HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS

CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

Topic Learning Outcomes

1. Identify different liquid properties that are involved in the determination of pressure,
forces, and flow.
2. Solve problems related to the use of energy and mass conservation law.

HYDRAULICS

 Fluid mechanics and hydraulics represent that branch of applied mechanics that deals with
the behavior of fluids at rest and in motion respectively.

Common liquid properties

For the properties of common liquids, please refer to the recommended textbook
(Hydraulics by King, et.al), pages 8 to 10.

Fundamentals of Fluid flow (Chapter V – hydraulics by King, et.al)

Definitions of Terms: (pages 83 to 87)

1. Laminar Flow – laminar flow occurs when the paths of the individual particles do not
intersect.
 A path line or streamline is the path followed by a particle in a flowing stream.
 A stream tube is a small bundle of path lines.

2. Turbulent Flow – turbulent flow occurs when the path lines are irregular curves which
continually cross each other forming a complex network of intersecting path lines.

3. Steady Flow – steady flow of any fluid occurs when the discharge, Q, passing a given
cross-section of a stream is constant with time. If Q varies with the time, the flow is
unsteady.
 Discharge is the volume of fluid passing a certain cross-section of a stream per
unit of time.

volume
 Q= , for a pipe, the volume is equal to cross-section area times its
time
length.

Area ( length ) length

 Q=
time
= Area (time )
=Area ( Velocity )

Q= AV
Where:
Q = the discharge in m3/sec
A = the cross-sectional area in m2
V = the mean velocity of flow in the cross-section, m/sec

4. Uniform Flow – uniform flow is said to occur when the flow is steady in any length of a
stream and the average velocity of flow at every cross-section of the stream is constant.
In stream where changes of cross-section and velocity occur, the flow is considered to
be non-uniform.

5. Continuous Flow – flow is continuous if, at any instant, the number of particles passing
every cross-section of the stream is the same. If, between any two points of a stream,
flow is added or taken out through distributaries, the flow between the two points is not
continuous. Continuity for non-compressible fluid occurs when

Q1 =Q 2=Q3 =Q n
A 1 V 1 =A 2 V 2 = A3 V 3 = A n V n

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HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

Sample Problems:

1. Compute the discharge of water through a 75 mm diameter pipe if the mean velocity is
2.5 m/s.

Given:
D = diameter of pipe = 75 mm = 0.075 m
V = mean velocity of flow = 2.5 meters per second
Required:
Q = discharge through the pipe
Solution:
π D2 π m3
Q= AV =
4 [ 2
]
V = ( .075 ) ( 2.5 ) =0.011
4 sec

2. At what diameter of pipe is required to carry 40 liters per minute of water at a velocity of
2.5 m/s?

Given:
Q = 40 lit/min = 1/1500 m3/sec
V = 2.5 m/sec
Required:
D = diameter of pipe
Solution:
π 2
Q= AV = D V
4
1 π
= D 2 ( 2.5 )
1500 4
4 ( 1)
D=
√
2.5 π ( 1500 )
=0.018 m=18 mm

3. A pipeline consists of successive lengths of 380 mm, 305 mm, and 250 mm diameters
pipe. With continuous flow through the line of 25 liters per second of water, compute the
mean velocity in each size of pipe.

Given: Q = 25 lit/sec = 1/40 m3/sec

Q Q
D1 = 38 cm Ø D2 = 30.5 cm Ø D3 = 25 cm Ø
Required:

V1 , V2 , and V3

Solution:
Q=Q1 =Q2=Q 3
1
= A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2 = A 3 V 3
40

1 π 2 π π
= D 1 V 1 = D 22 V 2= D 23 V 3
40 4 4 4

4 4 m
V 1= = =0.220
2 2
40 π D 1 40 π ( 0.38 ) s

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

4 4 m
V 2= = =0.342
2 2
40 π D 2 40 π ( 0.305 ) s

4 4 m
V 3= = =0.509
2 2
40 π D 3 40 π ( 0.25 ) s

Forms of Energy (pages 88 to 93)

The three forms of energy which must be considered in connection with the flow of fluids
are:

