝜽 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) Octagon 8
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 Nonagon 9
𝑨𝑩𝑺 = 𝒓 (𝜷 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜷)
𝟐 Decagon 10
Dodecagon 12
Right triangle Inscribed in a Circle Quindecagon or 15
• If a right triangle is inscribed in a circle, Pentadecagon
o Then the hypothenuse of the right Icosagon 20
triangle lies on the diameter of the circle.
Hectogon 100
Chiliagon 1000
Myriagon 10000
Regular n-Polygon Formulas What is n (no. of sides) Given Area Ratio
The area of a regular polygon inscribed in a circle is to
area of a regular circumscribed polygon having the same
number of sides is 𝐴𝐼 : 𝐴𝐶 . How many sides are there in
each polygon?
𝟏𝟖𝟎
𝒏=
𝑨
𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 √𝑨 𝑰
𝑪

Regular n-Pointed Star

Central Angle
360°
𝜃=
𝑛
Area
𝑛
𝐴 = 𝑅 2 sin 𝜃
2
𝜃
𝐴 = 𝑛𝑟 2 tan ( )
2 Area
𝑛 𝜃 𝜃
𝐴 = 𝐿2 cot ( ) 𝐴 = 𝑛𝑅 2 tan ( ) cos 𝜃
4 2 2
Side Length 𝑛 2 𝜃
𝜃 𝐴 = 𝐿 (cot ( ) + tan 𝜃)
𝐿 = 2𝑅 sin ( ) 4 2
2 Area for Pentagram, n = 5
Perimeter 𝐴 = 1.123 𝑅2
𝑃 = 𝑛𝐿 Area for Octagram, n = 8
No. of Diagonals
𝐴 = 2.343 𝑅2
𝑛(𝑛 − 3)
𝐷 = 𝑛𝐶2 − 𝑛 = Side Length of Inside Regular Polygon
2
𝜃
Sum of Exterior and 𝐿 = 2𝑅 sin ( )
Interior Angles 2

Regular n-Polygon Regular n-Pointed Star

𝟑𝟔𝟎° 360°
𝜽= 𝜃=
𝒏 𝑛

𝜽 𝜃
Σ𝐸 = Σ𝜃 = 360° 𝑨 = 𝒏𝒓𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧 ( ) 𝐴 = 𝑛𝑅 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝟐 2
Σ𝐼 = (𝑛 − 2)(180°)
𝒏 𝟐 𝜽 𝑛 2 𝜃
(𝑛 − 2)(180°) 𝑨= 𝑳 𝐜𝐨𝐭 ( ) 𝐴= 𝐿 (cot ( ) + tan θ)
𝐼= 𝟒 𝟐 4 2
𝑛
𝒏
𝐸 = 180° − 𝐼 𝑨 = 𝑹𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐

𝜽
𝑳 = 𝟐𝑹 𝐬𝐢𝐧 ( )
𝟐
Square Rhombus

Area Area
𝐴 = 𝑠2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
Perimeter 1
𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2
𝑃 = 4𝑠 2
Diagonal Length Perimeter
𝑑 = 𝑠√2 𝐴 = 4𝑏

Rectangle Trapezoid

Area
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ Area
Perimeter 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
𝐴=( )ℎ
𝑃 = 2𝑏 + 2ℎ 2
Diagonal Length 𝑏12 − 𝑏22
𝐴=
2(cot 𝛼 + cot 𝛽)
𝑑 = √𝑏 2 + ℎ2

Quadrilateral
Parallelogram

Area
Properties
1
Opposite Sides are equal. 𝐴 = 𝑑1 𝑑2 sin 𝜃
2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐶; 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶
𝐴 = √(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑 cos 2 𝜙
Opposite Angles are Equal
Semi-Perimeter
𝐴 = 𝐶; 𝐵 = 𝐷
1
Area 𝑠 = (𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑)
2
Area = 𝑏ℎ Properties
1 𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
Area = 𝑑1 𝑑2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝜙= =
2 2 2
Cyclic Quadrilateral

Area
𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)(𝑠 − 𝑑)
Radius of Circumscribed Circle
√(𝑎𝑏 + 𝑐𝑑)(𝑎𝑑 + 𝑏𝑐)(𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑)
𝑅=
4𝐴
 SOLID MENSURATION
Prism Volume and Surface Area Special Case 2: Rectangular Parallelepiped

𝑽 = 𝑳𝑾𝑯
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟐(𝑳𝑾 + 𝑳𝑯 + 𝑾𝑯)
𝒅 = √𝑳𝟐 + 𝑾𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐

Special Case 3: Right Circular Cylinder

𝑽 = 𝑨𝑩 𝒉 𝜋 2
𝑺𝑳 = 𝑷𝑩 𝒉 𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 = 𝑑 ℎ
4
𝑺𝑻 = 𝑷𝑩 𝒉 + 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝑺𝑳 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 = 𝜋𝑑ℎ
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉 + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝟐
Special Case 1: Cube or Hexahedron 𝜋
𝐴𝐵 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑑2
4
𝑃𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑

Pyramid

𝑽 = 𝒔𝟑
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟔𝒔𝟐
𝑠 2 + 𝑓 2 = 𝑑2
𝑓 = 𝑠√2
𝑑 = 𝑠√3 𝟏
𝑽= 𝑨 𝒉
𝟑 𝑩
𝟏
𝑺𝑳 = 𝑷𝑩 𝑳
𝟐
Right Circular Cone Frustum of a Cone

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝑽= 𝝅𝒓 𝒉 𝑽= 𝝅(𝑹𝟐 + 𝑹𝒓 + 𝒓𝟐 )𝒉
𝟑 𝟑
𝑺𝑳 = 𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝑺𝑳 = 𝝅(𝑹 + 𝒓)𝑳

𝐿 = √𝑟 2 + ℎ 2 𝑳 = √(𝑹 − 𝒓)𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐

Tetrahedron Prismoidal Formula (Three Sections)

𝟐
𝒉=√ 𝒔
𝟑
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝑽= ( 𝐬 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎°) 𝒉
𝟑 𝟐 𝑳
𝑽= (𝑨 + 𝟒𝑨𝒎 + 𝑨𝟐 )
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟒𝑨𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 = 𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟎° 𝟔 𝟏
1
𝐴𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 𝑠 2 sin 60°
2 Prismoidal Formula (n Sections)
𝑫
Frustum of a Pyramid 𝑽 = (𝑨𝟏 + 𝟒𝚺𝑨𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏 + 𝟐𝚺𝑨𝒐𝒅𝒅 + 𝑨𝒏 )
𝟑
𝐿
𝐷=
𝑛−1
𝐷 = common distance bet. sections

𝟏
𝑽= (𝑨 + √𝑨𝑩𝟏 𝑨𝑩𝟐 + 𝑨𝑩𝟐 )𝒉
𝟑 𝑩𝟏
𝑷𝑩𝟏 + 𝑷𝑩𝟐
𝑺𝑳 = ×𝑳
𝟐
Sphere Spherical Segment and Zone

One base (aka Spherical Cap, Left)

𝑆𝐿 𝑍 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ
1
𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ2 (3𝑟 − ℎ)
3
𝟒 𝟑 𝜋 3
𝑽= 𝝅𝒓 = 𝑑 Two bases (aka Spherical Frustum, Right)
𝟑 6
1
𝑺𝑻 = 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 = 𝜋𝑑2 𝑉 = 𝜋ℎ(3𝑎2 + 3𝑏 2 + ℎ2 )
6

Hemisphere
Lune and Spherical Wedge

𝜽 𝜃
𝟏 2 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑳 = (𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 ) = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑽 = 𝑽𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 90°
𝟐 3
𝜽 𝟒 𝟑 𝟏 𝜃
𝟏 𝑽= ( 𝝅𝒓 ) = 𝑳𝒓 = 𝜋𝑟 3
𝑺𝑳 = 𝑺𝑻,𝒔𝒑𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 = 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑 𝟑 270°
𝟐
𝑺𝑻 = 𝑺𝑳 + 𝑨𝑩 = 3𝜋𝑟 2
Spherical Polygon and Spherical Pyramid Special Cases

𝝅
𝑨𝑺𝑷 = 𝑬𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝟐 = 𝑬°𝒓𝟐
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
𝐸𝑟𝑎𝑑 = Σ𝜃𝑟𝑎𝑑 − (𝑛 − 2)𝜋
𝐸° = Σ𝜃° − (𝑛 − 2)180°
1
𝑉𝑆𝑃 = 𝐴𝑆𝑃 𝑟
3 Oblate, mentos candy Prolate, rugby ball
𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
𝑽𝑺𝑷 = 𝑬𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒓𝟑 = 𝑬°𝒓𝟑 𝟒 𝟐
𝟑 𝟑 𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝑽= 𝝅𝒂 𝒄
𝟑

The Ellipsoid / Spheroid

Inscribed Rectangular Parallelepiped in Ellipsoid
𝟐𝒂
𝑳=
√𝟑
𝟐𝒃
𝑾=
√𝟑
𝟐𝒄
𝑯=
√𝟑
𝟖𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑽 = 𝑳𝑾𝑯 =
𝟑√𝟑

𝟒
𝑽= 𝝅𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝟑
The Paraboloid Similar Figures

Line to Line

𝒂𝟏 𝒃 𝒄
𝟏 • 𝒂𝟐
= 𝒃 𝟏 = 𝒄𝟏
𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
Length to Area

𝑳𝟏 𝑨
• 𝑳𝟐
= √𝑨𝟏
𝟐

Length to Volume

𝑳𝟏 𝟑 𝑽
• 𝑳𝟐
= √𝑽𝟏
𝟐

Area to Volume

𝑨 𝟑 𝑽
• √𝑨𝟏 = √𝑽𝟏
𝟐 𝟐
ANALYTIC GEOMETRY Formulas
Distance Formula (2D) Division of Line Segment (3D)
𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒎 ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑷
= = = = =𝒓
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 𝒎 + 𝒏 𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅
𝑛
1−𝑟 =
𝑚+𝑛
d 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒓(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )
𝒛 = 𝒛𝟏 + 𝒓(𝒛𝟑 − 𝒛𝟏 )

Special Case: Middle Point M (xm, ym)

1
𝑟=
2
𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 − (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 𝟏
𝒙𝒎 = (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 )
• Abscissa – x-coordinate 𝟐
𝟏
• Ordinate –y-coordinate 𝒚𝒎 = (𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝟐
𝟏
Distance Between Two Points (3D) 𝒛𝒎 = (𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 )
𝟐
𝒅 = √(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 )𝟐 + (𝒛𝟐 − 𝒛𝟏 )𝟐
Vertices Method
Division of Line Segment (2D)

𝒙 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒎 ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑷
= = = =𝒓
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 𝒎 + 𝒏 𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅
𝑛
1−𝑟 =
𝑚+𝑛
𝑚𝑥2 + 𝑛𝑥1 𝟏 𝒙𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟑 𝒙𝟒 𝒙𝟓 𝒙𝟏
𝒙 = 𝒙𝟏 + 𝒓(𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏 ) = 𝑨= | 𝒚𝟏 |
𝑚+𝑛 𝟐 𝒚𝟏 𝒚𝟐 𝒚𝟑 𝒚𝟒 𝒚𝟓
𝑚𝑦2 + 𝑛𝑥1 Note:
𝒚 = 𝒚𝟏 + 𝒓(𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏 ) = Vertices must be traced in
𝑚+𝑛
CCW direction
Straight Line (2D) Straight Line (3D)
General Form General Form
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0
Slope-Intercept Form 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0
𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑏 Two-Points Form
Point-Slope Form 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
= =
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
Two-points Form Symmetric Form
(or point and direction nos. form)
𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1
= 𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 = = =𝑡
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑦 − 𝑦1 = (𝑥 − 𝑥1 ) Direction Vector or Nos.
𝑥2 − 𝑥1
𝐷𝑉 = [𝑎 𝑏 𝑐]
Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦 Parametric Form
+ =1 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑥1
𝑎 𝑏
Normal Form 𝑦 = 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑦1
𝑥 cos 𝜔 + 𝑦 sin 𝜔 − 𝑝 = 0 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑡 + 𝑧1
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶
=0
±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 Properties of Lines (1): Slope, m
±→ opposite of C or same as B
▪ Opposite the sign of C
▪ If C = 0, same as sign of B

