GENERAL PHYSICS 2

JOVEN RIOS
 The learners demonstrate
understanding of the following:
Identify the factors that affect the magnitude of the induced
emf and the magnitude and direction of the induced current
(Faraday’s Law);

Compare and contrast electrostatic electric field and

nonelectrostatic/induced electric field;

Calculate the induced emf in a closed loop due to a time-

varying magnetic flux using Faraday’s Law.
 Historical Observation

Hans Christian Oersted

 discovered that electric field (manifested through

its effect on charge, i.e., current) generate
magnetic field
 idea that the converse might also be true the
magnetic field can also generate electric field
James Clerk Maxwell
says that the more symmetric pairings are

“time varying magnetic field is to electric field”

and “time-varying electric field is to magnetic
field”
 Nowadays, we can live comfortably even if our
sources (or destination) of energy and information are
from afar. For example:
1. Geothermal, coal, and nuclear power plants are usually
several kilometers away from our house; and
2. We exchange information wirelessly even with other
people living in another island.

This was made possible by the discovery of

Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry of the relationship
between time-varying magnetic field and electric field.
 Electromagnetic Induction

 When a magnet and a wire move relative to each

other, a voltage is induced
 Amount of voltage produced depends on:
 Speed: High speeds produce high voltages
 Magnetism: Strong magnets produce high
voltages
 Shape of Wire: Many coils in the wire
produce high voltages
Electromagnetic Induction
 Electromagnetic Induction

Note: It is more difficult to push the magnet into a coil with

more loops because the high current generates a stronger
magnetic field which acts against the magnet.
 Electromagnetic Induction

 Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the

production of an electromotive force across an
electrical conductor in a changing magnetic
field.
 ANY change in magnetic field will induce a voltage
 Traffic control signals

 Electrical components such as inductors and transformers

 devices such as electric motors and generators

 Michael Faraday
First discovered way back in the 1830’s
In his experiment, he noticed that when he moved a
permanent magnet in and out of a coil or loop of
wire
Induced an electromotive force or emf, in other
words a Voltage, and therefore a current was
produced

Electromagnetic Induction by a Moving

Magnet
 Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the
Induced Emf and Induced Current

Consider the following experiments by Faraday;

Case 1. When the magnet is stationary.

According to Faraday, when

there is no relative motion
between the magnet and the
coil, the magnetic flux
within the coil remains
constant. So, the
Galvanometer has no
deflection.
A stationary magnet placed near the loops of coil
 Factors Affecting the Magnitude of the
Induced Emf and Induced Current

Case 2. When the Magnet is Moving.

The magnet is moved in and

out the loops of coil

But when the magnet is moved towards the coil or vice

versa, the magnetic flux and electromotive force is induced
in the coil.
Based on his experiment, he formulated two laws of
electromagnetic induction.

a. Whenever there is a change in the magnetic

flux link with the coil, an electromotive force is
induced

b. The magnitude of the induced electromotive

force is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic flux linked with the coil.
 Faraday’s Law

The induced voltage in a coil is

proportional to the number of
loops multiplied by the magnetic
field changes within those loops.
 Faraday’s Law
 When a magnet moves past different
materials, the voltage induced is the same for
each case
 The most current will be produced in the
material where the electrons are bound most
loosely
 i.e.) The magnet will produce a larger
current when moving past copper than
rubber
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic Flux (symbol B ) is a measure of the
magnetic field strength present over a given area.

The units are Weber (symbol Wb)

B=BA

B magnetic field strength which is ΦB/A (that’s why B

is also called flux density)
 Magnetic Flux
Is the amount of magnetic field lines through a given
conductor
Changing magnetic flux
The change in magnetic field in the coil

And in this changing magnetic flux, it causes to induce

electromotive force and therefore induced current.
 These are the factors that contributes to the changing of magnetic
flux which causes the change in the induced electromotive force
(voltage) and induced current between a magnet and a coil.

1. Strength of the magnet.

Increasing the strength of the magnet will increase
the magnitude of the induced emf and induced
current.
e.g.,
If two magnets with same strength is moved back
and forth in a coil, the change in magnetic flux is
doubled compared to only one magnet. Thus, the
induced electromotive force and induced electric
current is also doubled.
2. Increasing the motion of the magnet.
As the speed of the magnet increases as it
moves through the coil, the magnitude of the
induced emf and induced current also increases.

3. The number of turns of the coil.

Increasing the number of turns of the coil
will also increase the magnitude of the induced emf
and induced current.
Factors affecting Direction of the Induced Current
According to Lenz’s Law, the direction of the induced
current is such that it opposes the change causing it.
a. When the magnet is at rest, the galvanometer shows zero reading. There is no
current induced at this time. This proves that as long as the magnet keeps
moving, current flows in the coil.
b. When the north pole of the magnet is moved towards the loop or coil, the pointer
of the galvanometer deflects towards the right. The direction of the induced
current is opposite the movement of the magnet.
c. If the magnet is moved away from the coil, the induced current flows to the
direction opposite the movement of the magnet. Thus, the galvanometer deflects
towards the left.
 Activity 1. Let’s Investigate Magnetic Induction
Directions: Read the statements/questions carefully.
Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. When the speed of the magnet decreases as it moves towards a coil, the magnitude of
the induced current also_______.
A. increases B. zero C. decreases D. no change