1. Kinetic Energy – kinetic energy is possessed by a liquid mass due to its

velocity. The kinetic energy of a unit weight of liquid mass is called velocity head.
mV 2 WV 2
K E= =
2 2g
V2
For a unit weight, Velocity Head = 2g
2. Elevation Energy – elevation energy, also called as potential energy, is
the capacity of a liquid mass to do work due to its elevation or vertical distance above a
selected datum or reference plane. The elevation energy of a unit weight of liquid mass
is called its elevation head.
mZ
PE =F g Z= =WZ
g
For a unit weight, Elevation Head = Z
3. Pressure Energy – pressure energy is due to the pressure to which the
flowing stream is subjected. It is measured by the pressure head given by the formula:
p pressure
=
Pressure Head = w unit weight

Total Energy/Head, E = velocity head + pressure head + elevation head

V2 p
E= + +Z
2g w

Power – the rate to do work

work force ( distance )

power= = =force ( velocity )
time time

For a pump to lift liquid, the force is equal to the weight of the liquid being pump to a height, H.
Weight equals unit weight times volume.

weight ( distance ) unit weight ( volume ) ( distance )

power= =
time time

power=unit weight ( discharge ) ( height )

power=wQH

Where:
power in watts
w = unit weight of liquid in newton per cubic meter (N/m3)
Q = discharge in cubic meter per second (m3/s)
H = static head plus head loss in meters (m)

When the efficiency of the pump is 100%

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HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

wQH
WHP=
746

Where:
WHP = water horsepower in horsepower
w = unit weight of liquid in newton per cubic meter, (N/m3)
Q = discharge in cubic meter per second, (m3/s)
H = static head plus head loss in meters, (m)
When the efficiency of the pump is less than 100%

wQH
BHP=
746 ( pump efficiency )

Where:
BHP = Brake horsepower in horsepower
w = unit weight of liquid in newton per cubic meter, (N/m3)
Q = discharge in cubic meter per second, (m3/s)
H = static head plus head loss in meters, (m)

When the efficiency of the pump and its motor is less than 100%

wQH
MHP=
746 ( pumpefficiency ) ( motor efficiency )

Where:
MHP = Motor horsepower in horsepower
w = unit weight of liquid in newton per cubic meter, (N/m3)
Q = discharge in cubic meter per second, (m3/s)
H = static head plus head loss in meters, (m)

Sample problems:

1. A liquid (sp gr 2.0) is flowing in a 50 mm diameter pipe. The total energy at a given point
is found to be 75 J/kg. The elevation of the pipe above the datum line is 3 m, and the
pressure in the pipe is 65.5 kPa. Compute the velocity of flow and the horsepower in the
stream at that point.

Given:

V2 EGL = energy gradient line

2g HGL = hydraulic gradient line
p
E
w
Q
Z
Datum line

E = 75 J/kg = 75 N.m/kg (1kg/9.81N) = 7.645 m

Z=3m
p = 65.5 KPa
D = 50 mm = 0.050 m
Sp. Gr. = 2.0
w = 2 (9810) = 19620 N/m3

Required:
V and WHP

Solution:
V2 p
E= + +Z
2g w

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

V 2 65.5
7.645= + +3
2 g 19.62
V2
=7.645−6.338
2g

m
V = √ ( 2 g ) ( 1.307 )=5.064
s

wQH
WHP=
746

WHP=
wAVE
=
19620 ( π4 ) D ( 5.064) ( 7.645) =1.999 hp
2

746 746

2. The jet of water from a nozzle discharging into air has a diameter of 150 mm and a
mean velocity of 36 m/s. Compute the velocity head and the horsepower in the jet.

Given:

2 Highest level that the jet of water can reach

jet H

nozzle

Q
D1 = 150 mm =0.15 m
V1 = 36 m/s

Required:
V 21
and WHP
2g

Solution:

V 21 362
Velocity head = = =66.055 m
2g 2 g
wQH
WHP=
746

From free falling body equations;

2 gS=V 2f −V 2i ,then

2 gH =V 22−V 21, but V2 = 0 (highest point of the liquid jet), so

V 21
H= , g is negative in sign since flow is upward
2g

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And
π 2 π( 2 m3
Q= AV = D 1 V 1= 0.15 36 =0.636
) ( )
4 4 s

Thus:
wQH 9810 ( 0.636 )( 66.055 )
WHP= = =552.45 hp
746 746

Derivation of Bernoulli’s energy equation (pages 94 to97)

