INTRODUCTION

RELEVANCE OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING

Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you should be able to discuss the relevance of the course.

In this generation computer related skills are very essential. Typically, we rely our work
through the use of computers and other machines. When the computer fails, it is hard to us to do
our work because we usually depend on it. Thus, it is important that we have knowledge and
skills on diagnosing, maintaining and fixing computer hardware-related problems.

Computer System Servicing is the act of troubleshooting computer hardware problems. Luckily,
we are given a course which would enable us to learn and practice these skills.

It is designed to develop knowledge, skills, and attitudes of a Computer Technician in accordance

with industry standards. It covers basic and common competencies such as installing,
maintaining, configuring, and diagnosing computer systems and networks.

Through this course, you will be able to acquire knowledge and skills on the following:

1) The use of hand tools. This will enable you to identify and utilize the tools needed for a
certain job.
2) Perform Mensuration and Calculation. In this part, you will be required to learn the
process of measuring and calculating.
3) Preparing in computer software installation. The topics are involved the preparation in
installation of operating system, application software and utilities.
4) Identify the computer components. The topics are involved to the different components
of computer system and identifying the hardware specifications of the computer system
based on the job requirements.

After learning the Computer System Servicing course, you will gain a lot of benefits. You will be
able to help the community by sharing with them the knowledge and skills that you have gained.
You can also help your family or relatives with regards to computer hardware related issues.
Also, you can protect the environment. By following the health and safety guidelines, you can
prevent hazards that might affect the environment. You can also build your own business in
Computer Hardware Servicing. You can open your own service shop and be a successful
entrepreneur because of this kind of business. You can easily land on a job that needs this kind of
service, too. Lastly, you can boost your self-esteem. The more knowledge and skills you learn,
the more confident you can become because you know what you are doing and you are doing it
with your best.

Through this course, you will be able obtain the Computer Hardware Servicing National
Certificate Level II (NC II).
 BASIC CONCEPT IN COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING

Computer system servicing is the act on installing and maintaining computer systems and
networks. Includes all the components, equipment, peripherals, and all other devices that is part
of the entire computer operations. Common activities that involves CSS are installation of
computer systems and networks, diagnosing computer hardware problems, repairing hardware
components, and upgrading to the latest hardware technology.

Objectives:

This lesson will help you learn about the basic concepts in computer system servicing.

Learn About It

In order to be successful in establishing and running a computer system servicing business, the
following concepts must be recognized by an aspiring entrepreneur:

1. Theories and competencies in CSS – this involves all the theoretical knowledge as well
as the hands-on competencies needed by an individual to be able to perform the needed
activities and services that are required to accomplish some job requirements. Common
theory includes knowledge in technical specifications while competencies includes
actual installation and maintenance of components.

2. Career opportunities in CSS – having the idea on the possible careers that are concerned
with CHS will provide a broader understanding of the path an aspiring entrepreneur may
have. Careers in CSS can be as simple as an assistant computer hardware technician to
an IT infrastructure manager.

Aside from the concepts above, the technical know-how on the following services must also be
realized:

1. Installation of computer systems and networks – this involves the identification of the
technical requirements up to the actual installation.
2. Configuration of computer systems and networks – this is concerned with the
configuration of system software and application software after that installation of the
computer system and network.

3. Diagnosing and troubleshooting computer systems – this is about the skills needed to
determine the common computer errors and how to properly respond to them.

4. Maintenance of computer systems and networks – this includes the procedures and
activities needed to keep the computer systems and networks in proper operating
conditions.
 CAREER OPPORTUNITIES ON COMPUTER SYSTEM SERVICING

In this era of technology in which computers have been

Objective:
part of almost everyone’s everyday lives, a lot of career
In this lesson, you are
opportunities are available to those who have studied Computer
able to explore
opportunities in System Servicing. People who have the knowledge and skills in
computer system
diagnosing and troubleshooting computer hardware issues are
servicing as a career.
always considered as assets in every company because more
often than not, its operation relies on its computers – from the
simple reason of data storage to the more complicated operation
of its machines.

Learn About It.

Here is a list of some of the career opportunities available to those who are in the field of
Computer System Servicing.

Computer Repair Technician

Computer Repair Technicians are often responsible in repairing and maintaining

computers and servers. In maintaining the good working condition of computer hardware,
they would have to check the input devices (example: mice, keyboards, scanners,
webcams) and output devices (example: monitors, printers, speakers). There will also be
times that they will be assigned to do system administration which will require them to
maintain networking hardware such as routers, wireless networks, and fiber optics.

