Maryknoll School of Lupon, Inc.

KambingBaratua Street, Poblacion, Lupon, Davao Oriental

LEARNING MODULE
GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
GRADE 12/ ____ QUARTER

Weeks ___ and ___

Learner’s Name: ____________________________________________________________________________

Section: ____________________________________________________________________________

Teacher: MON D. BALANI

CONTENT: CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC

CONTENT STANDARD:

1. Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

1. Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce wine or

vinegar via microorganisms.

PERFORMANCE:

1. Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration using a Venn

diagram.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

1. Identify and describe aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

2. Explain the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
3. Enumerate examples of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.
4. Cite the differences between aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration.

FORMATION STANDARD:

1. The learners shall be able to distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic

respiration.

TRANSFER GOAL:

1. The learners can use their critical thinking to analyze whether a cellular
respiration is aerobic or anaerobic.
Key Points

• Aerobic respiration takes place in all plants, animals, birds, and humans, except for some
primitive prokaryotes.
• During aerobic respiration, most ATPs are produced during oxidative phosphorylation where
the energy of oxygen molecule is used to pump protons out of the membrane.
• Anaerobic respiration is a type of respiration where oxygen is not used; instead, organic or
inorganic molecules are used as final electron acceptors.
• Fermentation includes processes that use an organic molecule to regenerate NAD+ from
NADH.
• Types of fermentation include lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, in which
ethanol is produced.
• All forms of fermentation except lactic acid fermentation produce gas, which plays a role in the
laboratory identification of bacteria.
• Some types of prokaryotes are facultatively anaerobic, which means that they can switch
between aerobic respiration and fermentation, depending on the availability of oxygen.

Key Terms

• aerobic respiration: is a set of metabolic reactions that take place in the presence of oxygen,
occurring in a cell to convert chemical energy into ATPs.
• anaerobic respiration: A form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen.
• fermentation: An anaerobic biochemical reaction. When this reaction occurs in yeast,
enzymes catalyze the conversion of sugars to alcohol or acetic acid with the evolution of
carbon dioxide.
• FADH- flavin adenine dinucleotide

KEY DIFFERENCES (AEROBIC VS ANAEROBIC REAPIRATION)

Basis for comparison Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

Anaerobic respiration is a
Aerobic respiration is a set of
process of cellular respiration
metabolic reactions that take place
where the high energy
Definition in the presence of oxygen, occurring
electron acceptor is neither
in a cell to convert chemical energy
oxygen nor pyruvate
into ATPs.
derivatives.

The overall equation of aerobic The overall equation of

Overall equation respiration is: anaerobic respiration is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + C6H12O6 → C2H5OH + CO2 +

energy energy

Anaerobic respiration takes

Aerobic respiration takes place in place in a condition where
Presence of Oxygen
the presence of oxygen. there is a low oxygen
environment.

There is an exchange of gases The exchange of gases

Exchange of gases during aerobic respiration where doesn’t take place during
oxygen is absorbed, and carbon anaerobic respiration.
 dioxide is released. However, some gases like
sulfur and nitrogen gases are
released by some organisms.

Aerobic respiration, after glycolysis,

occurs in the mitochondria of Anaerobic respiration occurs
Location
eukaryotes and cytoplasm of only in the cytoplasm of a cell.
prokaryotes.

The end products of

The end products of aerobic
anaerobic respiration are
End products respiration are carbon dioxide,
acids, alcohols, gases, and
water, and energy.
energy.

A total of 38 ATPs are produced

Only 2 ATPs are formed
Energy produced during aerobic respiration, some of
during anaerobic respiration.
which are lost during the process.

Some other electron

Carbohydrates and oxygen are the acceptors like sulfur and
Reactants
prerequisites of aerobic respiration. nitrogen are required along
with the carbohydrates.

Complete oxidation of Incomplete oxidation of

Oxidation carbohydrates takes place during carbohydrates takes place
aerobic respiration. during anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration is
Aerobic respiration is comparatively
Nature of the process shorter than aerobic
longer than anaerobic respiration.
respiration.

Anaerobic respiration occurs

in primitive prokaryotes.
Aerobic respiration occurs in most of
Anaerobic respiration also
Occurs in the higher organisms like plants and
takes place in the muscle cells
animals.
in humans during extreme
movements.
 EXERCISE NO. 1

1. Using a Venn diagram, give at least 5 differences and similarities of aerobic

and anaerobic cellular respiration based on what you have understood in the
table above. (Do not copy paste. Use bullets or numbers in enumerating)

2. In relation to aerobic respiration, why is mitochondria considered as the

powerhouse of the cell? Explain you answer.

3. How are muscle cramps related to anaerobic respiration?

 EXAMPLES OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION

Respiration in humans
• The process of cellular respiration in humans is aerobic respiration, where complete oxidation
of glucose yields the energy required for the body.
• It begins in the cytoplasm of the cell, and the products are then moved into the mitochondria,
where further reactions take place.
• The oxygen is absorbed by the lungs and is stored in the red blood cells. The oxygen is then
passed to the cells that require energy.
• The glucose is then oxidized to produce energy while releasing carbon dioxide gas.
• Cellular respiration in humans includes the major metabolic pathways for the oxidation of
carbohydrates to release energy.