The Plane
General Form
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
Intercept Form
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
+ + =1
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝐫𝐢𝐬𝐞 𝒚𝟐 − 𝒚𝟏
Three-Points Form 𝒎= = = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽
𝐫𝐮𝐧 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙𝟏
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
| 2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 | = 0
𝑥
𝑥3 − 𝑥1 𝑦3 − 𝑦1 𝑧3 − 𝑧1
Expanded form of 3 Points Form
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
|𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 | (𝑥 − 𝑥1 )
3 1 3 1
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
− |𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑧 − 𝑧 | (𝑦 − 𝑥1 )
3 1 3 1
𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
+ |𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑧 − 𝑧 | (𝑧 − 𝑧1 ) = 0
3 1 3 1
Two Lines (2D) Line: Distance from a Point (2D)
𝐿1 : 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0 • 𝑃𝑜 (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 ) to line 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝐿2 : 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0 Directed Distance
𝐴𝑥𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶 substitute
Description of Formulas 𝑑= =
Intersection ±√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 pythagorean
+ when line L divides or separates origin and 𝑃𝑜
𝑳𝟏 ||𝑳𝟐 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
– when line L does not separate origin and 𝑃𝑜 .
𝐴1 𝐵1
= Magnitude of Distance
𝐴2 𝐵2
1 1 𝐴𝑥𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶
𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐 |𝑑| = | |
𝑚1 = − 𝑜𝑟 𝑚2 = − √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝑚2 𝑚1
𝐴1 𝐴2 + 𝐵1 𝐵2 = 0
Plane: Distance from a point
𝑳𝟏 coincides 𝑚1 = 𝑚2
• 𝑃𝑜 (𝑥𝑜 , 𝑦𝑜 , 𝑧𝑜 ) and plane 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
with 𝑳𝟐 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1
= = 𝐴𝑥𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶𝑧𝑜 + 𝐷 substitute
𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 𝑑=| |=| |
√𝐴2 + 𝐵2 + 𝐶2 pythagorean

Two Planes Line: Distance Bet. Parallel Lines (2D)

𝑃1 : 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0 • Distance between parallel lines
𝑃2 : 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0 o 𝐿1 : 𝐴𝑥 + B𝑦 + 𝐶1 = 0
o 𝐿2 : A𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶2 = 0
Description of Formulas
Intersection 𝑪𝟐 − 𝑪𝟏 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝒅=| |=
𝑷𝟏 ||𝑷𝟐 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 𝐩𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐧
= =
𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2
Plane: Distance Bet. Parallel Planes
𝑷𝟏 ⊥ 𝑷𝟐 𝐴1 𝐴2 + 𝐵1 𝐵2 + 𝐶1 𝐶2 = 0
𝑃1 : 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0
𝑷𝟏 coincides 𝐴1 𝐵1 𝐶1 𝐷1
= = = 𝑃2 : 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0
with 𝑷𝟐 𝐴2 𝐵2 𝐶2 𝐷2
𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫𝟏 𝐝𝐢𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞
𝒅=| |=
√𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 𝐩𝐲𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐧
Two Lines (3D)
𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝐿1 : = = Line: Distance Between. Lines (3D)
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑧 − 𝑧2 • Identify direction vectors 𝐷𝑉1 and 𝐷𝑉2
𝐿2 : = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 • Get equation of lines in parametric forms.
Description of Formulas 𝑥1 = ⋯ 𝑡 + ⋯ 𝑦1 = ⋯ 𝑡 + ⋯ 𝑧1 = ⋯ 𝑡 + ⋯
Intersection 𝑥2 = ⋯ 𝑠 + ⋯ 𝑦2 = ⋯ 𝑠 + ⋯ 𝑧2 = ⋯ 𝑠 + ⋯
𝑳𝟏 ||𝑳𝟐 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 • Get DV using:
= =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 𝐷𝑉 = [𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 ]
𝑳𝟏 ⊥ 𝑳𝟐 𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2 = 0 • Use the equation:
𝑳𝟏 coincides 𝑥2 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝐷𝑉1 ⋅ 𝐷𝑉 = 0 and/or 𝐷𝑉2 ⋅ 𝐷𝑉 = 0
= =
with 𝑳𝟐 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 • Solve for s and t.
• Distance is magnitude of DV with values of s and
t.
Line: Angle Bet. Two Lines Line: Eq’n of Angle Bisector

𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2
𝐿𝐴𝐵 : =−
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 slopes difference ±√𝐴12 + 𝐵12 ±√𝐴22 + 𝐵22
tan 𝜙 = = normal form = normal form
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 1 + slopes product
Acute Angle o Sign of radical is:
𝑚2 − 𝑚1 ▪ Opposite the sign of C
𝜙 = arctan | |
1 + 𝑚1 𝑚2 ▪ If C = 0, same as sign of B
𝐴1 𝐴2 + 𝐵1 𝐵2
𝜙 = arccos | |
√𝐴12 + 𝐵12 √𝐴22 + 𝐵22 Volume of Polyhedron Pyramid
dot product • Volume of polyhedron pyramid bounded by
𝜙 = arccos | | plane and the 3-coordinate planes.
pythagorean product
𝑫𝟑 𝒂𝒃𝒄
𝑽𝒑 | |=| |
Plane: Acute Angle Between Planes 𝟔𝑨𝑩𝑪 𝟔
𝑃1 : 𝐴1 𝑥 + 𝐵1 𝑦 + 𝐶1 𝑧 + 𝐷1 = 0
𝑃2 : 𝐴2 𝑥 + 𝐵2 𝑦 + 𝐶2 𝑧 + 𝐷2 = 0
𝐴1 𝐴2 + 𝐵1 𝐵2 + 𝐶1 𝐶2
𝜃 = arccos | |
√𝐴12 + 𝐵12 + 𝐶12 √𝐴22 + 𝐵22 + 𝐶22
dot product
𝜙 = arccos | |
pythagorean product

Line: Acute Angle Between Lines (3D)

𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑦 − 𝑦1 𝑧 − 𝑧1
𝐿1 : = =
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑥 − 𝑥2 𝑦 − 𝑦2 𝑧 − 𝑧2
𝐿2 : = =
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2
𝑎1 𝑎2 + 𝑏1 𝑏2 + 𝑐1 𝑐2
𝜃 = arccos | |
√𝑎12 + 𝑏12 + 𝑐12 √𝑎22 + 𝑏22 + 𝑐22
dot product
𝜙 = arccos | |
pythagorean product
Parabola
Vertical Horizontal
2
Gen. 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑦 + 𝐷 = 0 𝐴𝑦 2 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 0
Form
Standard (𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘) (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
Form
Standard 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦 𝑦 2 = 4𝑝𝑥
Form for
V (0,0)
𝒑>𝟎 Open upwards Open rightwards
𝒑<𝟎 Open downwards Open leftwards
Length of 𝐿𝑅 = 4𝑝 𝐿𝑅 = 4𝑝
Latus
𝐶 𝐶
Rectum 𝐿𝑅 = | | 𝐿𝑅 = | |
𝐴 𝐴
Vertex 𝑉 (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝑉 (ℎ, 𝑘)
Focus 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑝) 𝐹(ℎ + 𝑝, 𝑘)
Directrix 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑝 𝐷: 𝑥 = ℎ − 𝑝
Axis 𝑥=ℎ 𝑦=𝑘
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis

V (h,k) 𝐵 𝐵
Formula ℎ=− 𝑘=−
2𝐴 2𝐴
𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐷 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐷
𝑘= ℎ=
4𝐴𝐶 4𝐴𝐶
(negative bato) (negative bato)
𝐵 𝐵
ℎ=− 𝑘=−
𝐴2 𝐴2
(bad four over AC) (bad four over AC)
𝐵2 − 𝐴𝐷4 𝐵2 − 𝐴𝐷4
𝑘= ℎ=
4𝐴𝐶 4𝐴𝐶

𝑑1 = 𝑑2
Properties of a Parabola Circle
𝑑1
𝑒= =1
𝑑2
Squared Property of Parabola, SPP

Circle
Gen. Form 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶 = 0
𝑦1 𝑥1 2 Standard (𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 = 𝑟 2
=( ) (Center-Radius)
𝑦2 𝑥2
Form
Parabolic Segment
Standard Form 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
with C (0,0)
Center 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝐴
ℎ=−
2
𝐵
𝑘=−
2
Radius 1
𝑟 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2 − 4𝐶
2
2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
3
Properties of a Circle
Area and Circumference
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑑2
4
𝐶 = 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑑
Tangential distance from point Po (xo, yo)

𝑑 𝑇 = √𝑥𝑜2 + 𝑦𝑜2 + 𝐴𝑥𝑜 + 𝐵𝑦𝑜 + 𝐶 = √substitute

Equation of Radical Axis

(Circle 1 Eq. ) − (Circle 2 Eq. ) = 0
Orthogonal Circles
𝑨𝟏 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟏 𝑩𝟐 = 𝟐(𝑪𝟏 + 𝑪𝟐 )
Ellipse
 Properties of an Ellipse
Wide Ellipse Tall Ellipse
Eccentricity
Gen. Form 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0
𝑒<1
𝑨&𝑩 𝐴<𝐵 𝐴>𝐵
First eccentricity
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2
Standard + =1 + =1 𝑐 𝑎
Form
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑒= =
𝑎 𝑑
Standard 𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥 2 Second eccentricity
+ =1 + =1
Form for V 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐
(0,0) 𝑒=
𝑏
𝒂&𝒃 𝑎>𝑏 𝑎>𝑏
𝑎 = √𝐵 𝑎 = √𝐴
Third eccentricity
𝑏 = √𝐴 𝑏 = √𝐵 𝑐
𝑒=
√𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Major Axis Horizontal Vertical Length of Latus Rectums
𝑀𝐴 = 2𝑎 𝑀𝐴 = 2𝑎
𝟐𝒃𝟐
(connects the (connects the 𝑳𝑹 =
vertices) vertices) 𝒂
Minor Axis Vertical Horizontal Distance of directrix from the center
𝑚𝐴 = 2𝑏 𝑀𝐴 = 2𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑑= =
(connects the (connects the 𝑐 𝑒
covertices) covertices) Area and Perimeter
Center 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏

𝐶 𝐶 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
ℎ=− ℎ=− 𝑃 ≈ 2𝜋√
2𝐴 2𝐴 2
𝐷 𝐷 Distance from Foci F and F’
𝑘=− 𝑘=−
2𝐵 2𝐵
𝑓 = 𝑎 ± 𝑒𝑥
Center to Foci 𝑐= √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐= √𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑒𝑥
Distance
𝑓𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑎 − 𝑒𝑥
Foci 𝐹(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝒇𝒎𝒂𝒙 + 𝒇𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝒂
𝐹′(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)
𝑥 → 𝑦 for vertical ellipse
Length of 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿′𝑅′ 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿′𝑅′
Latus 2𝑏 2 2𝑏 2
Rectums = =
𝑎 𝑎
Vertices 𝑉 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) 𝑉 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
𝑉′(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) 𝑉′(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Covertices 𝐵 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) 𝐵 (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘)
𝐵 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏) 𝐵′ (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘)
Distance of 𝑎2 𝑎2
Directrices 𝑑= 𝑑=
𝑐 𝑐
from center
Directrices 𝐷: 𝑥 = 𝑘 + 𝑑 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑑
𝐷′: 𝑥 = 𝑘 − 𝑑 𝐷′: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑑
Hyperbola

Horizontal Vertical
Gen. Form 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑦 2 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑦 + 𝐸 = 0

𝑨&𝑩 𝐵<0 𝐴<0

(𝑥 − ℎ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 (𝑥 − ℎ)2
Standard − =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Form
Standard 𝑥 2 𝑦2 𝑦2 𝑥 2
− =1 − =1
Form for V 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
(0,0)
𝑎 = √|𝐵| 𝑎 = √|𝐴|
𝑏 = √𝐴 𝑏 = √𝐵