Technical Support Staff

It is a must for technology companies selling products like computers, televisions, mobile
phones, and other electronic or mechanical goods or gadgets to have a department
focusing solely in providing technical support to their customers or clients. Moreover,
some companies also offer technical support to their own staff and employees (even those
not in the industry of technology).

IT Entrepreneur
 Equipped with the knowledge and skills in servicing computer hardware, one can opt to
start his/her own enterprise in this field. Especially those who are more comfortable in
running his/her own business rather than to become an employee in a company.

Education Instructor

One can also join the academe and become a teacher/instructor and contribute to the
passing of their acquired knowledge and skills to others who are aspiring to be part of the
same industry.

Quality Assurance Engineer

They are the ones who are tasked to create or develop a system/process in testing
computer hardware products to make sure that the products meet the market standards
before being released to the public.

Hardware Developer

Creating physical computer systems is one of the responsibilities of Hardware

Developers. They are also the ones involved with the development, implementation, and
testing of hardware products such as circuits and component systems.

The examples stated above are just some of the career opportunities awaiting those who have
studied Computer Hardware Servicing.
Self-Check

Answer the following questions:

1. What profession which their tasked is to process in testing computer hardware products
to make sure that the products meet the market standards?

2. Computer mice, keyboards, scanners, and webcams are examples of what types of
devices?

3. People having skills and knowledge in Computer System Servicing and running his/her
own business can be called ______________
.

4. These people are often responsible in repairing and maintaining computers and servers.

5. True or False; Routers, wireless networks, and fiber optics are examples of networking
hardware.

6. The person who joins the academe and teaches his/her knowledge and skills to others is
called _________
.

7. What kind of career refers to the act of installing and maintaining computer systems and
networks?

8. What is the main concerns of computer system servicing? Discuss your answer.
9. What is the difference between theory and competency in Computer System Servicing?

10. What activities involves in computer system servicing?

Use of Hand Tools
This chapter, discusses about the use of the different hand tools that
appropriate to the devices related to the computer technology in which
computer technician used this tools to do tasks such computer repair and
maintenance.
 Prepare Hand Tools

Proper tool selection

A tool is a handheld device that aids in accomplishing a task. Tools range from a traditional metal
cutting part of a machine to an element of a computer program that activates and controls a
particular function.

Preparing for the task to be undertaken includes proper tool selection.

1. How do you select the best tool for the job? First, know and understand in detail the
scope of work to be accomplished, second, plan for the scope taking into account the
sequence of tasks.

2. Selecting the best tool for each task requires training in the proper use of the tools, field
experience in their safe use, and following the manufacturer’s guidance and instructions
for that specific tool.

3. When obtaining the tool all the associated tooling and consumable parts, as
recommended by the manufacturer, must be included. In addition, related consumable
parts must also be selected and used according to their manufacturer’s instructions.

Safe Use of tools

Once the right tools are selected, use the tools for the purpose for which where it was designed.
Not all tools have a detailed instruction, but there are those that have the proper instructions that
specifies how to used it in proper way and safely. If there are set-up or use options, user’s
decision must always be based on what is the safest way to use the tools.
Environmental Safety and Health Program requires the following:

• All tools must be kept in good condition with regular maintenance.

• The right tool must be used for the specific tasks.
• Each tools must be examined before using it AND damaged or defective tools must be
separated from the good conditions.
• Tools be operated according to manufacturer’s instructions.
• The right protective equipment for the tool and activity must be apply.

HARDWARE TOOLS

To complete hardware repairs, it is important to have a toolkit that should contain all of the
necessary tools. As you gain experience, you will learn which tools to have available for different
types of jobs.

Hardware tools are grouped into four categories:

• Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) tools
• Hand tools
• Cleaning tools
• Diagnostic tools

Electro-Static Discharge (ESD) Tools

Static electricity is easily generated by friction on carpets, tile flooring, clothing, hair, fabric, and
etc. The friction of moving air alone will charge suspended particles and cause the build-up of
static electrical charges on people and objects in the environment. Grounded antistatic work mats
used with antistatic wrist straps provide the most basic means for the controlled discharge of
electrostatic electricity.
Examples of ESD Tools:

1. Anti-static wrist strap – used to prevent ESD

damage to computer equipment.

