A Project Report on

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL MACHINE

Submitted to Kalinga Institute of Industrial technology,Odisha

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Under the guidance of Mr.Girish.Painuli

SUBMITTED BY APPROVED BY
VISHAL ROY KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY

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 PREFACE
Training is an integral part of B.tech and each and every
student has to undergo the training for 4-6 weeks in a
company after the completion of his/her 2nd year of B.tech
course.

This record is concerned about my practical course during the

summer vacation after the end of the 2nd year.I have taken
practical course in CADDESK India through online mode due to
the Covid-19 situation in our country.During this course I got
to learn many new things in CNC programming.This course
proved to be a milestone of our knowledge of present
industries.I thank MR.GIRISH PAINULI sir for giving us
knowledge of CNC programming.

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 DECLARATION
I Vishal Roy Roll no-2002612 B.tech Mechanical Engineering
semester 5th of KALINGA INSTITUTE OF INDUSTRIAL
TECHNOLOGY hereby declare that the course report entitled
‘Report on CNC programming’ is an original work and the data
provided in the study is authentic to the best of my
knowledge.This report has not been submitted to any other
college for award of any other degree.

VISHAL ROY
2002612
DATE-16/06/2021

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 CERTIFICATE

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CNC machining and safety........................................................................................................................1

Safety related to CNC work................................................................................................................................................2
Environmental for CNC machine.....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................4
What is CNC?................................................................................................................................................................................5
Advantages and disadvantages of CNC machine.................................................................................................6

Preparatory Commands............................................................................................................................1
G-CODES.....................................................................................................................................................................................2
Miscellaneous Commands(M-CODES) .................................................................................................................3
Software Interface...............................................................................................................................................4

How CNC machine works?..................................................................................................................1

Operational and control systems................................................................................................4
Fanuc operational panel.....................................................................................................................................................5
Fanuc oit control panel...........................................................................................................6

Programming planning and structure..............................................................................1

Part programming..................................................................................................................................................................2

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 CNC MACHINING AND SAFETY

 Do not use this machine unless a teacher has instructed you in

its safe and operation and has given permission.
 Safety glasses should be worn at all times in work areas.
 Sturdy footwear should be worn at all times in work areas.
 Rings and jewelry should not be worn.
 Long and loose hair must be contained.
 Close fitting/protective clothing should be worn.
 Gloves should not be worn when using this machine.

PRE OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

 Ensure no slip/trip hazards are present in workspaces and

walkways.
 Locate and ensure you are familiar with the operation of the
ON/OFF starter and E-Stop (if fitted).
 Do not leave equipment on top of the machine.
 Check that machine guards are in position.
 Ensure cutter is in good condition and securely mounted.
 Check coolant delivery system to allow for sufficient flow of
coolant.
 Faulty equipment should not be used. Immediately report
suspect machinery.
 OPERATIONAL SAFETY CHECKS

 Keep clear of moving machine parts.

 Never leave the machine running unattended.
 Follow correct clamping procedures- keep overhangs as small
as possible and check work piece is secure.
 Set the correct speed to suit the cutter diameter, the depth of
cut and the material.
 Before making adjustments and measurements or before
cleaning swarf accumulations switch off and bring the
machine to a complete standstill

HOUSEKEEPING

 Switch off the machine.

 Remove milling cutters and store them safely.
 Leave the machine and work area in a safe, clean and tidy
state

SAFETY RELATED TO CNC WORK

Safety is the most important element in the programming, setup,

machining, tooling,
fixture, inspection, shipping, and we name-it operation within a
typical machine shop daily work. Safety can never be
overemphasized. Companies talk about safety,
conduct safety meetings, display posters, make speeches, call
experts. This mass of information and instructions is presented to
all of us for some very good reasons. Safety is a large subject but
a few points that related to the CNC work are important.
Every machinist should know the hazards of mechanical and
electrical devices. The
first step towards a safe work place is with a clean work area,
where no chips, oil
spills and other debris are allowed to accumulate on the floor.
Taking care of personal safety is equally important. Loose
clothing, jewelry, ties, scarfs, unprotected long hair, improper
use of gloves is dangerous in machining environment. Protection
of eyes, ears, hands and feet is strongly recommended.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL FOR CNC MACHINES