Transverse Horizontal Vertical

Axis 𝑇𝐴 = 2𝑎 𝑇𝐴 = 2𝑎
(connects the (connects the
vertices) vertices)
Conjugate Vertical Horizontal
Axis 𝐶𝐴 = 2𝑏 𝐶𝐴 = 2𝑏
(connects the (connects the
covertices) covertices)
Slope of 𝑏 𝑎
𝑚=± 𝑚=±
Asymptotes 𝑎 𝑏
Center 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘) 𝐶 (ℎ, 𝑘)
𝐶 𝐶
ℎ=− ℎ=−
2𝐴 2𝐴
𝐷 𝐷
𝑘=− 𝑘=−
2𝐵 2𝐵
Center to Foci 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐 = √𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
Distance
Foci 𝐹(ℎ + 𝑐, 𝑘) 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑐)
𝐹′(ℎ − 𝑐, 𝑘) 𝐹(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑐)
Length of 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿′𝑅′ 𝐿𝑅 = 𝐿′𝑅′
Latus 2𝑏 2 2𝑏 2
Rectums = =
𝑎 𝑎
Vertices 𝑉 (ℎ + 𝑎, 𝑘) 𝑉 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑎)
𝑉′(ℎ − 𝑎, 𝑘) 𝑉′(ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑎)
Covertices 𝐵 (ℎ, 𝑘 + 𝑏) 𝐵 (ℎ + 𝑏, 𝑘)
𝐵 (ℎ, 𝑘 − 𝑏) 𝐵′ (ℎ − 𝑏, 𝑘)
Distance of 𝑎2 𝑎2
Directrices 𝑑= 𝑑=
𝑐 𝑐
from center
Directrices 𝐷: 𝑥 = 𝑘 + 𝑑 𝐷: 𝑦 = 𝑘 + 𝑑
𝐷′: 𝑥 = 𝑘 − 𝑑 𝐷′: 𝑦 = 𝑘 − 𝑑
Properties of a Hyperbola Diagonal Transverse Axis (Leaning Right)
Eccentricity
𝒆>𝟏
𝒄
𝒆=
𝒂
Length of Latus Rectum
2𝑏 2
𝐿𝑅 =
𝑎
Distance of Directrix from the Center 1
𝑥𝑦 = 𝑎2
𝑎 2
𝑑=
𝑒 Asymptotes are x and y axis.
Angle Between Asymptotes Diagonal Transverse Axis (Leaning Left)
𝑏
𝜙 = 2 arctan ( )
𝑎
Slope of asymptote
𝑏 𝑎
𝑚=± 𝑜𝑟 ±
𝑎 𝑏
Asymptotes intersect at center of hyperbola.
Point-slope form can be used to equations of asymptotes.

Equilateral “Rectangular” Hyperbola 1

𝑥𝑦 = − 𝑎2
2
• 𝑎=𝑏
Asymptotes are x and y axis.
Horizontal Transverse Axis
General Equation of 2nd Degree Conic Sections
𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 𝐶𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0

Condition Eccentricity
Circle 𝐴 = 𝐶, 𝐵 = 0 𝑒=0
Parabola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 = 0 𝑒=1
Ellipse 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 < 0 𝑒<1
Hyperbola 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶 > 0 𝑒>1
𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2
Discriminant
Vertical Transverse Axis
𝐷 = 𝐵2 − 4𝐴𝐶
Angle of Rotating The Graph To
Eliminate The Product Term xy Is:
𝐵
tan 2𝜃 =
𝐴−𝐶
0° < 2𝜃 < 180° 0° < 𝜃 < 90°
Center
coefficient of x
ℎ=
2 × coefficient of x 2
coefficient of y
𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎2 𝑘=
2 × coefficient of y 2
Common Quadric Surfaces Sphere
General Form
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑦 + 𝐶𝑧 + 𝐷 = 0
Center Coordinates
𝐴
ℎ=−
2
𝐵
𝑘=−
2
𝐶
𝑙=−
2
coefficient of not squared
coordinates = −
2 × coefficient of squares
Standard Form
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘)2 + (𝑧 − 𝑙)2 = 𝑟 2
𝟏
𝒓 = √𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 + 𝑪𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫
𝟐

𝑨 𝟐 𝑩 𝟐 𝑪 𝟐
𝒓 = √( ) + ( ) + ( ) − 𝑫
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
For vertex at origin:
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑧2 = 𝑟2

Ellipsoid
𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑧2
+ + =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2 𝑐 2
Volume
4𝜋
𝑉= 𝑎𝑏𝑐
3
Dimensions of Volume of Largest Rectangle
Parallelepiped Inscribed in Ellipsoid
2𝑎 2𝑏 2𝑐
𝐿= ;𝑊 = ;𝐻 =
√3 √3 √3
8𝑎𝑏𝑐
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑊𝐻 =
3√3

Hyperboloid
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
+ − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Axis on different sign, z-axis
Hyperboloid with one sheet or nappe (one minus)
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛𝟐
− − =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝟐
Axis on different sign, x-axis
Hyperboloid with two sheets or two napes (two minus)
The Cone Equation of Surface of Revolution of a Curve
𝑥2
𝑦 2
𝑧 2
𝑥 2
𝑦 2
𝑧 2
• The equation of curve will be given
2
+ 2 = 2 or 2 + 2 − 2 = 0
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 • The axis about which the curve will be revolved
Axis on different sign, z-axis will be given

Curve
Elliptic Paraboloid Revolved
Replace What? With What?
𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒛 About What
+ = Axis?
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄
Level curves are ellipses x-axis y or z √𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
Axis on isolated variable without square x or z
y-axis √𝑥 2 + 𝑧 2
(z-axis in this case).
z-axis x or y √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Hyperbolic Paraboloid The variable that Pythagorean
𝒙 𝟐
𝒚 𝟐
𝒛 is not the axis. theorem of
− = variables that
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒄 are not the axis.
Level curves are hyperbolas
Axis on isolated variable without square (z-axis in this
case).
Polar Coordinate System
Cylinder
Hyperbolic Cylinder
𝑥2 𝑦2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

Elliptic Cylinder
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏 2

Circular Cylinder
𝑎=𝑏=𝑟
𝑥 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2
2

Parabolic Cylinder
𝒙 = 𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
𝑥2 𝑦
= 𝒚 = 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑎2 𝑏
𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐
𝒚
Axis on missing variable (z-axis in this case) 𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 ± 𝝓
𝒙
Level curves are hyperbolas, parabolas, ellipses, or
circles, that are the same. 𝜙 = 0 if 𝑥 > 0
𝜙 = 180° = 𝜋 if 𝑥 < 0
 XI) Common Polar Curves

Circles Limacon of Pascal

Circle with For 𝑎 > 𝑏
Center on the Origin
Horizontal Heart

𝒓=𝒂
𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
Circle with o 𝑏 > 0 heart bottom points right
Center on x-axis and Tangent to y-axis o 𝑏 < 0 heart bottom points left
(Horizontal)

Vertical Heart

𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
o 𝑎 > 0 circle at right side of y-axis
o 𝑎 < 0 circle at left side of y-axis
o Radius is a/2. 𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
o 𝑏 > 0 heart bottom points up
Circle with o 𝑏 < 0 heart bottom points down
Center on y-axis and Tangent to x-axis
(Vertical) Area
𝜋
𝐴= (2𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )
2

For 𝑎 < 𝑏

𝒓 = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
o 𝑎 > 0 circle at top side of x-axis
o 𝑎 < 0 circle at bottom side of x-axis • Will have inner loops.
o Radius is a/2. • Intersect itself at origin.
Cardioid
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 ± cos 𝜃) Squeezed Horizontal Infinity
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 ± sin 𝜃)
Shape
Similar to a limacon if 𝑎 = 𝑏
Has its cusp on the origin.
Area
3𝜋 2
𝐴= 𝑎
2
𝑃 = 8𝑎

Lemniscate of Bernoulli 𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos 𝜃

Horizontal Infinity Area
𝐴 = 2𝑎2

Rose
𝑟 = acos 𝑛𝜃 , 𝑛 = 2,3,4

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 cos(2𝜃)
Area
𝐴 = 𝑎2

Diagonal Infinity
𝑟 = asin 𝑛𝜃 , 𝑛 = 2,3,4

𝑟 2 = 𝑎2 sin(2𝜃)
Number of Petals (N) and Area
Area 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝐨𝐝𝐝
𝐴 = 𝑎2 𝑁=𝑛
𝜋
𝐴 = 𝑎2
4
𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧
𝑁 = 2𝑛
𝜋
𝐴 = 2 𝑎2
Coordinate Systems
RCS CCS SCS
RCS – Rectangular Coordinate System
𝜌 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2
𝑟 = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑦 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
RCS --- 𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) 𝑥
𝑥 𝑧
𝑧=𝑧 𝜙 = cos −1 ( )
𝜌

𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝜌 = √𝑟 2 + 𝑧 2

CCS 𝑦 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 --- 𝜃=𝜃

𝑧
𝑧=𝑧 𝜙 = cos −1 ( )
𝜌

𝑥 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 cos 𝜃 𝑟 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙

SCS 𝑦 = 𝜌 sin 𝜙 sin 𝜃 𝜃=𝜃 ---
𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙 𝑧 = 𝜌 cos 𝜙

CCS – Cylindrical Coordinate System

Equation of Curves in Complex Variable Z

Just substitute 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦

SCS – Spherical Coordinate System

 DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS
Basic Algebraic Differentiation Inverse Trigonometric Differentiation
𝒅 𝒏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 = 𝒏𝒖𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 • 𝒅𝒙
(𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏−𝒖𝟐
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝑪𝒖) = 𝑪 𝒅𝒙 •
𝒅
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 −𝟏 𝒖) =
−𝟏 𝒅𝒖
⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 √𝟏−𝒖𝟐
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
• 𝒖± 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒙 ± 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 • (𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅
𝒅𝒙 𝟏+𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒖𝒗 =𝒖 + 𝒗 𝒅 −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 • 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐭 −𝟏 𝒖) = 𝟏+𝒖𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒗
𝒅 𝒖 𝒗 −𝒖 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
• ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
= 𝒅𝒙
𝒗𝟐
𝒅𝒙
• (𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝒖𝟐 −𝟏
𝒅 𝑪 −𝑪 𝒅𝒗
• ( )
𝒅𝒙 𝒗
= ⋅
𝒗𝟐 𝒅𝒙 •
𝒅
(𝐜𝐬𝐜 −𝟏 𝒖) =
−𝟏
⋅
𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝒖𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒗 𝟏 𝒅𝒗
• ( ) = ⋅
𝒅𝒙 𝑪 𝑪 𝒅𝒙

𝒅
𝒅𝒖 Hyperbolic Differentiation
• (√𝒖) = 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝟐√𝒖
• (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 ⋅
𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
• (𝒖𝒏 ) = ⋅ 𝒖𝒏 – 𝟏 𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒅𝒙 𝒏 𝒅𝒙 • 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
Logarithmic Differentiation
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 • (𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 ⋅
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒖) = 𝒖
𝒍𝒐𝒈𝒂 𝒆 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 • (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖) = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝒍𝒏 𝒖) = 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝐮) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
Exponential Differentiation
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝒆𝒖 ) = 𝒆𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 Inverse Hyperbolic Differentiation
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 • (𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝑪𝒖 ) = 𝑪 𝐥𝐧 𝑪 𝒖
⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 √𝒖𝟐 +𝟏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
• (𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅
𝒅𝒙 √𝒖𝟐 −𝟏 𝒅𝒙
Trigonometric Differentiation 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) = 𝟏−𝒖𝟐 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝟏 > 𝒖𝟐
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) = 𝒖𝟐−𝟏 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 ; 𝒖𝟐 > 𝟏
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖) = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 −𝟏 𝒅𝒖
• (𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) = ⋅
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝟏−𝒖𝟐 𝒅𝒙
• (𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 ⋅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅 −𝟏
𝒅 𝒅𝒖 • (𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 𝒖) =
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐
𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒖√𝟏+𝒖𝟐

𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• 𝒅𝒙
(𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖) = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 ⋅ 𝒅𝒙
𝒅 𝒅𝒖
• (𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖) = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 ⋅
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Integration FORMULAS
Basic Integration Integrals Leading to Inverse Trigonometric Functions
• ∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙 + 𝑪 • ∫
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
= 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
√𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐 𝒂
• ∫ 𝒂 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
• ∫[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)]𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒈(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 • ∫ = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
𝒂𝟐 +𝒖𝟐 𝒂 𝒂

𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
• ∫ = 𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝑪
General Power Formula 𝒖√𝒖𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

𝒙𝒏+𝟏
• ∫ 𝒙𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒏+𝟏
+𝑪 Basic Hyperbolic Integration
• ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
Reciprocal Integration • ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪

• ∫
𝒅𝒖
= 𝐥𝐧|𝒖| + 𝑪 • ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒖
• ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
• ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
Exponential Integration
• ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡 𝒖 + 𝑪
• ∫ 𝒆𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒆𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒂𝒖
• ∫ 𝒂𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒂 + 𝑪 Integrals Leading to Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
• ∫ = 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝑪
√𝒖𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
Definite Integrals
𝒅𝒖 𝒖
𝒃 • ∫ = 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝑪
• ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)|𝒙=𝒃
𝒙=𝒂 = 𝒇(𝒃) − 𝒇(𝒂) √𝒖𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

𝒃 𝒂 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖
o − ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒃 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 • ∫ 𝒂𝟐−𝒖𝟐 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 (𝒂) + 𝑪
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃
o ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫𝒄 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒖 −𝟏 𝒖
• ∫ = 𝐜𝐨𝐭𝐡−𝟏 ( ) + 𝑪
𝒂
𝒖𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒂 𝒂
𝒂 𝟐 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏
o ∫−𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = { 𝟎 𝒅𝒖 −𝟏 𝒖
𝟎 𝒊𝒇 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒔 𝒐𝒅𝒅 • ∫ = 𝒂
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡−𝟏 (𝒂) +𝑪
𝒖√𝒂𝟐 −𝒖𝟐

𝒅𝒖 −𝟏 𝒖
Basic Trigonometric Integration • ∫ = 𝒂
𝐜𝐬𝐜𝐡−𝟏 (𝒂) +𝑪
𝒖√𝒂𝟐 +𝒖𝟐
• ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝑪
Walli’s Formula
• ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪 𝝅
𝟐
• ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖| + 𝑪 = − 𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒎 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒏 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝟎
• ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = − 𝐥𝐧|𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖| + 𝑪 = 𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖| + 𝑪 {(𝒎 − 𝟏)(𝒎 − 𝟑)(𝒎 − 𝟓) … 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏} {(𝒏 − 𝟏)(𝒏 − 𝟑)(𝒏 − 𝟓) … 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏}
=
• ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏|𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖| + 𝑪 (𝒎 + 𝒏)(𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝟐)(𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝟒) … 𝟐 𝒐𝒓 𝟏

• ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝒍𝒏|𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖| + 𝑪 Integration by Parts

• 𝟐
∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 + 𝑪 • ∫ 𝒖𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − ∫ 𝒗𝒅𝒖
• ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 𝒅 𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝑪
Other Integration Formulas
• ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒖−𝒂 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒂+𝒖
∫ 𝒖𝟐−𝒂𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐥𝐧 |𝒖+𝒂| + 𝑪 ∫ 𝒂𝟐−𝒖𝟐 = 𝟐𝒂 𝐥𝐧 |𝒂−𝒖| + 𝑪
• ∫ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝒄𝒐𝒕 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 + 𝑪
 Applications of DIFFERENTIATION
Instantaneous Slope • Negative curvature or radius means negative
• Rectangular Coordinate System concavity.
𝒅𝒚 Importannt Points
o 𝒎 = 𝒅𝒙
• Polar Coordinates System
𝒓′ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝒓 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽
o 𝒎=
𝒓′ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽−𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

Tangent Line and Normal Line

• Tangent Line: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒐 = 𝒎(𝒙 − 𝒙𝒐 )

𝑑𝑦
• Maximum and Minimum Points are critical
o 𝑚 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑚 = 𝑑𝑥 points.
𝑑𝑦
• Normal Line: 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒐 = −
𝟏
(𝒙 − 𝒙𝒐 ) • Critical Point: =0
𝒎 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
o Slope of line is negative reciprocal of • Concave Down: 𝑑𝑥 2 < 0
slope of curve at point of intersection.
𝑑2 𝑦
o 𝑚𝑁𝐿 = − 𝑚
1
= −𝑚
1 • Concave Up: >0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑇𝐿
𝑑2 𝑦
• Point of Inflection: =0
𝑑𝑥 2
Curvature and Radius of Curvature o Point at which curve changes concavity
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• Maximum point: < 0 and =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
o Concave down and critical point.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
• Minimum point: > 0 and =0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
o Concave up and critical point.
𝟑
𝟐 𝟐
[𝟏+(𝒚′) ]
• Rectangular CS: 𝝆 = 𝒚′′ Given sum, Maximize Product Problem Shortcut
3
2 2
[𝑟 2 +(𝑟 ′ ) ] 𝑃 = 𝑥𝑚𝑦𝑛
• Polar CS: 𝜌 = 𝑟2+2(𝑟′ )2−𝑟 𝑟′′ 𝑥+𝑦 =𝑘
• Curvature, 𝜿 𝑚𝑘
𝑥=
𝟏 𝑚+𝑛
o 𝜿=𝝆
𝑦 =𝑘−𝑥

Note on Signs
• Positive curvature or radius means positive
concavity.
Largest Inscribed Rectangle Shortcut Largest Inscribed Cylinder Shortcut

Inscribed in… Formulas Inscribed in a… Formulas

A right triangle 𝟏 Cone 2
𝒉= 𝑯 𝑟= 𝑅
𝟐 3
𝟏 1
𝒃= 𝑩 ℎ= 𝐻
𝟐 3
𝟏 4 4 1
𝒂 = 𝑩𝑯 𝑣 = 𝑉 = ( 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻)
𝟒 9 9 3
1 1 1 𝒗 = 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉
𝑎 = 𝐴 = ( 𝐵𝐻)
2 2 2

𝟏
𝒃= √𝑩𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 𝑩𝑯
𝒉=
𝟐 √ 𝑩𝟐 + 𝑯𝟐
𝟏 𝟏
𝒂= 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑯 Sphere
𝟐 𝟒 𝟐
1 1 𝒅=√ 𝑫
𝑎 ( 𝐵𝐻) 𝟑
ℎ= = 2 2
𝑏 1 √𝐵2 + 𝐻 2 𝟏
2 𝒉= 𝑫
√𝟑
𝑉 𝟏 𝟒 𝑫 𝟑
𝑣= = ( 𝝅( ) )
𝒔 = 𝒓√𝟐 √3 √𝟑 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒓 𝒅 𝟐
𝒗 = 𝝅( ) 𝒉
𝟐

Minimize Length Problem Shortcut

𝑳 = 𝒂√𝟐
𝑾 = 𝒃√𝟐
𝑨 = 𝟐𝒂𝒃

𝒂 𝒃
• 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒙 = 𝒅−𝒙
𝒂
• 𝒙 = 𝒅( )
𝒂+𝒃
o Parang voltage division lang…
Best View Shortcut Max. Area for Trapezoid w/ 3 Sides Equal Shortcut

• 𝑩 = 𝟐𝒃
𝟏
• 𝑨 = 𝟑 (𝟐 𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎°)
• Shape should be half a regular hexagon.
• 𝒙 = √𝒂𝒃

Fencing Material for Maximum Area Shortcut

Max. Discharge for Canal
Scenario Formulas
Bounded by two walls 𝑏+ℎ =𝐹
𝐹 = 𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑳
𝒃=𝒉=
𝟐
𝐿 2
𝐴 = 𝑏2 = ( )
2
Shape should be a
square.

Bounded by one wall 𝑏 + 2ℎ = 𝐹 • Max. Discharge means max. area

𝑏 = 2ℎ • Shape should be a semi-circle

𝑭 • 𝒔 = 𝝅𝒓
𝒃= 𝒔
𝟐 • 𝒓=𝝅
𝑭
𝒉=
𝟒
𝐹2
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ =
8
Passage Way or Ladder Shortcut Slant Travel Then Straight Travel Shortcut
(Long object made to pass across
two perpendicular passages,
minimum width of passage or longest ladder)

𝒗𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒘 ⋅𝒚
• 𝒙=
𝟐
√(𝒗𝒇𝒂𝒔𝒕 ) −(𝒗𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒘 )𝟐

(Shortest Ladder That can reach the building)

Wire to Equilateral and Circle Shortcut

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑳𝟑 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒚𝟑

Shortest Tangent Line to Ellipse Shortcut 𝟗𝑳

• 𝒙 = 𝝅√𝟑+𝟗

Maximize Product of Equal Parts Shortcut

• 𝑁 𝑜𝑟 𝐿 = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
• 𝑥 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑡 𝑜𝑢𝑡
• 𝑃 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑
𝐿 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥
• 𝑃 = (𝑥) = ( 𝑥 )
𝑳 𝑵
• 𝒙= =
𝒆 𝒆
𝑥2 𝑦2
• 𝑎2
+ 𝑏2 = 1
• 𝑳= 𝒂+𝒃
o Shortest Line tangent to ellipse and
meeting or ending at the coordinate
axes.
Cardboard to Largest Box Shortcut Largest Volume Allowed by Postal Reg. Shortcut

• 4𝑠 + 𝐿 = 𝑇
𝑻
• 𝒔=𝟔
𝑻
• 𝑳=𝟑
𝑳
• 𝒙= 𝟔 𝑻𝟑
• 𝑽 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖
• 𝟐
𝑽 = 𝒔 𝒙 = 𝒙(𝑳 − 𝟐𝒙) 𝟐

Least Amount of Material for Cylindrical Measure Minimize Material For Rectangular Tank Shortcut

• Open tank, just one base at bottom

3 𝑉
o 𝑟 = ℎ = √𝜋

• Closed tank, two base, with bottom and top lid 𝟑 𝑽

• 𝒉 = √𝟒
3 4𝑉
o 𝑑 =ℎ = √𝜋
𝑽
•
𝟑
𝒔 = √𝒉 = √𝟐𝑽

• 𝑽 = 𝒔𝟐 𝒉
Differential
• 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙)
• 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙
• 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 ≈ 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝜟𝒙 = 𝜟𝒚

Relative Error and Percent Error

𝒅𝑸
• 𝑹𝑬 = 𝑸
𝒅𝑸
• 𝑷𝑬 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑸

• Where:
o 𝑄 = 𝑄𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑦
o 𝑑𝑄 = 𝐴𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟
• RE has no units.
o Error mentioned in given without units
is relative error.

L’Hospital’s Rule
𝒇(𝒙) 𝒇′ (𝒙)
• 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒊𝒎 𝒈′ (𝒙) = ⋯
𝒙→𝒂 𝒙→𝒂
o Indeterminate forms:
0 ∞
▪ or ∞
0
▪ 0⋅∞
▪ 00 or ∞0 or 1∞
0 ∞
o ∞
= 0; 0 = ∞
 Applications of Integration
Area Bounded by Curve and x-Axis Theorem of Pappus

•
𝒃
𝑨 = ∫𝒂 |𝒚|𝒅𝒙 First Theorem (Surface Area)

Average Value
𝒃
∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
• 𝒚𝒂𝒗𝒆 = =
𝒃−𝒂 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑾𝒊𝒕𝒅𝒕𝒉

Arc Length
o 𝑨 = 𝑳𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓̅𝑳
Second Theorem (Volume)

𝒃 o 𝑽 = 𝑨𝒅 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓̅𝑨
𝒅𝒚 𝟐
𝒔 = ∫ √𝟏 + (𝒅𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 (Rectangular C.S.) o 𝑟̅ =
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑
𝒂
𝒃
𝒅𝒓 𝟐
𝒔 = ∫ √𝒓𝟐 + (𝒅𝜽) 𝒅𝜽 (Polar C.S.)
𝒂
𝒃
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝟐 𝟐
𝒔 = ∫ √( 𝒅𝒕 ) + ( 𝒅𝒕 ) 𝒅𝒕 (Parametric Eq’n)
𝒂
 Centroids (2D)

Shape Figure ̅
𝒙 ̅
𝒚 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
Rectangular
Area
𝒃 𝒉 𝒃𝒉
𝟐 𝟐
General
Triangular Area
𝒉 𝟏
𝒃𝒉
𝟑 𝟐

Isosceles
Triangular Area
𝒃 𝒉 𝟏
𝒃𝒉
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐

Right-triangular
area
𝒃 𝒉 𝟏
𝒃𝒉
𝟑 𝟑 𝟐

Quarter-
Circular Area
𝟒𝒓 𝟒𝒓 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒

Semicircular
Area 𝟎 𝟒𝒓 𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟑𝝅 𝟐
Quarter-circular
Arc
𝟐𝒓 𝟐𝒓
(Not Area)
𝝅 𝝅

Semicircular Arc
(Not Area) 𝟎 𝟐𝒓
𝝅

Quarter-
Elliptical Area
𝟒𝒂 𝟒𝒃 𝝅𝒂𝒃
𝟑𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟒

Semielliptical
Area 𝟎 𝟒𝒃 𝝅𝒂𝒃
𝟑𝝅 𝟐

Parabolic Area
𝟎 𝟐 𝟐
𝒉 𝒃𝒉
𝟓 𝟑

Semi-parabolic
Area
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
𝒃 𝒉 𝒃𝒉
𝟖 𝟓 𝟑
 Moment of Inertia for Area

Parallel Axis Method

• 𝑰 = ∫𝑨 𝝀𝟐 𝒅𝑨
• Differential area is parallel to axis of moment.