Static is easily generated by humans from a mere

shuffling our shoes across a floor or by movement in
our clothes. Static charges build up and we actually
store the charge within us. Even stepped across a
carpet and/or touched a metal door knob to be
unlocked the door, it can create a charges. And that
charges are called electro-static discharge. While the charges that build up within us are not high
voltages, they are high enough to quickly and permanently damage sensitive electronics devices
used on printed circuit boards (PCB's). ESD-Safe wrist straps (or grounding bracelets) help
prevent static discharges which will degrade chips or damage circuits.

2. Anti-Static Mat and ESD Flooring

Antistatic mats and ESD flooring are effective methods of controlling electrostatic discharge.
Antistatic matting slows down and controls this discharge allowing static electricity to transfer
safely to ground. It also protects the surface of the sensitive devices from wear and tear during
processing.

ESD matting is designed to drain static charge from items placed on its surface, for a mat to
effectively ground an item, it must be either conductive or dissipative and be connected to a
suitable grounding point. ESD mats are generally available as Vinyl or Rubber mats.

Hand
Tools

A
hand
tool is a device for performing work on a material or a physical system using only hands. The
hand tools can be manually used employing force, or electrically powered, using electrical
current.

Examples of Hand Tools:

1. Flat Head Screw Driver

A flat-head screwdriver is a screwdriver

with a wedge-shaped flat tip, used to tighten
or loosen screws that have a straight, linear
notch in their heads.

2. Philips Head Screw Driver

A Philips head screw driver is a screw

driver with pointed-shaped cross tip, used to
tighten or loosen screws that have a cross
notch in their heads.

3. Torx Screw Driver

Used to loosen or tighten screws that have a

star-like depression on the top, a feature that
is mainly found on laptop.

4. Hex Screw Driver

A more popular tool for loosening or

tightening hex screws is an Allen key or
wrench. However hex drivers exist to serve
the same purpose.
5. Needle-Nose Pliers

The Needle Nose Pliers, tempered jaws

ideal for bending wires or working with
small objects as well as work in tight places.
With a forged, chrome-nickel steel
construction which meets or exceeds ANSI
standards, these needle nose pliers have a
rust-resistant finish and machined jaws for
slip-resistant grip. The double-dipped
handles provide comfortable use. This tool
measures 5 inches in length and is backed
by a lifetime limited warranty.
 6. Wire Cutters

A tool used to cut

metal wire or beading wire.
Diagonal wire cutters should cut flush.
Be sure to buy yours at a craft
or bead shop: hardware store cutters
and pliers are usually too large and
imprecise for jewelry making.
7. Tweezers

A small tools used for picking up

objects too small to be easily handled
with the human fingers. The tool is
most likely derived from tongs, pincers,
or scissors-like pliers used to grab or
hold hot objects since the dawn of
recorded history.
8. Parts Retriever

This tool is mainly used to retrieve

screws. Although is also helpful in
retrieving jammed bits in the
motherboard.

9. Flashlight / Head flashlight

This tool is a portable hand-held electric

light used to light up areas that difficult to
see.

Cleaning Tools

Having the appropriate cleaning tools is essential when maintaining or repairing computers.
Using these tools ensures that computer components are not damaged during cleaning.

Example:

1. Lint Free Cloth is a 100% polyester lint free

wipe. It is a thin, light weighed cloth used for
simple cleaning process in lint free zones.
Absorbency of the cloth is excellent; it can
absorb more than 200% liquid of its own
weight. Very must suitable for dusting
purpose as well. Smooth surface of the cloth
ensures no wiping marks are left behind. It is
the most cost effective lint free wipe.

2. Compressed Air

This tool used to blow away dust and debris

from different computer parts without
touching the components.

3. Cable Ties

Cable tie is used to bundle neatly the wire or

cable inside and outside of computer system.

4. Parts Organizer

It is used to placed screws, jumpers, fasteners

and other small parts and prevents them from
getting mixed together.
Diagnostic Tools

Computers are easier to use and more dependable with each new generation of hardware and
operating system update, but that doesn't mean they're problem-free.
Here's the most popular tools for diagnosing your computer problems:

1. Multimeter

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a

VOM (volt-ohm-meter), is an electronic
measuring instrument that combines several
measurement functions in one unit. A typical
multimeter can measure voltage, current, and
resistance.

2. Loopback Adapter

Used to test the functionality of the computer

ports.
Self-Check

A. Direction. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your
answers on a separate sheet of paper.

______1. Selecting the best tool for each task requires training in the proper use of the
tools, field experience in their safe use, and following the manufacturer’s
guidance and instructions for that specific tool.