2. If the strength of a magnet _________, the magnitude of induced current _______.

A. decreases; increases B. increases; increases
B. C. increase; decreases D. decreases; no change

3. Electromotive force can be induced by _________________

A. Moving a magnet near a wire
B. Moving the wire near the magnet
C. Changing magnetic field in a nearby wire
D. All of these
4. Which of the statements is true when there is change in magnetic field in a
closed loop of wire.
A. There is no current induced in the wire
B. The induced current is free to move in any direction of the wire
C. Electromotive force is induced in the wire
D. All of these

5. Which of the following is NOT a way that a magnetic field can be varied to
induce a current in a wire?
A. Rotate the coil inside the magnetic field B. Move the coil in and out the
magnetic field
C. Change the strength of the magnetic field D. Move the coil out of the
magnetic field
Activity 2. Fill in the table below.
Directions: Using the position of the magnet indicated, write
whether there is a deflection in the galvanometer and the direction
of the deflection is (if necessary).
Activity 3. Critical Thinking
Directions: Explain each of the situations below. (5 points each)

1. If a magnet is pushed in a coil, an electromotive

force (voltage) is induced across the coil. If the same
magnet is pushed into the width coil twice the
number of loops, what do you think will happen to
the induced emf?

2. If the polarity of the magnet is reversed from north

pole to south pole, and brought near a coil, what
happens to the direction of the induced current?
Why?
 Induced Electric Fields and Electrostatic electric field

An induced emf occurs when there is a changing magnetic

flux through a stationary conductor. The force that makes the
charges move around the loop is not a magnetic force. There is an
induced electric field in the conductor caused by a changing
magnetic flux.
The work done by induced electric field in moving a unit charge
completely around a circuit is the induced emf 𝜀; that is,

where ∮ represents the line integral around the circuit.

Faraday’s law can be written in terms of the induced
electric field as
 There is an important distinction between the electric
field induced by a changing magnetic field and the electrostatic
field produced by a fixed charge distribution. Specifically, the
induced electric field is non-conservative because it does net
work in moving a charge over a closed path, whereas the
electrostatic field is conservative and does no net work over a
closed path. Hence, electric potential can be associated with the
electrostatic field, but not with the induced field. The following
equations represent the distinction between the two types of
electric field:
The results can be summarized by combining these
equations that relates to Faraday’s Law, that is
Activity 4. True or False:
Directions: Write TRUE if the statements is correct and
FALSE if otherwise.

1. The induced electric field in the wires does the work

in moving a unit charge.
2. Electrostatic electric field is produced by varying
magnetic flux.
3. Non-electrostatic electric field may vary with time.
4. An induced electric field lines does not form a loop.
5. A time varying magnetic field produced electric field
in an stationary conductor and emf.
FARADAY’S LAW
FARADAY’S LAW
where:
Ꜫ = induced emf in unit volts (emf is a source of voltage capable
of generating power; emf is motional in nature);
N = number of loops
ΔɸB = change in magnetic flux ( note that Δ usually denotes for a
change and for calculating the change is you subtract the final value to
the initial value)

For instance: in change in time we can symbolize Δt = tf –ti , the

subscript f denotes final and the subscript i denotes for initial.
Δt = change in time

In getting the ɸB, you can use the formula ɸB = BAcosΘ, and you
consider the any change in magnetic field(B) in unit tesla (T), change
in area(A) in unit meter (m) and angle orientation of the flux.
For a simple demonstration we can use the Transformer,
which is one of the most popular devices based on this
principle.

The increase or decrease of the voltage, according to the

requirement, have been possible thanks to the transformers,
which have been a key piece in the advancement of new
technology. Most electrical equipment operates thanks to the
creation of this device.
The importance of the principle of electromagnetic induction
and the creation of the transformer has been remarkable and it
is thanks to this that it has been possible to transmit power
from power plants to large cities, industries and our homes.

The use of our laptops, televisions, tablets, cell phones and

endless technologies, we owe to this invention.
TRANSFORMER
To know how an electric current can be generated in a wire
Sample Problem 1:

A coil of wire 0.2m x 0.2m that has 50 loops and a

magnetic field perpendicular to the face of the coil
and increases from -3T to 5T in 0.10 s. Calculate
the induced emf in the coil.

Given: A= 0.2m x 0.2m= 0.4m

N= 50 loops or 50 turns
Θ = 90 degrees
ΔB= Bf – Bi = (5T- -3T) = 8 T
Δt= 0.10 s
Ꜫ= ?
Note that: ɸB = BAcosΘ
If the orientation is perpendicular, the angle is 90o.

*Note that the negative sign means that the

emf induced in the coil acts to oppose any
change in the magnetic flux.
 Activity 5: Symbols and Units in Faraday’s Equation
Directions: Choose the correct term in the parenthesis.
Underline the correct term. (2 points each)

1. The unit for magnetic field is ( a. loops; b. tesla; c. flux) .

2. The symbol for change is (a. Δ; b.ɸ; c. Θ)
3. The unit for emf is ( a. volt; b. ampere; c. ohms)
4. The symbol for induced emf is (a. Δ; b. ɸ; c. Ꜫ)
5. The symbol for magnetic field is ( a. B; b. ɸ; c. Ꜫ)
END OF PRESENTATION
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