Perpendicular Axis Method

𝟏
• 𝑰 = 𝟑 ∫𝑩 𝒉𝟑 𝒅𝒃
• Differential area is perpendicular to axis of
moment.

Transfer Formula for Moment of Inertia

Polar Moment of Inertia

(x’ is centroidal axis or neutral axis)
𝟏 𝜽
• 𝑱 = ∫𝑨 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝑨 = ∫𝜽 𝟐 𝒓𝟒 𝒅𝜽
• 𝑰𝒙 = 𝑰̅𝒙 + 𝑨𝒅 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏

o 𝐼̅𝑥 = centroidal moment of inertia • 𝑱 = 𝑰𝒙 + 𝑰𝒚

o 𝐼𝑥 = moment of inertia about line x Moment of Inertia – Tendency to resist
angular acceleration
Polar Moment of Inertia – Tendency to
resist torsion.
 Volume of Solids of Revolution Moment of Inertia for Volume

Disk Method Perpendicular Axis Method

𝟏
• 𝑰 = 𝟐 ∫𝑽 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝑽
o 𝑑𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑑ℎ
▪ Disk Method
• 𝒅𝑽 = 𝝅𝒓 𝒅𝒉 𝟐

• Pag may butas…

• 𝒅𝑽 = 𝝅(𝒓𝟐𝒐𝒖𝒕 − 𝒓𝟐𝒊𝒏 )𝒅𝒉

Cylindrical Shell Method Parallel Axis Method

• 𝑰 = ∫𝑽 𝒓𝟐 𝒅𝑽
o 𝑑𝑉 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ𝑑𝑟
▪ Cylindrical Shell Method

h (Axis of Moment is Axis of Revolution)

(Cutting the cylindrical shell, and laying it flat)

• 𝒅𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝒉𝒅𝒓
• Pag may butas…

• 𝒅𝑽 = 𝟐𝝅𝒓(𝒉𝑼 − 𝒉𝑳 )𝒅𝒓
 Centroids (3D)

Centroid (Varignon’s Theorem)

Hemispher 𝟑 𝟐 𝟑
e 𝒓 𝝅𝒓
𝟖 𝟑

Semi- 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐
ellipsoid of 𝒉 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
Revolution 𝟖 𝟑

̅
𝜮𝑨𝒙 𝑴𝒚 ∫𝑨 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑨
• 𝒙
̅= = =
𝜮𝑨 𝑨 𝑨
̅
𝜮𝑨𝒚 𝑴𝒙 ∫𝑨 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑨
• 𝒚
̅= = = Paraboloid
of
𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝜮𝑨 𝑨 𝑨 𝒉 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
o (𝑥̅ , 𝑦̅) – Centroid or Center of Gravity of Revolution 𝟑 𝟐
Area
o (𝑥𝑐 , 𝑦𝑐 ) – Centroid of Differential Area
of Differential Area

Formulas 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
Cone 𝒉 𝝅𝒓 𝒉
𝟒 𝟑

̅
𝜮𝑽𝒙 ∫𝑽 𝒙𝒄 𝒅𝑽
• 𝒙
̅= =
𝜮𝑨 𝑽
𝟏 𝟏
̅
𝜮𝑽𝒚 ∫𝑨 𝒚𝒄 𝒅𝑽 Pyramid 𝒉 𝒂𝒃𝒉
• 𝒚
̅= = 𝟒 𝟑
𝜮𝑽 𝑽
o (𝑥𝑐 , 𝑦𝑐 ) is centroid of differential
volume dV

Centroids of Common Solids

𝝅𝒉 (𝟑𝒓 − 𝒉)

𝑽
𝟑 𝟐𝒓 − 𝒉)𝟐

Shape Figure ̅
𝒙 Spherical
𝟒(𝟑𝒓 − 𝒉)

(𝒓 = 𝒂)
Cap
(Spherical
Segment
𝟏 𝟐

𝟏 with One
(

Cylinder 𝒉 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝒉 Base)

𝟐
𝟑

Note: 𝑥̅ is
measured from
center of whole
sphere
 Water Problems Double Integrals

Hydrostatic Force on Plane Surface Mass of Lamina

• Aka liquid pressure

• 𝑭 = 𝜸𝑨𝒉 ̅
o 𝐹 is the hydrostatic force
o ℎ̅ is the vertical distance of the • 𝒎 = ∬𝑨 𝝆𝒅𝑨
centroid of submerged area from the
liquid surface • 𝒅𝑨 = 𝒅𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
o 𝛾 is the specific weight of liquid
Surface Area
o 𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟑 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏⁄ 3
𝒎 𝑓𝑡
• Surface Area bounded by the function
𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Work Done in Plumping Liquid to LOD
𝝏𝒛 𝟐 𝝏𝒛 𝟐
• 𝑺 = ∬√𝟏 + (𝝏𝒙) + (𝝏𝒚) 𝒅𝒙𝒅𝒚
𝑺

Note:
• Outer differential will have constant outer
limits.
• Inner differential can have limits having
variables of the outer differentials.

• LOD – “Level of Discharge”

• ̅
𝑾 = 𝜸𝑽𝒉
o 𝑊 is work done in pumping
o ℎ̅ is vertical distance of centroid to
level of discharge
o 𝑉 is volume of liquid
o 𝛾 is specific weight of liquid
▪ 𝜸 = 𝒔𝜸𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓
• 𝑠 is specific weight of
liquid
Differential Equations FormulaS
Differential Operator Homogeneous Differential Equation
𝑑 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑄(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝐷→
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣
𝑥 = 𝑣𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑣
Separable DE
𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐹(𝑥)𝐺(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Linear DE
𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐺(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ =0 + 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥)
𝐹(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
Integrate. ∫ 𝜇(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝐴(𝑥) + 𝐵(𝑦) = 𝐶 𝑦=
𝜇(𝑥)
𝜇(𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Exact Differential Equation
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 Bernoulli’s DE
If: 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑞(𝑥)𝑦 𝑛
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 𝑑𝑥
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 (1 − 𝑛)∫ 𝜇(𝑥)𝑞(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑦1−𝑛 =
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 𝜇(𝑥)
Then: 𝜇(𝑡) = 𝑒 (1−𝑛) ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
The differential equation is said to be exact.
To solve: Homogeneous LDE w/ Constant Coefficients
Set 𝑦 = 0 in 𝑀 (𝑎𝑜 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 0
Set 𝑥 = 0 in 𝑁 Right side of equation is zero.
Auxiliary equation or characteristic equation
Non-exact Differential Equation 𝑑𝑛 𝑥
𝐷𝑛 = → 𝑟𝑛
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
My −Nx 𝑎𝑜 𝑟 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑟 + 𝑎𝑛 = 0
1. f(x) = N
; μ(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
For real and distinct roots
𝑀𝑦 −𝑁𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑀
; μ(𝑦) = 𝑒 − ∫ 𝑔(𝑦)𝑑𝑦 o 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 + ⋯
3. If DE is homogeneous, For repeated roots
1
μ(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑟1 = 𝑟2 = 𝑟3 = ⋯)
𝑥𝑀 + 𝑦𝑁
4. If y can be factored out in M, and x can be o 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑡𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 + 𝑐3 𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑟3 𝑥 + ⋯
factored out in N, For imaginary roots
1
μ(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑟 = 𝑗𝜔
𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁
𝑦 = 𝑐1 cos 𝜔𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝜔𝑥
𝑥𝑀 − 𝑦𝑁 ≠ 0
For complex roots
𝑟 = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔
𝑦= 𝑒 𝜎𝑥 (𝑐1 cos 𝜔𝑥 + 𝑐2 sin 𝜔𝑥)
Non-Homogeneous LDE with Constant Coefficients Reduction of Order for General Solution
𝑛
(𝑎𝑜 𝐷 + 𝑎1 𝐷 𝑛−1
+ ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑝(𝑡)𝑦 ′′ + 𝑞(𝑡)𝑦 ′ + 𝑟(𝑡)𝑦 = 0
Right side 𝒇(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎 𝑦1 (𝑡) is a given solution
Total Solution 𝑦2 (𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡)𝑦1 (𝑡)
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑌𝑃 Derive and substitute.
Homogeneous / Complementary Solution
𝑓(𝑥) = 0 Orthogonal Trajectories
Particular Solution
o Method of undetermined coefficients
o Variation of Parameter – Wronskian

Method of Undetermined Coefficients

(𝑎𝑜 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)

𝒇(𝒙) 𝒀𝑷
𝒂𝒆𝜷𝒕 𝐴𝑒 𝛽𝑡
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜷𝒕) 𝐴 cos(𝛽𝑡) + 𝐵 sin(𝛽𝑡)
𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜷𝒕) 𝐴 cos(𝛽𝑡) + 𝐵 sin(𝛽𝑡)
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜷𝒕) + 𝒃 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝜷𝒕) 𝐴 cos(𝛽𝑡) + 𝐵 sin(𝛽𝑡) ∇𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) ⋅ ∇𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0
n-th degree polynomial 𝐴𝑡 𝑛 + 𝐵𝑡 𝑛−1 + ⋯ 𝑌𝑡 + 𝑍 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔
( , )⋅( , )=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
• Derive the 𝑌𝑃 with undetermined coefficient, and
then substitute to DE. 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑔
+ =0
• Then solve for undetermined coefficient to 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
determine.
DE In Rectangular CS
Variation of Parameter 𝑑𝑦 1
( ) =−
Given DE: 𝑑𝑥 𝑅 𝑑𝑦
( )
𝑑𝑥 𝐺
(𝑎𝑜 𝐷 𝑛 + 𝑎1 𝐷𝑛−1 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛−1 𝐷 + 𝑎𝑛 )𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑡)
Given homogeneous solution:
DE In Polar CS
𝑦𝑐 = 𝑐1 𝑦1 (𝑡) + 𝑐2 𝑦2 (𝑡) + ⋯ 𝑐𝑛 𝑦𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑑𝜃 1
Particular solution is solved as follows… (𝑟 ) =−
𝑑𝑟 𝑅 𝑑𝜃
Wronskian Determinant (𝑟 )
𝑑𝑟 𝐺
𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦𝑛
′ ′
𝑦1 𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦𝑛′
𝑊=| ⋮ Wronskian Properties
⋮ ⋱ ⋮ |
(𝑛−1)
𝑦1
(𝑛−1)
𝑦2 ⋯ 𝑦𝑛
(𝑛−1) • 𝑊(𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … ) ≠ 0
o 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … are fundamental solutions
𝑊𝑛 is Wronskian determinant but with nth column o 𝑦1 , 𝑦2 , … are linearly independent
0
0
replaced by [ ]
⋮
1
𝑛
𝑊𝑘 (𝑡)
𝑌𝑃 (𝑡) = Σ𝑘=1 [𝑦𝑘 (𝑡) ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡]
𝑊(𝑡)
Exponential Growth and Decay Acceleration
𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
= 𝑘𝑥 𝒂= =
𝑑𝑡 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕𝟐
𝑥 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑠 𝒅𝒗
ln | | = 𝑘𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = →𝒂=𝒗
𝑥𝑜 𝑎 𝑣 𝒅𝒔
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 Free Fall
𝑡 𝑎 = −𝑔
𝑥𝑔 𝑡𝑔
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 ( ) Newton’s Second Law of Motion
𝑥𝑜
𝑡 𝚺𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂
1 𝑡1/2
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 ( ) 𝑊 𝑑𝑣
2 𝑃−𝑓 = ⋅
𝑔 𝑑𝑡
Money
Compound Interest Limiting or Max Speed
𝑑𝑆 • Resistance of air proportional to speed and
= 𝑟𝑆 limiting speed given as 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑡 𝒈𝒕
−
𝑆𝑔 𝑡𝑔 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝟏 − 𝒆 𝒗𝒎𝒂𝒙 )
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑆𝑜 ( )
𝑆𝑜
Deposits and Withdrawals
Escape Velocity
𝑑𝑠
= 𝑟𝑆 + 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2𝐺𝑀
𝑡 𝑡 𝑣𝑒 = √2𝑔𝑅 = √
𝑆𝑔 𝑡𝑔 𝑘 𝑆𝑔 𝑡𝑔 𝑅
𝑆(𝑡) = 𝑆𝑜 ( ) + (( ) − 1)
𝑆𝑜 𝑟 𝑆𝑜 𝑚2
𝐺 = 6.67 × 10−11 𝑁 ⋅
𝑘𝑔2
Borrowing
Earth’s Mass and Radius
𝑘<0
𝑅 ≈ 6400 𝑘𝑚 = 6.4 × 106 𝑚
𝑆(𝑡end of paying ) = 0
𝑀 ≈ 6 × 1024 𝑘𝑔
Weight (w) or Pull of Earth
The Logistic Equation
𝑑𝑃 𝑚𝑔𝑅 2
= 𝑘𝑃(𝑀 − 𝑃) 𝑤(ℎ) =
𝑑𝑡 (𝑅 + ℎ)2
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑣 𝑔𝑅 2
= (𝛽 − 𝛿)𝑃 𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑ℎ (𝑅 + ℎ)2