______2. When obtaining the tool, all the associated tooling and consumable parts, as
recommended by the manufacturer, must be included.

______3. The safe use of a tool depends on using the tool for the purpose for which it
was designed and also for other purposes where it can be used as substitute
where tool is not available.

______4. All tools should be kept in good condition with regular maintenance.

______5. Preparing for a task includes only knowing the task to be done.

______6. Preparing for a task includes also the sequence of tasks to be done.
 B. Direction: Identify the tools on the boxes. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.

Answer Sheet:
True or False
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Identification
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
 PROPER USE OF TOOLS

Proper Use of ESD Tools

The purpose of an antistatic wrist strap is to equalize the electrical charge between you and the
equipment. The antistatic wrist strap is a conductor that connects your body to the equipment that
you are working on. When static electricity builds up in your body, the connection made by the
wrist strap to the equipment, or ground, channels the electricity through the wire that connects the
strap.

The wrist strap has two parts and is easy to wear:

1. Wrap the strap around your wrist and

secure it using the snap or Velcro. The
metal on the back of the wrist strap must
remain in contact with your skin at all
times.

2. Snap the connector at the end of the wire

to the wrist strap, and connect the other
end either to the equipment or to the
same grounding point that the antistatic mat is connected to. The metal skeleton of the
case is a good place to connect the wire. When connecting the wire to equipment that you
are working on, choose an unpainted metal surface. A painted surface does not conduct
the electricity as well as unpainted metal.

An antistatic mat is slightly conductive. It works by drawing static electricity away from a
component and transferring it safely from equipment to a
grounding point:

1. Lay the mat on the workspace next to or under the

computer case.
 2. Clip the mat to the case to provide a grounded surface on which you can place parts as
you remove them from the system.

Reducing the potential for ESD reduces the likelihood of damage to delicate circuits or
components.

Proper Use of Hand Tools

A technician needs to be able to properly use each tool in the toolkit. This topic covers many of
the various hand tools used when repairing computers.

Screws
Match each screw with the proper screwdriver. Place the tip of the screwdriver on the head of the
screw. Turn the screwdriver clockwise to tighten the screw and counterclockwise to loosen the
screw.

Screws can become stripped if you over-tighten them with a screwdriver. A stripped screw, may
get stuck in the screw hole, or it may not tighten firmly. Discard stripped screws.

Flat head screwdriver

Use a flat head screwdriver when you are working with a slotted screw. Do not use a flat head
screwdriver to remove a Phillips head screw. Never use a screwdriver as a pry bar. If you cannot
remove a component, check to see if there is a clip or latch that is securing the component in
place.

CAUTION: If excessive force is needed to remove or add a component, something is probably

wrong. Take a second look to make sure that you have not missed a screw or a locking clip that is
holding the component in place. Refer to the device manual or diagram for additional
information.

Phillips head screwdriver

Use a Phillips head screwdriver with crosshead screws. Do not use this type of screwdriver to
puncture anything. This will damage the head of the screwdriver.

Hex driver
Use a hex driver to loosen and tighten bolts that have a hexagonal (six-sided) head. Hex bolts
should not be over-tightened because the threads of the bolts can be stripped. Do not use a hex
driver that is too large for the bolt that you are using.

CAUTION: Some tools are magnetized. When working around electronic devices, be sure that
the tools you are using have not been magnetized. Magnetic fields can be harmful to data stored
on magnetic media. Test your tool by touching the tool with a screw. If the screw is attracted to
the tool, do not use the tool.

Part retriever, Needle-nose pliers, or tweezers

The part retriever, needle-nose pliers, and tweezers can be used to place and retrieve parts that
may be hard to reach with your fingers. Do not scratch or hit any components when using these
tools.

CAUTION: Pencils should not be used inside the computer to change the setting of switches or to
pry off jumpers. The pencil lead can act as a conductor and may damage the computer
components.
Proper Use of Cleaning Materials

Keeping computers clean inside and out is a vital part of a maintenance program. Dirt can cause
problems with the physical operation of fans, buttons, and other mechanical components. On
electrical components, an excessive buildup of dust will act like an insulator and trap the heat.

This insulation will impair the ability of heat sinks and cooling fans to keep components cool,
causing chips and circuits to overheat and fail.

CAUTION: When compressed air is used to clean inside the computer, the air should be blown
around the components with a minimum distance of four inches from the nozzle. The power
supply and the fan should be cleaned from the back of the case.

CAUTION: Before cleaning any device, turn it off and unplug the device from the power source.