There are various factors, which are very much important to

maintain proper environmental conditions. CNC machines are
very costly and complex in design, so great care is necessary for
these machines in handling as well as up keeping. For
proper working of these machines, the following environmental
conditions are to be
maintained:
(a) Well air circulation.
(b) Working temperature should be within control limits.
(c) Space should not be congested but should be quite open.
(d) Electrical power supply should be regulated.
(e) There should be proper disposal point for scrap.
(f) There should not be presence of noisy source near to the
machine.
(g) There should not be presence of harmful chemicals near to
the machine.
(h) Proper lighting to the system.
(i) The machine should be protected from the moisture.
(j) There should not be presence of vibrating source near to the
machine.
(k) Power supply should be regulated.
(l) Floor should be cleaned free from oily and greased.
(m) Trained person should operate the machine.
(n) Dust free floor space and environment.
(o) Sufficient supply of coolant required during machining.

WHAT IS CNC?

CNC stands for Computer Numerical Control and has been around since
the early 1970's. Prior to this, it was called NC, for Numerical Control.
(In the early 1970's computers were introduced to these controls, hence
the name change.) While people in most walks of life have never heard
of this term, CNC has touched almost every form of manufacturing
process in one way or another. If you'll be working in manufacturing,
it's likely that you'll be dealing with CNC on a regular basis.
In a typical NC system the motion and machining instructions and the
related numerical data, together called a part program, used to be written
on a punched tape. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks
of information, each related to a particular operation in a sequence of
operations needed for producing a mechanical component. The punched
tape used to be read one block at a time. Each block
contained, in a particular syntax, information needed for processing a
particular machining instruction such as, the segment length, its cutting
speed, feed, etc. These pieces of information were related to the final
dimensions of the workpiece (length, width, and radii of circles) and the
contour forms (linear, circular, or other) as per the drawing. Based on
these dimensions, motion commands were given separately
for each axis of motion. Other instructions and related machining
parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, as well as auxiliary
functions related to coolant flow,
spindle speed, part clamping, are also provided in part programs
depending on
manufacturing specifications such as tolerance and surface finish.
Punched tapes are mostly obsolete now, being replaced by magnetic
disks and optical disks
Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine tools, the modern
versions of NC machines have an embedded system involving several
microprocessors and related electronics as the Machine Control Unit
(MCU). Initially, these were developed in the seventies in the US and
Japan. However, they became much more popular in
Japan than in the US. In CNC systems multiple microprocessors and
programmable logic controllers work in parallel for simultaneous servo
position and velocity control of several axes of a machine for contour
cutting as well as monitoring of the cutting process and the machine
tool. Thus, milling and boring machines can be fused into versatile
machining centers. Similarly, turning centers can realize a fusion
of various types of lathes. Over a period of time, several additional
features were introduced, leading to increased machine utilization and
reduced operator intervention. Some of these are:

Work flow diagram of CNC

 Advantages of
CNC machine

CNC machines offer the following advantages in manufacturing.

• Higher flexibility: This is essentially because of programmability,
programmed
control and facilities for multiple operations in one machining Centre,
• Increased productivity: Due to low cycle time achieved through
higher material removal rates and low set up times achieved by faster
tool positioning, changing, automated material handling etc.
• Improved quality: Due to accurate part dimensions and excellent
surface finish that can be achieved due to precision motion control and
improved thermal control by automatic control of coolant flow.
• Reduced scrap rate: Use of Part programs that are developed using
optimization procedures
• Reliable and Safe operation: Advanced engineering practices for
design and manufacturing, automated monitoring, improved
maintenance and low human interaction
• Smaller footprint: Due to the fact that several machines are fused
into one.

Disadvantages of CNC machine

• Relatively higher cost compared to manual versions.

• More complicated maintenance due to the complex nature of the
technologies.
• Need for skilled part programmers.

Operation performed on Lathe

Turning: The diameter of a part can be reduced to desired dimension.

Facing : A lathe can be used to create a smooth, flat face very
accurately
Parting : Deeper and narrower than a turning tool. It is designed for
making narrow grooves and the cutting off parts.
Drilling : A Lathe can also be used to drill holes accurately concentric
with the centerline of a cylindrical part.
Boring : Boring is an operation in which a hole is enlarged with a
single point
cutting tool.
Threading : External threads can be cut with a die and internal thread
cut with a tap

Preparatory Commands G-CODES

The program address G identifies a preparatory command often called

the G code. This address has one and only objective – that is to preset or
to prepare the control system to a certain desired condition, or to a
certain mode or a state of operation.