Newton’s Law of Cooling Chemical Solution in Tank

𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑄
= 𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 ) = rate in − rate out
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 𝒅𝑸
ln | | = 𝑘𝑡 = 𝒒𝒊 𝒄𝒊 − 𝒒𝒐 𝒄𝒐
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚 𝒅𝒕
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚 )𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑸
𝒄𝒐 =
𝑡 𝒗𝒕
𝑇𝑔 − 𝑇𝑚 𝑡𝑔
𝑇 − 𝑇𝑚 = (𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚 ) ( ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑇𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚 = 𝑞𝑖 − 𝑞𝑜 → 𝒗𝒕 = 𝒗𝟏 + (𝒒𝒊 − 𝒒𝒐 )𝒕
𝑑𝑡
Orifice w/ Variable or Falling Head ? 𝜋𝑟 5/2
𝑡=
? 𝐶𝐴𝑂 √2𝑔
• For hemispherical tank, half-plane on top
? 14
o ?
= 15
• For hemispherical tank, half-plane at bottom
? 8
o ?
=5
• For spherical tank
? 16√2
o ?
= 15

Mechanical Vibrations
𝒅𝑽 𝑚𝑢′′ + γ𝑢′ + 𝑘𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑡)
− = 𝑪𝑨𝑶 √𝟐𝒈𝒚
𝒅𝒕 Mechanical Vibrations – Undamped
• 𝒅𝑽 = 𝑨𝑳𝑺 𝒅𝒚 γ = 0; 𝐹(𝑡) = 0
• 𝐶 = coefficient of discharge 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 = 𝑅 cos(𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − 𝛿)
o 𝐶 = 1 for ideal situation
o 𝐶 = 0.6 for standard orifice 𝑘
ω𝑜 = √
𝑚
𝐵
Shortcut Formulas 𝛿 = arctan ( ) ± 𝜙
𝐴
For Tank w/ Constant Cross-Section 𝜙 = 𝜋 if A is negative, = 0 otherwise
𝟐𝑨𝑳𝑺 (√𝒚𝒐 − √𝒚) 𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝒕=
𝑪𝑨𝑶 √𝟐𝒈 2𝜋
𝑇=
ω𝑜
𝑡 = Time it takes for the depth to change from 𝑦𝑜 to 𝑦
Mechanical Vibrations – Damped
For hemispherical tank w/ diametral plane on top
γ ≠ 0; 𝐹(𝑡) = 0
𝟓
𝟏𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝛾
𝒕= 𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑒 −2𝑚𝑡 (𝐴 cos 𝜇𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝜇𝑡)
𝟏𝟓𝑪𝑨𝒐 √𝟐𝒈 𝛾
𝑢(𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒 −2𝑚𝑡 cos(𝜇𝑡 − 𝛿)
𝑡 = Time it takes to empty the tank through the orifice
at the bottom √4𝑚𝑘 − 𝛾 2
𝜇=
For Hemispherical Tank w/ diametral plane at the 2𝑚
bottom 𝐵
𝛿 = arctan ( ) + 𝜙
𝐴
𝟖𝝅𝒓𝟓/𝟐
𝒕= 𝜙 = 𝜋 if A is negative, = 0 otherwise
𝟓𝑪𝑨𝑶 √𝟐𝒈
𝑅 = √𝐴2 + 𝐵2
𝑡 = Time it takes to empty the tank through the orifice
at the bottom 2𝜋
𝑇=
𝜇
For Spherical Tank w/ Orifice at the Lowest Point
5
16√2𝜋𝑟 2
𝑡=
15𝐶𝐴𝑂 √2𝑔
𝑡 = Time to empty
 Mechanical Vibrations – Forced Vibration with Picard’s Iteration Method (Method of Successive
Damping Approximations)
γ ≠ 0; 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐹𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 𝑡
∅𝑛+1 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑓[𝑠, ∅𝑛 (𝑠)]𝑑𝑠
𝒖(𝒕) = 𝑢𝑐 + 𝑈𝑃 0
Transient Solution 𝑦(𝑡) = ∅(𝑡) = lim ∅𝑛 (𝑡)
𝑛→∞
𝑢𝑐 = 𝑐1 cos 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑐2 sin 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 ∞
𝑎𝑘 𝑡 𝑘
Steady-State/Forced Response ∑ = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 1
𝑘!
𝑘=1
𝑈𝑃 = 𝐴 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝐵 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑅 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝛿) ∞
(𝑎𝑡 𝑛 )𝑘 𝑛
𝛼 = √𝑚2 (𝜔𝑜2 − 𝜔 2 )2 + 𝛾 2 𝜔 2 ∑ = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 1
𝑘!
𝑘=1
𝐹𝑜
𝑅=
𝛼
𝑚(𝜔𝑜2 − 𝜔2 )
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 =
𝛼
𝛾𝜔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿 =
𝛼
Resonance
ωo = ω
Characterization of Vibration
𝐷 = 𝛾 2 − 4𝑚𝑘
If 𝐷 > 0, overdamped.
If 𝐷 < 0, underdamped.
If 𝐷 = 0, critically damped.

Electrical Circuits

Series RL Circuit
𝐿𝐼′ + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸
Series RC Circuit
1
𝑅𝑄′ + 𝑄=𝐸
𝐶
Series RLC Circuit
1
𝐿𝑄 ′′ + 𝑅𝑄 ′ + 𝑄 = 𝐸
𝐶
1
𝐿𝐼 ′′ + 𝑅𝐼 ′ + 𝐼 = 𝐸 ′
𝐶
𝐿
𝐷 = 𝑅2 − 4
𝑐
 Advanced Mathematics Formulas
A) Complex Numbers Basic Operations w/ Complex Numbers
Addition
Complex Numbers 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) + (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
𝒛𝟏 + 𝒛𝟐 = (𝒙𝟏 + 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒋(𝒚𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
Subtraction
𝑧1 − 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ) − (𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
𝒛𝟏 − 𝒛𝟐 = (𝒙𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ) + 𝒋(𝒚𝟏 − 𝒚𝟐 )
Multiplication
𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 )
𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = (𝑥1 𝑥2 − 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑗(𝑥1 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 𝑦1 )
Complex Numbers Forms
𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 ∠𝜃1 ⋅ 𝑟2 ∠𝜃2
𝒛 = 𝒙 + 𝒋𝒚 Rectangular
𝒛𝟏 ⋅ 𝒛𝟐 = 𝒓𝟏 𝒓𝟐 ∠(𝜽𝟏 + 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛 = 𝒓(𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 + 𝒋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽) Trigonometric
Division
𝒛 = 𝒓 𝒄𝒋𝒔 𝜽 Shortened Trig.
𝑧1 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 (𝑥1 𝑥2 + 𝑦1 𝑦2 ) + 𝑗(𝑥2 𝑦1 − 𝑥1 𝑦2 )
𝒛 = 𝒓∠𝜽 Polar = =
𝑧2 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2 𝑥22 + 𝑦22
𝒛 = 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝜽𝒓 Exponential or Euler’s 𝒛𝟏 𝒓𝟏 ∠𝜽𝟏 𝒓𝟏
= = ∠(𝜽𝟏 − 𝜽𝟐 )
𝒛𝟐 𝒓𝟐 ∠𝜽𝟐 𝒓𝟐
Things to Know 𝑧1 ⋅ 𝑧2 = 𝑟1 𝑟2 ∠(𝜃1 + 𝜃2 )
𝒙 = 𝑹𝒆{𝒛} Real Part of Z
𝒚 = 𝑰𝒎{𝒛} Imaginary Part of Z Theorems for Complex Numbers
𝒊 = √−𝟏 Unit Imag. Number 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
𝒓 = |𝒛| Magnitude / Modulus of Z Negative of z
𝒓 = √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 −𝑧 = −𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦
𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐠 (𝒛) Argument / Direction Angle of Z Conjugate of z
𝒚 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑥 − 𝑗𝑦
𝜽 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 (𝒙) ± 𝝓
Equal Complex Numbers
𝝓 = 𝝅 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < 𝟎
𝑧1 = 𝑥1 + 𝑗𝑦1 ; 𝑧2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑗𝑦2
𝑧1 = 𝑧2
Note on Theta
𝑥1 = 𝑥2
• 𝜃 should be in radians in Euler’s form.
𝑦1 = 𝑦2
• 𝜃 is positive when measured counter-clockwise
from positive x-axis.
• 𝜃 is negative when measured clockwise from the More Operations w/ Complex Numbers
positive x-axis. 𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃
• When calculator calculates 𝜃, its range is Powers of Complex Numbers
−180° < 𝜃 < 180° or −𝜋 < 𝜃 < 𝜋.
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠(𝑛𝜃)
o For 𝜃 > 180° it measures
De Moivre's Theorem
counterclockwise instead and outputs
negative 𝜃. 𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠((𝜃 + 2𝜋𝑘)𝑛) 𝑘 = 0,1,2, …
Roots of Complex Numbers TRIG and HYP Functions for Complex Numbers
𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃 Trigonometric Hyperbolic
De Moivre's Theorem 𝑒 𝑗𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
sin 𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 =
𝑗2 2
𝜽+𝟐𝝅𝒌
𝒛𝟏/𝒏 = 𝒓𝟏/𝒏 ∠ ( 𝒏
) 𝑘 = 0,1,2, … (𝑛 − 1) 𝑒 𝑗𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
cos 𝑥 = 2
cosh 𝑥 = 2
𝑘 = 0 → principal roots
𝑒 𝑗𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
𝑘 = 1,2 … (𝑛 − 1) → secondary roots tan 𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 =
𝑗(𝑒 𝑗𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑗𝑥 ) 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥
Note:
• Sum of All Roots = Zero Trigonometric Functions
• Roots represents the vertices of regular polygon 1. sin(±𝑗𝑦) = ±𝑗 sinh 𝑦
with n-sides.
2. cos(±𝑗𝑦) = cosh 𝑦
sin(±𝑗𝑦)
Logarithmic Properties of Complex No. 3. tan(±𝑗𝑦) = = ±𝑗 tanh 𝑦
cos(±𝑗𝑦)

𝑧 = 𝑟∠𝜃 4. sin(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sin 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ± 𝑗 cos 𝑥 sinh 𝑦