Computer Cases and Monitors

Clean computer cases and the outside of monitors with a mild cleaning solution on a damp, lint-
free cloth. Mix one drop of dishwashing liquid with four ounces of water to create the cleaning
solution. If any water drips inside the case, allow enough time for the liquid to dry before
powering on the computer.

LCD Screens

Do not use ammoniated glass cleaners or any other solution on an LCD screen, unless the cleaner
is specifically designed for the purpose. Harsh chemicals will damage the coating on the screen.
There is no glass protecting these screens, so be gentle when cleaning them and do not press
firmly on the screen.

CRT Screens

To clean the screens of CRT monitors, dampen a soft,

clean, lint-free cloth with distilled water and wipe the
screen from top to bottom. Then use a soft, dry cloth to wipe the screen and remove any streaking
after you have cleaned the monitor.
Clean dusty components with a can of compressed air.

Compressed air does not cause electrostatic buildup on components. Make sure that you are in a
well-ventilated area before blowing the dust out of the computer. A best practice is to wear a dust
mask to make sure that you do not breathe in the dust particles.

Blow out the dust using short bursts from the can. Never tip the can or use the compressed air can
upside down. Do not allow the fan blades to spin from the force of the compressed air. Hold the
fan in place. Fan motors can be ruined from spinning when the motor is not turned on.

Component Contacts

Clean the contacts on components with isopropyl alcohol. Do not use rubbing alcohol. Rubbing
alcohol contains impurities that can damage contacts. Make sure that the contacts do not collect
any lint from the cloth or cotton swab. Blow any lint off the contacts with compressed air before
reinstallation.

Keyboard

Clean a desktop keyboard with compressed air or a small, hand-held vacuum cleaner with a brush
attachment.

CAUTION: Never use a standard vacuum cleaner inside a computer case. The plastic parts of the
vacuum cleaner can build up static electricity and discharge to the components. Use only a
vacuum approved for electronic components.

Mouse

Use glass cleaner and a soft cloth to clean the outside of the mouse. Do not spray glass cleaner
directly on the mouse. If cleaning a ball mouse, you can remove the ball and clean it with glass
cleaner and a soft cloth. Wipe the rollers clean inside the mouse with the same cloth. Do not
spray any liquids inside the mouse.
A. Direction. Identify the appropriate tool to use for each of the following:

_________________1. Equalize the electrical charge between you and the equipment.
_________________2. Tighten / loosen screw

_________________3. Tighten / loosen bold with a hexagonal head

_________________4. Retrieve parts that may be hard to reach by your fingers

_________________5. Tighten / loosen a slotted screw.

B. Direction: Complete the computer cleaning chart shown below.

COMPUTER MAINTENANCE

COMPONENTS TO CLEAN CLEAN WITH:

Computer case and outside monitor Mild cleaning solution and lint free cloth (sample)

Keyboard

Mouse

LCD screen
CRT screen

Heat sink

RAM
 Maintain hand tools

TOOL AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE

Another procedure that will consider by any personnel in charge in a workplace is the proper care
and routine maintenance of hand the tools and equipment. Being a technician it is very important
that the tools used in a workplace must be maintained and always keep it in a good condition,
cleaned and ready for the next uses. Proper tool care also saves you money because the better
they’re cared for, the longer they’ll last.

All tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that workers are not endangered.
Regulations require inspections of tools, machines and equipment before use.

Preventive maintenance is the systematic care and protection of tools, equipment and machines in
order to keep them in a safe, usable condition, limit downtime and extend productivity. We must
always be aware that maintenance tasks themselves are potentially hazardous and can result in
injury. The successful maintenance program is:

 well organized and scheduled,

 controls hazards,
 defines operational procedures, and
 trains key personnel.

The degree of detail to include regarding tools and equipment maintenance will depend on the
kinds of tools/equipment used. Some construction equipment may have very specific inspection
and maintenance requirements. Electronic equipment may have different maintenance
requirements. Hand tools may require only basic maintenance. Power tools should be maintained
in good working order. This may be limited to ensuring that blades/bits are replaced when needed
and those guards or other safety devices are operable and any damaged electrical cords/plugs are
repaired or replaced. Damaged or defective equipment/tools should be tagged and removed from
service.

Most manufacturers can provide maintenance schedules for their equipment. Large companies
typically have a comprehensive maintenance program due to the capital investment and/or leasing
agreements. Smaller companies may lease equipment and maintenance services may be included
in the leasing agreement.