P1 a

A1 F1 P2 c

1 b F2 A2

v1dt d
2
Z1
v2dt Z2

Datum line

Considering a steady flow between point 1 and point 2

Q1 = Q2
@ time elapse dt
Volume of fluid that passed section 1 = volume of fluid that passed section 2
A 1 v1 dt=A 2 v 2 dt
“The total energy acting on a mass of fluid is equal to the resultant gain in kinetic
energy”

Work done on the mass by force:

Work = force X distance

W 1 =F1 ( v 1 dt )= A 1 P1 ( v1 dt ) =P1 ( A1 v 1 dt )
W 2 =F 2 ( v 2 dt ) =− A2 P2 ( v 2 dt )=−P 2 ( A1 v 1 dt )

Potential energy

Potential energy = weight X elevation = volume X unit weight X elevation

PE 1 =( A 1 v 1 dt ) wZ 1
PE 2=( A 2 v 2 dt ) wZ 2 =( A 1 v 1 dt ) wZ 2
ΔP E =P E 1 −P E 2=( A 1 v 1 dt ) w ( Z 1 −Z 2 )

Kinetic energy
1 weight 2
Kinetic energy = one-half X mass X square of velocity = 2 g ( )
v

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

1 ( A 1 v 1 dt ) w
K E 1= [
2 g ]v 2
1

1 A 2 v 2 dt ) w 1 A1 v 1 dt w
K E 2=
2 g [( v 2=
2 ] [( ) ]
2 g
v2
2

1 A1 v 1 dt w
ΔK E =K E 2 −K E 1 =
2 g [( ) ]( )
v 2−v 2
2 1

Apply
W 1 +W 2 +ΔP E=ΔK E
1
P1 ( A1 v 1 dt )−P2 ( A 1 v 1 dt ) + ( A 1 v 1 dt ) w ( Z 1 −Z 2 ) = ( A v dt ) w ( v 22−v1 2)
2g 1 1
1
P1−P 2 + ( Z 1−Z 2 ) w=
w v −v
2 g ( 2 2 12 )
P1 P 2 v2 v2
2 1
− +Z 1−Z 2 = −
w w 2g 2g
P1 v 12 P2 v 22
+ +Z = + +Z
w 2g 1 w 2g 2

Vel. Head1 EGL

HL=Total Head Loss
Total Head = E1

HGL Velocity Head2

Pressure Head1

Pressure Head2
1 Pipe Flow
2

Elev. Head1 Elev. Head2

Datum line

The total head, E, at any point in the flowing stream is:

v2 p
E= + +Z
2g ρ
Bernoulli’s Energy Theorem (BEE)

Basically, this theorem is the Conservation of Energy Principle in Physics applied to fluid
flow. Writing the BEE from point 1 to point 2 in the figure shown above:
E1 =E2 + H L
2 2
v 1 p1 v 2 p2
+ + Z 1= + +Z 2 + H L
2g w 2g w

OR if added energy (pump) is provided between point 1 and point 2:

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HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

v p1 v2 p
12 2 2
+ + Z 1+ H U = + + Z 2+ H L
2g w 2g w

Where:
HU = added energy
HL = total head loss = frictional headloss plus minor losses
ρ = density = unit weight (at the surface of the earth)

Sample problems:

1. In the given figure with 35 liters per second discharge of sea water (sp gr 1.03) flowing
from 1 to 2, the pressure at 1 is 103.40 kPa and at 2 is – 13.80 kPa. Point 2 is 6 meters
higher than point 1. Compute the lost energy in kPa between 1 and 2.

Given:
Q = 35 lit/sec =7/200 m3/sec
P1 = 103.4 KPa
P2 = - 13.80 KPa

2 Q

6m
1

Q Datum line

Required:
HL = headloss

Solution:
Apply BEE from pt. 1 to pt. 2 (note: BEE should be applied between two points always in
the direction of flow). Let the datum line pass through point 1 (note: all points above the
datum line will have a positive elevation head while points below the datum line have
negative elevation head)

v p1 v2 p
12 2 2
+ + Z 1+ H U = + + Z 2+ H L
2g w 2g w
There is no added energy between the two points being considered so H U is equal to
zero. Specific gravity, sp. gr., equals unit weight of substance divided by the unit weight
of water. Thus w equals 1.03 times the unit weight of water.
w = 1.03(9.81) = 10.104 KN/m3
V1 = V2 (diameter is constant at pt. 1 and pt. 2), so
p1 p2
+ Z1 = + Z 2 + H L
w w
p1 p2 103.4 (−13.8 )
H L= + Z 1− −Z 2= + 0− −6=5.599 m
w w 10.104 10.104

2. The diameter of a pipe carrying water changes gradually from 15 cm at A to 45 cm at B.

A is 4.50 m lower than B. If the pressure at A is 69 kPa and at B is 48 kPa when 142
liters per second is flowing, determine a) the direction of flow; b) the frictional loss
between the two points.