1. log 𝑏 𝑧 = log 𝑏 𝑟 + (𝜃𝑖) log 𝑏 𝑒 5. cos(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cosh 𝑦 ∓ 𝑗 sin 𝑥 sinh 𝑦
𝑏 = base, real no.
2. log 𝑧 = log 𝑟 + (𝜃𝑖) log 𝑒 Hyperbolic Functions
log = log10 1. sinh(±𝑗𝑦) = ±𝑗 sin 𝑦
3. ln 𝑧 = ln 𝑟 + 𝜃𝑖 2. cosh(±𝑗𝑦) = cos 𝑦
sinh(±𝑗𝑦)
ln = log e 3. tanh(±𝑗𝑦) = = ±𝑗 tan 𝑦
cosh(±𝑗𝑦)
ln 𝑧1
4. log 𝑧2 𝑧1 = 4. sinh(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = sinh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± 𝑗 cosh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
ln 𝑧2
log 𝑎 𝑀 5. cosh(𝑥 ± 𝑗𝑦) = cosh 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± 𝑗 sinh 𝑥 sin 𝑦
log 𝑏 𝑀 =
log 𝑎 𝑏
Note: Use Radian Unit of Angle!!!
Complex Number Raised to a Complex Number
(𝑥 + 𝑦𝑖)(𝑎+𝑏𝑖) = (𝑟∠𝜃)(𝑎+𝑏𝑖) = (𝑟 𝑎−𝑏𝜃 )∠(𝑏 ln 𝑟 + 𝑎 𝜃)
 The Laplace Transform
𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔)

𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜷𝒕 𝑠−𝑎

Laplace Transform Definition
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝛽 2
∞
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝜷𝒕 𝛽
0
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 − 𝛽 2
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 = kernel function of f(t)
ℒ{𝑓(𝑡)} = 𝐹(𝑠) 𝒕𝒏 𝒇(𝒕) (−1)𝑛 𝐹 (𝑛) (𝑠)
𝒕 𝐹(𝑠)
Calculator Approximation
∫ 𝒇(𝝉)𝒅𝝉
9 𝟎 𝑠
ℒ{𝐹(𝑥)} = ∫ 𝑒 −8𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 =?
0 𝒇(𝒕) 𝐹(𝑠)
Calculate the choices at 𝑠 = 8 and
choose the choice that is closest to the ? 𝒇′(𝒕) 𝑠𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑓(0)
𝒇′′(𝒕) 𝑠 2 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠𝑓(0) − 𝑓′(0)
𝑠 3 𝐹(𝑠) − 𝑠 2 𝑓(0) − 𝑠𝑓 ′ (0) − 𝑓′′(0)
𝒇(𝒕) 𝑭(𝒔) 𝒇(𝟑) (𝒕)
∞

𝟏 1 𝒇(𝒕) ∫ 𝐹(𝑠)𝑑𝑠
𝑠
𝑠 𝒕

𝒌 𝑘 Unit Step Function

𝑠 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂) 1 −𝑎𝑠
𝑒
𝑠
𝒕𝒏 𝑛!
𝒇(𝒕 − 𝒂)𝒖(𝒕 − 𝒂) 𝐹(𝑠)𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, … 𝑠 𝑛+1
𝒕𝒏 Γ(𝑛 + 1) Dirac Delta Function
𝑠 𝑛+1 𝜹(𝒕) 1
∞
Γ(𝑛 + 1) = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝒇(𝒕)𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒂) 𝑓(𝑎)𝑒 −𝑎𝑠
0

𝒆𝒂𝒕 1 Periodic Function

𝑠−𝑎 𝒇(𝒕) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐨𝐝 𝑻 𝑇
∫0 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝑠
1 − 𝑒 −𝑇𝑠
𝑠 + 𝜔2
2

𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝜔
𝑠 + 𝜔2
2 Particular Values of the Gamma Function
𝑠 𝚪(𝒏) = (𝒏 − 𝟏)! 𝐨𝐫 𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏!
𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐡 𝜷𝒕
𝑠 − 𝛽2
2 𝟏 (𝟐𝒏)!
𝚪 ( + 𝒏) = 𝒏 √𝝅
𝛽 𝟐 𝟒 𝒏!
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡 𝜷𝒕
𝚪(𝒏 + 𝟏) = 𝒏𝚪(𝒏)
𝑠2 − 𝛽2 𝟏
𝚪 ( ) = √𝝅
𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒇(𝒕) 𝐹(𝑠 − 𝑎) 𝟐
𝐹(𝑠)|𝑠→𝑠−𝑎
Rewriting a Piecewise Function in terms of u(t)
𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 𝑠−𝑎
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝜔 2 𝑓1 (𝑡) 0 ≤ 𝑡 < 𝜏
𝑓(𝑡) = {
𝑓2 (𝑡) 𝑡≥𝜏
𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝎𝒕 𝜔
(𝑠 − 𝑎)2 + 𝜔 2 𝒇(𝒕) = 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒖(𝒕 − 𝝉)(𝒇𝟐 (𝒕) − 𝒇𝟏 (𝒕))
 The Inverse Laplace Transform
Convolution Theorem

Inverse Laplace Transform 𝑭(𝒔) ⋅ 𝑮(𝒔) 𝑡

𝑭(𝒔)𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑮(𝒔) 𝐚𝐫𝐞 ∫ 𝑓(𝜏)𝑔(𝑡 − 𝜏)𝑑𝜏
ℒ −1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡) 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 0

𝑭(𝒔) 𝒇(𝒕) Heaviside Expansion Formulas

𝒌 𝑵(𝒔)
𝑘
𝒔 𝑫(𝒔) 𝑁(𝑠1 ) 𝑠 𝑡 𝑁(𝑠2 ) 𝑠 𝑡
𝟏 𝑡 𝑛−1 𝑒 1 + 𝑒 2
𝑫(𝒔) = 𝟎 → 𝒔𝟏 , 𝒔𝟐 , … 𝐷′(𝑠1 ) 𝐷′(𝑠2 )
𝒔𝒏 (𝑛 − 1)! +⋯
𝒔𝟏 , 𝒔𝟐 , … must be
𝟏 𝑎𝑡
𝑒 real and distinct
𝒔−𝒂
𝑵(𝒔)
𝟏 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 𝑛−1
𝑫(𝒔)
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝒏 (𝑛 − 1)!
𝑫(𝒔) = 𝟎 → 𝒔𝟏,𝟐 = 𝒂 ± 𝒋𝝎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (2𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜔𝑡
𝒔
cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑵(𝒔𝟏 ) − 2𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜔𝑡)
𝒔 + 𝝎𝟐
𝟐
= 𝜶 + 𝜷𝒚
𝒔 𝑫′(𝒔𝟏 )
cosh 𝛽𝑡
𝒔 − 𝜷𝟐
𝟐

𝝎
sin 𝜔𝑡
𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐
Partial Fraction Expansion or Decomposition
𝟏 1
sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑁(𝑠) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝒔𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝜔 ℒ −1 { } = ℒ −1 { + + + ⋯ }
𝐷(𝑠) ? ? ?
𝜷
sinh 𝛽𝑡 Factors in denominator Partial Fraction
𝒔𝟐 − 𝜷𝟐
𝟏 1 Linear
sinh 𝛽𝑡
𝒔 − 𝜷𝟐
𝟐 𝛽 𝒂𝒔 + 𝒃 𝐴
𝑭(𝒔 − 𝒂) 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏
𝒔−𝒂 Quadratic
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵
𝒂𝒔𝟐 + 𝒃𝒔 + 𝒄
𝝎 𝑎𝑠 2+ 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐
𝟏 1 𝑎𝑡 Inverse Laplace Calculator Approximation
𝑒 sin 𝜔𝑡
(𝒔 − 𝒂)𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐 𝜔 • 𝐹(𝑠) will be given…
𝒔 1
𝑡 sin 𝜔𝑡 • Calculate 𝐹(8) in calculator.
(𝒔 + 𝝎𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐
2𝜔
• In the choices, there will be 𝑓(𝑡)
𝟏 1 9
(sin 𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡) • Calculate ∫0 𝑒 −8𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
(𝒔 + 𝝎𝟐 )𝟐
𝟐
2𝜔 3
• Answer will be what matched…
9
o 𝐹(8) ≈ ∫0 𝑒 −8𝑡 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
 Power Series F) The Fourier Series

Taylor’s Series Fourier Series

2 ∞
(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos ( ) + 𝑏𝑛 sin ( ))
2! 2 𝑇 𝑇
𝑛=1
(𝑥 − 𝑎)3
𝑓 (3) (𝑎) +⋯ 1 𝑇
3! 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
∞ 𝑇 𝑇
𝑓 (𝑘) (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑘 1 𝑇 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑘! 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑘=0 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇
1 𝑇 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Maclaurin’s Series 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇
𝑎=0
• Sum of cosine and sine functions used to
𝑥2 𝑥3 represent a function 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)𝑥 + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 (3) (𝑎) + ⋯
2! 3! • Similar to a Taylor series
∞ (𝑘)
𝑓 (𝑎) 𝑘 𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥 • is the average value of the function over its
2
𝑘! period.
𝑘=0

• 3 Conditions for 𝒇(𝒙) intended for Fourier

Common Maclaurin’s Series Series with a period of 𝟐𝑻:
𝑥 0 𝑥1 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 4 o 𝑓(𝑥) must be defined in the interval:
𝑒𝑥 = + + + + +⋯
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝑇
𝑥0 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6 o 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓′(𝑥) are sectionally
cos 𝑥 = − + − +⋯
0! 2! 4! 6! continuous in the interval:
𝑥1 𝑥 3 𝑥 5 𝑥 7 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝑇
sin 𝑥 = − + − +⋯
1! 3! 5! 7! o 𝑓(𝑥 + 2𝑇) = 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥1 𝑥 2 𝑥 3 𝑥 4
ln(1 + 𝑥) = − + − +⋯
1 2 3 4
Fourier Series for a Period of 𝟐𝝅
1 3 5
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥7 ∞
arctan 𝑥 = − + − +⋯ 𝑎0
1 3 5 7 𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑(𝑎𝑛 cos(𝑛𝑥) + 𝑏𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥))
1 2
= 𝑥 0 − 𝑥1 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + ⋯ 𝑛=1
1+𝑥 1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin(𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
Half Range Fourier Cosine and Sine Series Matrices and Determinants
Half Range Fourier Cosine Series
if 𝑓(𝑥) is even Eigenvalues, 𝝀
∞ |𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼| = 0
𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = + ∑ (𝑎𝑛 cos ( ))
2 𝑇
𝑛=1
Eigenvector, 𝒗
2 𝑇
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑣 = 𝜆𝑣
𝑇 0
(𝐴 − 𝜆𝐼)𝑣 = 0
2 𝑇 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 0 𝑇
𝑏𝑛 = 0

Half Range Fourier Sine Series

if 𝑓(𝑥) is odd
∞
𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑏𝑛 sin ( ))
𝑇
𝑛=1
𝑎0 = 0
𝑎𝑛 = 0
2 𝑇 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑇 0 𝑇
• Integral of:
o even × even ≠ 0
o odd × odd ≠ 0
o even × odd = 0
o odd × even = 0
 Vector Analysis Formulas
Position Vector, 𝒓 Operations on Vectors
• Vector that starts from origin and ends at a point 𝐴⃗ = 𝑥𝑎 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑎 𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑎 𝑘̂
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑏 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑏 𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑏 𝑘̂
𝐵
𝐶⃗ = 𝑥𝑐 𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑐 𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑐 𝑘̂

Addition / Subtraction
⃗⃗ = (𝑥𝑎 ± 𝑥𝑏 )𝑖̂ + (𝑦𝑎 ± 𝑦𝑏 )𝑗̂ + (𝑧𝑎 ± 𝑧𝑏 )𝑘̂
𝐴⃗ ± 𝐵

Dot (Scalar) Product

Forms
𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ Algebraic Form
𝑟⃗ = [𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧] Analytical / Matrix Form
𝑟⃗ = 〈𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧〉 Analytical / Matrix Form
𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝑥𝑎 𝑥𝑏 + 𝑦𝑎 𝑦𝑏 + 𝑧𝑎 𝑧𝑏
Magnitude 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| cos 𝜃
(length of given vector)
|𝑟⃗| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 Acute Angle Between Vectors
𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗
𝜃 = 𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑠 | |
Unit Vector |𝐴⃗||𝐵⃗⃗|
(vector with magnitude of one
in the direction of a given vector) Perpendicular Vectors
𝑟⃗ 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 0 if 𝐴⃗ ⊥ ⃗B⃗
𝑟̂ = =
|𝑟⃗| √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2

Work Done in Moving a Body

Note: All points and vectors in space can be represented 𝑊 = 𝐹⃗ ⋅ 𝑑⃗
by a position vector. 𝐹 = force vector
𝑑 = displacement vector
 Cross (Vector) Product Torque or Moment of a Force

⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟⃗ × 𝐹⃗
τ⃗⃗ = 𝑀

𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = |𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑎 𝑧𝑎 | Tangential Velocity
𝑥𝑏 𝑦𝑏 𝑧𝑏
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ = (|𝐴⃗||𝐵
⃗⃗| sin 𝜃)𝑛̂
Note:
Cross product is a vector perpendicular
to both vectors multiplied.