Here are some tips on how to tacker the tools and equipment:

1. Clean, Inspect and Care for Tools

Make it a habit to clean tools after each uses before you return them to storage. Wipe them
down with ta rag or old towel and be sure they are free of dust, grease and debris before
keeping into their proper storage.

2. Inspect for Wear or Damage

Periodically inspect power tools for any signs of wear or damage.

3. Store Tools Properly

A proper storage system is a must for hand tools. A toolbox, storage container, shelving unit
or a combination of all of these can be used to keep your tools protected and in peak
condition. Ideally, storage units should be kept somewhere with minimal exposure to
moisture and temperature changes. Remember to keep tools in their respective places or
hung on designated hangers when a job has been completed.

Safety Alerts
 Don’t use tools that need repair or replacement. Broken tools can cause injury

 Don’t use tools inappropriately; you risk injury to yourself, others and damage to the
tools.

After cleaning, use an all-purpose oil, such as WD-40 to lubricate tools with adjustable
parts. Lightly spray other metal tool parts as well such as screwdrivers. This will help
fight corrosion and rust.

General requirements for tools and equipment maintenance include:

 Obtaining a copy of the maintenance schedule recommended by the manufacturer
 Ensuring that maintenance is performed as required
  Ensuring that the person(s) performing the maintenance are competent (e.g. licensed
mechanic)
 Retaining records of maintenance/service conducted
 Specifying who is responsible for overseeing equipment maintenance and where the
records are kept
 Set up a system for removal and tagging of damaged or defective tools and equipment

PROPER STORAGE OF TOOLS, PARTS, AND EQUIPMENT

In every workstation proper keeping of the tools and equipment used in computer system must be
practice by the individual or personnel assigned to maintain the workplace. Most specially by the
computer technician who had always used the said tools and equipment.

To keep the workplace, organize, every tools, materials, equipment and devices should place and
keep in a storage applicable to it.
How to apply this kind of procedure in a workplace? What will be the best thing to do to make a
workplace organize? And who will be the responsible to do such task?

Here is the example of the storage for the different tools and equipment:

1. Cabinet

This is the common and

preeminent storage that
required in any workplace.

2. Computer Repair Kit

 Computer Tool Kit is the ideal solution for
both in-house computer and equipment
maintenance for technicians in the field. 

Benefits:
 Tools and parts are kept in good condition and are easy to find
 Costs are reduced.
 Productivity is increased because time is not wasted looking for tools, parts and
 equipment.
 Workshop staff develop a sense of responsibility and pride in their work.
Self-Check

Direction. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is wrong. Write your answers
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. All tools and equipment must be properly maintained so that workers are not
endangered.
2. Preventive maintenance is the systematic care and protection of tools, equipment and
machines in order to keep them in a safe, usable condition, limit downtime and extend
productivity.
3. The degree of detail to include regarding tools and equipment maintenance will depend
on the kinds of tools/equipment used.
4. Damaged or defective equipment/tools should be tagged and removed from service.
5. Most manufacturers can provide maintenance schedules for their equipment.
6. Properly stored tools and equipment will be easy to find when needed and are less likely
to be lost.
7. Use bins for storing small parts is a good practice on proper storage.
8. Productivity is increased because time is not lost looking for tools, parts and equipment
is one of the benefits of proper storage.
Directions: Enumerate the following.

Good practices in the proper storage of tools:

Benefits of proper storage of tools:

Activity 1

Direction: Conduct a maintenance activity on the given hand tools.

Tools Maintenance Activity
1. Flat Head Screwdriver Clean and Magnetize
2. Philips Head Screwdriver
3. Torx Screwdriver
4. Hex Driver
5. Needle-Nose Plier
6. Wire Cutter
7. Tweezer
8. Part Retriever
9. Flashlight
10. Multimeter
 Perform Mensuration and Calculation

Digital Representation 

Within a computer, information is represented and stored in a digital binary format. The term bit
is an abbreviation of binary digit and represents the smallest piece of data.  Humans interpret
words and pictures; computers interpret only patterns of bits. 

A bit can have only two possible values, a one digit (1) or a zero digit (0). A bit can be used to
represent the state of something that has two states. For example, a light switch can be either ON
or OFF; in binary representation, these states would correspond to 1 and 0, respectively. 