Given:
Q

B
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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

4.5 m

Datum line
A

DA = 15 cm = 0.15 m
DB = 45 cm = 0.45 m
PA = 69 KPa
PB = 48 KPa
Q = 142 lit/sec =0.142 m3/s

Required:
Flow direction and head loss between A and B

Solution:
Assume flow direction from A to B. write BEE from A to B
V 2A p A V 2B pB
+ + Z A= + + Z B + H L
2g w 2g w
Q 4 Q 4 ( 0.142 ) m
V A= = = =1.991
A A π D A π ( 0.15 )
2 2 s
4 Q 4 ( 0.142 ) m
V B= = =0.893
2
π D B π ( 0.45 )2 s
Substitute.
1.9912 69 0.8932 48
+ +0= + + 4.5+ H L
2g 9.81 2g 9.81
H L=−2.198m
The sign of HL is negative, meaning the assumed flow direction is wrong, the flow direction
then should be from B to A.

Check:
Assume flow direction from B to A. Write BEE from B to A
V 2B p B V 2A p A
+ + ZB= + + ZA + H L
2g w 2g w
2
0.893 48 1.9912 69
H L= + +4.5− − −0=2.198 m
2g 9.81 2g 9.81
The sign of HL is positive, meaning the assumed flow direction is correct and the head loss
between the two points is 2.198 meters.

3. A pump draws water from a 20 cm diam suction pipe and discharges through a 15 cm
diam pipe in which the velocity is 3.60 m/s. The pressure is – 34. 465 kPa at A in the
suction pipe. The 15 cm diam pipe discharges horizontally into air at C. To what height h
above B can the water be raised if B is 1.8 m. above A and 20 hp is delivered to the
pump? Assume that the pump operates at 80 % efficiency and that the frictional loss in
the pipe between A and C is 3 m.

Given:
C Q

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HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

B
Suction pipe Discharge pipe 1.80 m
A pump
Datum line

DA = 20 cm = 0.20 m
DB = DC = 15 cm = 0.15 m
PA = - 34.465 KPa (suction pressure)
VB = VC = 3.6 m/s
PC = 0 (atmospheric pressure)
BHP = 20 hp
Pump efficiency = 80%
HL(A-C) = 3 m

Required:
h

Solution:

Write BEE from A to C

2
V ApA V 2C pC
+ + Z A + H U = + + Z C + H L( A −C)
2g w 2g w

But QA = QB = QC = Q
π ( 0.152 ) m3
A A V A = A B V B= ( 3.6 )=0.064 =Q
4 s
4 Q 4 ( 0.064 ) m
V A= = =2.037
2 2
π D A π ( 0.20 ) s

Substitute
2
2.037 −34.465 3.62
+ +0+ H U = +0+1.8+h+ 3
2g 9.81 2g
h=H U −8.762

from
wQH
BHP=
746 ( pump efficiency )
9810 ( 0.064 ) H U
20=
746 ( 0.80 )
20 ( 746 ) ( 0.80 )
H U= =19.011 m
9810 ( 0.064 )

Thus
h=19.011−8.762=10.249 m

4. A pump draws water from reservoir A (ws elev. = 10 m) and lift it to reservoir B (ws elev.
= 72 m). The loss of head from A to 1 is 3 times the velocity head in the 15 cm diameter
pipe and the loss of head from 2 to B is 20 times the velocity head in the 10 cm diameter
pipe. Compute the horsepower output of the pump and the pressure at 1 and 2 when the
discharge is 15 liters per second. The pump is at elevation 15m.