Unit Normal Vector

to Plane of Two Vectors
𝑣⃗ = 𝜔
⃗⃗ × 𝑟⃗
𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗ 𝐴⃗ × 𝐵 ⃗⃗
𝑛̂ = =
|𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗| |𝐴⃗||𝐵⃗⃗| 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
Scalar Triple Product
𝑥𝑎 𝑦𝑎 𝑧𝑎
Cross Product of Unit Vectors ⃗ ⃗⃗ ⃗
𝐴 ⋅ 𝐵 × 𝐶 = |𝑥𝑏 𝑦𝑏 𝑧𝑐 |
𝑥𝑐 𝑦𝑐 𝑧𝑐
𝑖̂ × 𝑗̂ = 𝑘̂
𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗ ⋅ 𝐴⃗
𝑗̂ × 𝑘̂ = 𝑖̂
𝑘̂ × 𝑖̂ = 𝑗̂
Volume of Parallelepiped with
⃗⃗ , 𝑩
3 Edges represented by vectors 𝑨 ⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗, and 𝑪
Area of Parallelogram / Triangle with
2 Sides Represented by 𝑨⃗⃗ and 𝑩
⃗⃗⃗

𝑉 = 𝐴⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ × 𝐶⃗
𝐴𝑃 = |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗| Parallelogram
1
𝐴 𝑇 = 2 |𝐴⃗ × 𝐵
⃗⃗| Triangle
 Acceleration and Velocity Maximum Slope on Surface of 𝝓
in a Space Curve ′
𝜙𝑚𝑎𝑥 = |∇𝜙|

Directional Derivative
On the direction of 𝑢
⃗⃗
𝑢
⃗⃗
𝐷𝑢 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = ∇𝜙 ⋅ 𝑢̂ = ∇𝜙 ⋅
|𝑢
⃗⃗|

Divergence and Curl

⃗⃗ = 𝑓1 𝑖̂ + 𝑓2 𝑗̂ + 𝑓3 𝑘̂
𝑉

𝑟⃗ = 𝑥𝑖̂ + 𝑦𝑗̂ + 𝑧𝑘̂ 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3

⃗⃗ = ∇ ⋅ 𝑉
div𝑉 ⃗⃗ = + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑟⃗
𝑣⃗ = 𝑟⃗ ′ =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣⃗ 𝑑2 𝑟⃗ 𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
𝑎⃗ = 𝑣⃗′ = 𝑟⃗ ′′ = = 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 ⃗⃗ = ||
curl𝑉 = ∇ × 𝑉 ||
Note: Velocity v
⃗⃗ is tangential velocity 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑓1 𝑓2 𝑓3

Tangential and Normal Acceleration

𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓3 𝜕𝑓1 𝜕𝑓2 𝜕𝑓1
⃗⃗ = (
curl𝑉 − ) 𝑖̂ − ( − ) 𝑗̂ + ( − ) 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Note:
• Divergence of a vector is a scalar (field).
• Curl of a vector is a vector (field).

𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑣⃗ Jacobian Matrix
𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎⃗ ⋅ 𝑣̂ =
|𝑣⃗|

𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑡2

𝑎𝑛 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑎⃗

Del (Differential) Operator

Has no specific use in itself. Used for gradient of a
scalar, and divergence and curl of a vector
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇= 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

Gradient
Vector quantity which is outward and normal to the
surface defined by scalar field 𝜙 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)
𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙
grad𝜙 = ∇𝜙 = 𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 Statistics & Probability Formulas
Fundamental Principle of Counting The Partition Principle
If:
1st event can happen in 𝑚 ways
2nd event can happen in 𝑛 ways
They happen together OR in succession
Then:
They will happen in 𝑚 × 𝑛 ways.

For more than two events: 𝑚 × 𝑛 × ⋯

Permutation
“w/ order”
𝒏!
𝒏𝑷𝒓 =
(𝒏 − 𝒓)!
𝑛𝑃𝑟 = 𝑛 ⋅ (𝑛 − 1) ⋅ (𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 𝑟 factors
Taken All (𝒏) at a time
𝑃 = 𝑛𝑃𝑛 = 𝑛!
Elements with Same Elements and 𝑛!
Taken All at a Time 𝑊=
(𝑟1 !)(𝑟2 !)(𝑟3 !) ⋯
𝑛!
𝑃=
(𝑟1 !)(𝑟2 !)(𝑟3 !) ⋯ Probability of Simple Event
𝑟’s are multiplicity of similar elements Determine 𝒔 and 𝒏 by listing.
Probability of Success
Combination 𝑠
𝑝=
“w/o order” 𝑛
𝒏! Probability of Failure
𝒏𝑪𝒓 =
𝒓! (𝒏 − 𝒓)! 𝑓
𝑞= =1−𝑝
𝑛 ⋅ (𝑛 − 1) ⋅ (𝑛 − 2) ⋯ 𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 𝑛
𝑛𝐶𝑟 = Note
𝑟!
Taken 1 or 2 or 3 or … n at a Time 𝑝+𝑞 =1
𝐶 = 𝑛𝐶1 + 𝑛𝐶2 + 𝑛𝐶3 + ⋯ 𝑛𝐶𝑛 Odds
𝑛 (𝑛𝐶𝑥) 𝑠 𝑝
Σ𝑥=1 Odds in favor = 𝑓 = 𝑞
𝒏
𝑪=𝟐 −𝟏 𝑓 𝑞
Odds against = =
Taken All (𝒏) at a time 𝑠 𝑝

𝐶 = 𝑛𝐶𝑛 = 1
 Compound Events Probability Binomial Distribution Probability
“Answers how many successes in a
certain number of trials.”
Let A and B be events.
𝒑(𝒓) = 𝒏𝑪𝒓(𝒑)𝒓 (𝟏 − 𝒑)𝒏−𝒓
“n is fixed or constant”
A or B probability “Additive Rule”
• Where:
𝒑(𝐀 𝐨𝐫 𝐁) = 𝒑(𝑨) + 𝒑(𝑩) − 𝒑(𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩)
o 𝑝(𝑟) = probability of 𝑟 successes in 𝑛
𝑝(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑝(𝐴) + 𝑝(𝐵) − 𝑝(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) trials
(In set notations) o 𝑝 = probability of an event in one trial
▪ For a coin to be heads or tails,
1 1
A and B probability “Multiplicative Rule” 𝑝 = 2,𝑞 = 2
“Events A and B happens together or in succession” ▪ For a die to be rolled to a certain
1 5
𝒑(𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩) = 𝒑(𝑨) × 𝒑(𝑩) w/ order number, 𝑝 = 6 , 𝑞 = 6
𝑝(𝐴 and 𝐵) = 𝑝(𝐴) × 𝑝(𝐵) × 2 w/o order 𝒒=𝟏−𝒑
Note: 𝑝(𝐴 and 𝐵) = 𝑝(𝐵 and 𝐴) Mean
𝜇 = 𝑛𝑝
Not A “Complementary Rule” Standard deviation
𝒑(𝑨) = 𝟏 − 𝒑(𝑨) 𝜎 = √𝑛𝑝𝑞
𝑝(𝐴) + 𝑝(𝐴) = 1 Variance
𝜎 2 = 𝑛𝑝𝑞
A given B “Conditional Probability”
𝒑(𝑨 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝑩) Negative Binomial Distribution Probability
𝒑(𝑨|𝑩) =
𝑷(𝑩) “Answers how many trials to get a
certain number of successes.”
𝒑(𝒏) = (𝒏 − 𝟏)𝑪(𝒓 − 𝟏)(𝒑)𝒓 (𝟏 − 𝒑)𝒏−𝒓
“r is fixed or constant”
• Where:
o 𝑝(𝑛) = probability that in 𝑛 trials, there
will be 𝑟 successes
▪ Or probability that n-th trial will
be r-th success
o 𝑝 = probability of an event in one trial

Multinomial Distribution Probability

“Like partition formula where not each hole or
spot has the same probability of being filled”
𝒏! 𝒓 𝒓 𝒓
𝒑= (𝒑 𝟏 ⋅ 𝒑𝟐𝟐 ⋅ 𝒑𝟑𝟑 ⋅ ⋯ )
𝒓𝟏 ! ⋅ 𝒓𝟐 ! ⋅ 𝒓𝟑 ! ⋅ ⋯ 𝟏
• 𝑛 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 + ⋯
• 𝑝𝑘 = probability that event k will happen
• 𝑝 = probability that event 1 occurs 𝑟1 times AND
probability that event 2 occurs 𝑟2 times AND
AND so on…
Hypergeometric Distribution Probability Normal Distribution Probability
“For probability of combinations or permutations
of grouped elements”
“Formula similar to Partition Rule”
Without Order, No Replacement
Π𝑛𝐶𝑟
𝑝=
𝑛 𝑇 𝐶𝑟𝑇
𝑛1 𝐶𝑟1 ⋅ 𝑛2 𝐶𝑟2 ⋅ 𝑛3 𝐶𝑟3 ⋅ ⋯
𝑝=
𝑛 𝑇 𝐶𝑟𝑇
With Order, No Replacement
Π𝑛𝑃𝑟
𝑝=
𝑛 𝑇 𝑃𝑟𝑇
𝑛1 𝑃𝑟1 ⋅ 𝑛2 𝑃𝑟2 ⋅ 𝑛3 𝑃𝑟3 ⋅ ⋯
𝑝=
𝑛 𝑇 𝑃𝑟𝑇
• Where:
o 𝑛 𝑇 = 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 + 𝑛3 + ⋯ 𝑏
𝑝(𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏) = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥
o 𝑟𝑇 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + 𝑟3 + ⋯ 𝑎
• The probability is the area under normal curve:
Poisson’s Distribution Probability 1 𝑥−𝜇
( )
2
−2 𝜎
“For probability of elements with o 𝑦=𝑒 𝜎√2𝜋

known rate of occurrence” o (Introduced by Gauss)

−𝝀 𝒙
𝒆 𝝀 Standard Normal Distribution
𝒑= “In terms of unit standard
𝒙!
random variable or score 𝑧 or 𝑡”
𝜆 = 𝑟𝑡
𝑥−𝜇
Mean 𝑧=
𝜎
𝜇=𝜆
Standard deviation and Variance
𝜎 = √𝜆 , 𝜎2 = 𝜆

Negative Exponential Distribution Probability

“Reliability” 𝑃(𝑧𝑎 ) = 𝑝(𝑧 < 𝑧𝑎 )

• It is usually applied to reliability of an equipment 𝑄(𝑧𝑎 ) = 𝑝(𝑧𝑎 < 𝑧 < 0)

between failures. 𝑄(𝑧𝑏 ) = 𝑝(0 < 𝑧 < 𝑧𝑏 )
−𝒕/𝝁
𝒑=𝒆 𝑍(𝑧𝑏 ) = 𝑝(𝑧 > 𝑧𝑏 )
• Where: 𝑄 = 𝑄𝐴 + 𝑄𝐵
o 𝑡 = operating time
o 𝜇 = mean time between failures Probability with Uncountable Uniform Spaces
𝐴𝑠
𝑝=
𝐴𝑛
• Successful area over total area