Computers use binary codes to represent and interpret letters, numbers and special characters
with bits. A commonly used code is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange
(ASCII). With ASCII, each character is represented by a string of bits.
Example: 
Capital letter A = 01000001 
Number 9 = 00001001 
Special Character # = 00100011 

Each group of eight bits, such as the representation of letters and numbers, is known as a byte.
Codes can be used to represent almost any type of information digitally:  computer data, graphics,
photos, voice, video, and music.
 Standard or lower ASCII characters and codes

Char Dec Binary Char Dec Binary Char Dec Binary

! 033 00100001 A 065 01000001 a 097 01100001
" 034 00100010 B 066 01000010 b 098 01100010
# 035 00100011 C 067 01000011 c 099 01100011
$ 036 00100100 D 068 01000100 d 100 01100100
% 037 00100101 E 069 01000101 e 101 01100101
& 038 00100110 F 070 01000110 f 102 01100110
' 039 00100111 G 071 01000111 g 103 01100111
( 040 00101000 H 072 01001000 h 104 01101000
) 041 00101001 I 073 01001001 i 105 01101001
* 042 00101010 J 074 01001010 j 106 01101010
+ 043 00101011 K 075 01001011 k 107 01101011
, 044 00101100 L 076 01001100 l 108 01101100
- 045 00101101 M 077 01001101 m 109 01101101
. 046 00101110 N 078 01001110 n 110 01101110
/ 047 00101111 O 079 01001111 o 111 01101111
0 048 00110000 P 080 01010000 p 112 01110000
1 049 00110001 Q 081 01010001 q 113 01110001
2 050 00110010 R 082 01010010 r 114 01110010
3 051 00110011 S 083 01010011 s 115 01110011
4 052 00110100 T 084 01010100 t 116 01110100
5 053 00110101 U 085 01010101 u 117 01110101
6 054 00110110 V 086 01010110 v 118 01110110
7 055 00110111 W 087 01010111 w 119 01110111
8 056 00111000 X 088 01011000 x 120 01111000
9 057 00111001 Y 089 01011001 y 121 01111001
: 058 00111010 Z 090 01011010 z 122 01111010
; 059 00111011 [ 091 01011011 { 123 01111011
< 060 00111100 \ 092 01011100 | 124 01111100
= 061 00111101 ] 093 01011101 } 125 01111101
> 062 00111110 ^ 094 01011110 ~ 126 01111110
? 063 00111111 _ 095 01011111 _ 127 01111111
@ 064 01000000 ` 096 01100000

Binary and Decimal Number Representation

Binary is a base-2 number system that uses two mutually exclusive states to represent
information. A binary number is made up of elements called bits where each bit can be in one of
the two possible states. Generally, we represent them with the numerals 1 and 0. We also talk
about them being True and False. Electrically, the two states might be represented by high and
low voltages or some form of switch turned ON and OFF.

We build binary numbers the same way we build numbers in our traditional base 10 system.
However, instead of a one's column, a 10's column, a 100's column (and so on) we have a one's
column, a two's columns, a four's column, an eight's column, and so on, as illustrated below.

So on.. 103 102 101 100 So on.. 23 22 21 20

1000,s 100’s 10’s 1’s 8 4 2 1
Base of 10 Base of 2
Example in traditional base 10 system:

Decimal number 203

102 101 100

2 0 3
100’s 10’s 1’s

Or, in other words, 2 × 10 2 + 3 × 100 = 200 + 3 = 203. To represent the same thing in binary, we
would have the following table.
Or simply:

27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1
That equates to 27 + 26 + 23+21 + 20 = 128 + 64 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 203.
Conversion of Decimal Number to Binary Number

The decimal (base ten) numeral system has ten values (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8, and 9) for each place-
value. In contrast, the binary (base two) numeral system has two values represented as 0 or 1 for
each place-value. Since the binary system is the internal language of electronic computers,
serious computer programmers should understand how to convert from decimal to binary.

Methods of Decimal to Binary Conversion

Method 1

The first method of converting from a decimal number to a binary number entails expressing the
decimal number as a sum of powers of 2.
To convert the decimal number x to binary:
Step 1. Find the highest power of two (2) less than or equal to x. The binary
representation will have a one in this position. Denote the value of this highest
power of 2 as y.
Step 2. Subtract this power of two (y) from the decimal number (x) denoting the result
as z:
z=x–y
Step 3. If z = 0, you are done. Otherwise, let x = z and return to step 1.
Descending Powers of Two and Subtraction

29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
512 256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Start by making a chart. List the powers of two in a "base 2 table" from right to left.