G code Description
G00 Rapid traverse
G01 Linear interpolation
G02 Circular interpolation CW
G03 Circular interpolation CCW
G04 Dwell
G09 Exact stop
G10 Programmable data input
G20 Input in inch
G21 Input in mm
G22 Stored stroke check function on
G23 Stored stroke check function off
G27 Reference position return check
G28 Return to reference position
G40 Tool nose radius compensation cancel
G41 Tool nose radius compensation left
G42 Tool nose radius compensation right
G70 Finish machining cycle
G71 Turning cycle
G72 Facing cycle
G73 Pattern repeating cycle
G74 Drilling cycle
G75 Grooving cycle
G76 Threading cycle
G90 Absolute command
G91 Increment command
G94 Feed Per Minute
G95 Feed Per Revolution
G96 Constant surface speed control
G97 Constant surface speed control cancel

MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS (M-CODES)

The address M-Code in a CNC program identifies a miscellaneous

function, sometimes called a machine function. Not all miscellaneous
functions are related to the operation of a CNC machine – quite a few
are related to the processing of the program itself.
Various physical operation of the CNC machine must be controlled by
the program, to ensure fully automated machining. These functions use
the M address and include the following operations :
M code Description
M00 Program stop
M01 Optional program stop
M02 End of program
M03 Spindle start forward CW
M04 Spindle start reverse CCW
M05 Spindle stop
M08 Coolant on
M09 Coolant off
M29 Rigid tap mode
M30 End of program reset
M98 Subprogram call
M99 End of subprogram

SOFTWARE INTERFACE
Fanuc Oit Control Panel
Fanuc CNC Milling Interface and Control Panel
.Program Planning and Structure

The development of any CNC program begins with a very carefully

planned process.
Such a process starts with the engineering drawing (techanical print ) of
the required part released for production. Before the part is machined,
several steps have to be considered and carefully evaluated. The more
effort is put into the planning stage of the program, the bettre results
may be expected at the end.

Step in a Machining Part

 PART PROGRAMMING
1.
O0011
M03 S2000;
T0101;
G00 X100 Z2;
G90 X95 Z-140;
X65 Z-80;
G00 X100 Z100;
X90 Z-140;
X60 Z-80;
M02 M30;
X85 Z-140;
X55 Z-30;
X80 Z-140;
X50 Z-30;
X75 Z-80;
X45 Z-30;
X70 Z-80;
X40 Z-30;

2. Part Programming (Step Turning and Chamfer)

O0012
M03 S2000;
T0101;
G00 X100 Z2;
G90 X95 Z-140;
X55 Z-30;
M02 M30;
X90 Z-140;
X50 Z-30;
X85 Z-140;
X45 Z-30;
X80 Z-140;
X40 Z-30;
X75 Z-80;
G00 X100 Z100;
X70 Z-80;
G00 X30 Z0;
X65 Z-80;
G00 X40 Z-5;
X60 Z-80;
G00 X100 Z100;
3.Part Programming (Circular Interpolation CW) (G02)

O0013
M03 S2000;
T0101;
G00 X100 Z2;
G90 X95 Z-130;
X55 Z-20;
G02 X80 Z-80 R10;
X90 Z-130;
X50 Z-20;
G00 X80 Z-130;
X85 Z-130;
X45 Z-20;
G02 X100 Z-140 R10
X80 Z-130;
X40 Z-20;
G00 X100 Z100;
X75 Z-70;
G00 X100 Z100;
M02 M30;
X70 Z-70;
G00 X40 Z-20;
X65 Z-70;
G02 X60 Z-30 R10;
X60 Z-70;
G00 X60 Z-70;

4.Part Programming (Circular Interpolation CCW) (G03)

O0014
M03 S2000;
T0101;
G00 X100 Z2;
G90 X95 Z-130;
X55 Z-30;
G03 X60 Z-40 R10;
X90 Z-130;
X50 Z-30;
G00 X60 Z-70;
X85 Z-130;
X45 Z-30;
G03 X80 Z-80 R10;
X80 Z-130;
X40 Z-30;
G00 X80 Z-130;
X75 Z-70;
G00 X100 Z100;
G03 X100 Z-140 R10;
X70 Z-70;
G00 X20 Z-0;
G00 X100Z 100;
X65 Z-70;
G03 X40 Z-10 R10;
M02M30;
X60 Z-70;
G00 X40 Z-30;