Given:

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HYDRO 1 – HYDRAULICS
CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

Elev. 72 m
B
10 cm Ф

Reservoir B
Pump
15 cm Ф 2 Elev. 15 m
1
Elev. 10
A
Datum line
Reservoir A

Q = 15 lit/sec=0.015 m3/s
2
V 215 3 4Q 2 3 4 ( 0.015 )
H L(A −1)=3 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )[
2g
=
2g 2
π D15
=
2g ]
π ( 0.15 2)
=0.110 m

2
V2 20 4 Q 2 10 4 ( 0.015 )
( ) ( )( ) ( )[
H L(2−B )=20 10 =
2g 2g π D210
=
g π ( 0.102 ) ]
=3.718 m

Required:

WHP, P1, P2

Solution:

wQ H U
WHP=
746

Write BEE from point A to point B (Points A and B are points on the water surfaces of each
reservoir respectively). Velocity and pressure are equal to zero at water surfaces of tanks or
reservoirs.
V 2A p A V 2B pB
+ + Z A + H U = + +Z B + H L( A −B)
2g w 2g w
0+ 0+0+ H U =0+0+ ( 72−10 )+ H L( A−1) + H L(2− B)
H U =62+ 0.110+3.718=65.828 m
Thus,
9810 ( 0.015 ) ( 65.828 )
WHP= =12.985 hp
746

Write BEE from A to 1

V 2A p A V 21 p1
+ + Z A= + + Z 1+ H L( A−1)
2g w 2g w
2
V 15 p1
0+ 0+0= + + ( 15−10 ) +0.110
2g w
2
p1 1 4 ( 0.015 )
w
=−5.11− ( )[
2 g π ( 0.152 ) ]
=−5.147 m

p1=−5.147 ( 9.81 ) =−50.492 KPa (suction pressure)

Write BEE from A to 2

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CBLAMSIS UNIVERSITY OF THE CORDILLERAS Module 1

V 2A p A V 22 p2
+ + Z A + H U = + + Z 2+ H L( A−1)
2g w 2g w
2
V 10 p2
0+ 0+0+65.828= + + ( 15−10 ) +0.110
2g w
2
p2 1 4 ( 0.015 )
w
=65.828−5.110− ( )[ ]
2 g π ( 0.10 2)
=60.532m

p2=60.532 ( 9.81 )=593.819 KPa

ACTIVITY 1

Instructions:
1. Solve the following problems showing your complete solutions. Draw the figure
completely labelled with all the notations used in your solution.
2. Submit complete solutions on or before 27 June 2020 through e-mail using your
uc-bcf e-mail address (OUTLOOK).

Problems:

1. A circular stack has a diameter of 12 m at its base and diverging uniformly to a

diameter of 16 m at a height of 40 m. A certain gas having a specific weight of 5
N/m3, enters the stack at the bottom. Its specific weight increases uniformly until
at the top where it has a value of 7 N/m 3. Calculate the velocity in m/s and the
discharge in m3/s for every 10 m up the stack if the velocity at the bottom is 3
m/s.

2. The diameter of a pipeline at point 1 is 75 mm and at point 2 is 25 mm. Points 1

and 2 are at the same elevation. The liquid (sp.gr. = 1.2) on the pipeline
discharges at point 2 into the atmosphere. Compute the velocity head of the jet if
the pressure head at point 1 is 30 meters of the liquid flowing, and the lost head
between points 1 and 2 is 5 per cent of the velocity head at point 2.

3. A 30 cm diameter pipe is connected by a reducer to a 10 cm diameter pipe.

Points 1 (on the 30 cm diam.) and 2 (on the 10 cm diam.) are along the same
elevation. The pressure at 1 is 250 KPa. The flow is 30 liters per second and the
energy lost between 1 and 2 is equivalent to 20 KPa. Compute the pressure at 2
if the liquid flowing has a specific gravity of 1.50.

4. At point A where the suction pipe leading to a pump is 1.50 meters below the
pump an open manometer indicates a vacuum of 7 in. of mercury. The pipe is
100 mm in diameter, the discharge is 35 liters per second of oil (sp. gr. = 0.82).
Compute the total head at point A with respect to a datum at the pump.

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5. Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 90 cm in diameter,

and a pressure of 200 KPa is maintained at the summit where the pipe is 90 m
above the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 1.40 m 3/s and by reason of friction
there is a head loss of 3 J/N between reservoir and summit. If the pump is 90%
efficient, determine the input power of the pump.

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