1
Start at 20, evaluating it as "1". Increment the exponent by one for each power.
Make the list up until you've reached a number very near the decimal system
number you're starting with. For this example, let's convert the decimal number
15610 to binary.
Conversion:
If x = 15610
Find the highest power of two (2) less than or equal to x. The binary representation will
have a one in this position.

256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

156 - 128 = 28
28 - 16 = 12

12 - 8 = 4
4 - 4 = 0

Checking: Add all those binary representations that has a one in its position and omit those with zero.

128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 15610

Method 2:

Division method
This method is just the same with the decimal number division procedure. There has a dividend,
divisor, quotient and the remainder. To get the binary conversion of the decimal number in this process,
all remainders must be denoted. When the division process has no remainder, just need to put the zero.
Example:
Convert the 15610 to binary number using division method.

Dividend Divisor Quotient Remainders

156 ÷ 2 = 78 0
78 ÷ 2 = 39 0
39 ÷ 2 = 19 1
19 ÷ 2 = 9 1
9 ÷ 2 = 4 1
4 ÷ 2 = 2 0
2 ÷ 2 = 1 0
1 ÷ 2 = 0 1

Conversion inputted starts from the bottom to top of the remainders:

10011100
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

Checking: Add all those binary representations that has a one in its position and omit those with zero.
 128 + 16 + 8 + 4 = 15610

Conversion of Binary Number to Decimal Number

Binary to decimal conversion is performed to represent a number specified in binary number
system to its equivalent in the decimal number system. A number system is very essential to
represent numbers. Every number system has a base and the base of a number system is
determined by the total number of digits used in the number system. For example, the binary
number system has a base of 2 because it has only two digits to represent any number. Similarly,
the decimal number system has a base of 10, as it has 10 digits to represent a number.
The conversion of numbers from binary to decimal is important as it helps to read numbers that
are represented as a set of 0s and 1s.

Binary to Decimal Conversion Using Positional Notation Method

The positional notation method is one in which the value of a digit in a number is determined by a
weight based on its position. This is achieved by multiplying each digit by the base (2) raised to
the respective power depending upon the position of that digit in the number. The summation of
all these values obtained for each digit gives the equivalent value of the given binary number in
the decimal system.

Observe the following steps to understand the binary to decimal conversion. Let us consider the
binary number 1011012. In any binary number, the rightmost digit is called the 'Least Significant
Bit' (LSB) and the left-most digit is called the 'Most Significant Bit' (MSB). For a binary number
with 'n' digits, the least significant bit has a weight of 2 0 and the most significant bit has a weight
of 2n-1.

Step 1: List out the powers of 2 for all the digits starting from the rightmost position. The first
power would be 20 and as we move on it will be 2 1, 22, 23, 24, 25,... In the given example, there are
6 digits, therefore, starting from the rightmost digit, the weight of each position from the right is
20,21,22,23,24,25.
Step 2: Now multiply each digit in the binary number starting from the right with its respective
weight based on its position and evaluate the product. Observe the figure shown below to relate to
the step. Finally, sum up all the products obtained for all the digits in the binary number.
Step 3: Now, express the binary number as a decimal number: 
1011012= 4510
BINARY ADDITION, SUBTRUCTION, MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION

Remember, all digital devices use a binary number system in their electronic circuit. The input 0
indicates off state and the input 1 indicates the state. Because of these implementations binary
number systems are most widely used in modern computer technology.

The process of these four operations are similar with the decimal procedures. The difference of
the binary arithmetic operations procedure, each of it has a rules that need to remember.

Binary Addition

Binary addition is as similar in decimal number system the difference is only of the base. The
decimal number system has base 10 and uses digits from 1 to 9 while the binary number system
has the base 2 and uses only digits 0 and 1. Binary numbers consist of only two digits 0 and 1.

Most of the digital devices understand only binary number systems, so before adding two binary
number systems we should understand the state of the digits. Each bit represents a voltage signal.
The bit 0 indicates ‘off’ state while the bit 1 indicates the ‘on’ state.

Addition of binary numbers is an easy task if you understand the binary addition rules.

Binary Addition Rules

Addition of two binary numbers as easy as the decimal number system. Just we have to take note
of some rules while adding two binary numbers. There are four rules associated with binary
addition. The binary addition rules are as follows.

 0+0=0
 0+1=1
 1+0=1
 1 + 1 =10 (carry 1 to the next significant bit, bring down 1)

As binary numbers include only two digits i.e. 0 and 1, these four rules are all the possible
conditions for the addition of binary numbers.

Here is the stepwise procedure of how to add two binary numbers.