EXAMPLES OF ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

Lactic acid production in muscles

• Lactic acid accumulates in your muscle cells as fermentation proceeds during times of
strenuous exercise. During these times, your respiratory and cardiovascular systems cannot
transport oxygen to your muscle cells, especially those in your legs, fast enough to maintain
aerobic respiration.
• Lactic acid fermentation in muscles results in the accumulation of lactic acid in the tissues,
which leads to sore muscles.
• Because less energy is produced per glucose molecule during anaerobic respiration than
aerobic respiration, this results in weakness and shortness of breath.

Alcoholic fermentation by yeasts

• Alcoholic fermentation is a biotechnological process accomplished by yeast, some kinds of

bacteria, or a few other microorganisms to convert sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon
dioxide.
• Alcoholic fermentation begins with the breakdown of sugars by yeasts to form pyruvate
molecules, which is also known as glycolysis.

Fermentation in Methanogens

• This is also a type of fermentation that results in the formation of different alcohol, methanol.
This process is also called methanol poisoning.
• Methanogens (e.g. Methanosarcina barkeri) oxidize cellulose from plants to produce methanol
instead of ethyl alcohol as in the case of yeasts.
• Methanol poisoning might result in nerve damage or even death in some people.

Propionic Acid Fermentation in Yeasts

• Propionic acid fermentation occurs when some bacteria (e.g. Propionibacterium shermanii)
utilize carbohydrates like lactose and glucose to produce propionic acid and carbon dioxide.
• The most common application of this process can be observed in Swiss cheese.
• The carbon dioxide gas produced during this process results in the formation of bubbles in the
cheese along with the distinct flavor due to the carboxylic acid.
 EXERCISE NO. 2

1. Cite five (5) examples of products available in your house that undergone fermentation
process.

2. What are the manifestations that can be observe in human if his/her cells are
performing anaerobic respiration? Explain.

MODULE ASSESSMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read and understand each question carefully. Encircle the letters of your answers.

1. What is the main difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

a. Aerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while anaerobic does not.
b. Anaerobic respiration needs oxygen to occur, while aerobic does not.
c. Aerobic respiration needs carbon dioxide to occur, while anaerobic does not.
d. Aerobic respiration creates oxygen, while anaerobic does not.
2. Which of the following is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
a. Citric Acid Cycle c. Glycolysis
b. Oxidative Phosphorylation d. Fermentation
3. Which of the following are the two types of fermentation that can occur during anaerobic
respiration?
a. Glycolysis and fermentation c. Aerobic and anaerobic
b. Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation d. Lactic acid and ethanol
4. In prokaryotes, aerobic respiration takes place in _______________.
a. Mitochondria b. Nucleus c. Cytoplasm d. Ribosomes
5. The following are end products of Anaerobic respiration EXCEPT:
a. Alcohol b. Water c. Acids d. Energy
CONTENT: MAJOR FEATURES OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CONTENT STANDARD:

1. Explain the major features and sequence the chemical events of cellular
respiration
2. Distinguish major features of glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport
system, and chemiosmosis.

PERFORMANCE STANDARD:

1. Prepare simple fermentation setup using common fruits to produce

wine or vinegar via microorganisms.

PERFORMANCE:

1. Draw the summary of the stages of cellular respiration.

LEARNING COMPETENCIES:

1. Identify the major features of Cellular Respiration

2. Discuss Catabolic and Anabolic Pathways.
3. Describe the process of glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport chain,
and chemiosmosis
4. Explain the major features of cellular respiration.

FORMATION STANDARD:

1. The learners shall be able to explain the major features and sequence the
chemical events in cellular respiration.

TRANSFER GOAL:

1. The learners can use their creativity and confidence in explaining what
they have understood about cellular respiration.
Key Points

• Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain are catabolic pathways that
bring forth non-reversible reactions.
• Glycolysis control begins with hexokinase, which catalyzes the phosphorylation of glucose; its
product is glucose-6- phosphate, which accumulates when phosphofructokinase is inhibited.
• The citric acid cycle is controlled through the enzymes that break down the reactions that make
the first two molecules of NADH.
• The rate of electron transport through the electron transport chain is affected by the levels of
ADP and ATP, whereas specific enzymes of the electron transport chain are unaffected by
feedback inhibition.
• Glucose is the source of almost all energy used by cells.
• Overall, glycolysis produces two pyruvate molecules, a net gain of two ATP molecules, and two
NADH molecules.
• In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, each pyruvate molecule loses one carbon atom
with the release of carbon dioxide.
• During the breakdown of pyruvate, electrons are transferred to NAD+ to produce NADH, which
will be used by the cell to produce ATP.
• In the final step of the breakdown of pyruvate, an acetyl group is transferred to Coenzyme A to
produce acetyl CoA.

Key Terms

• phosphofructokinase: any of a group of kinase enzymes that convert fructose phosphates to

biphosphate
• glycolysis: the cellular metabolic pathway of the simple sugar glucose to yield pyruvic acid and
ATP as an energy source
• kinase: any of a group of enzymes that transfers phosphate groups from high-energy donor
molecules, such as ATP, to specific target molecules (substrates); the process is termed
phosphorylation
• acetyl CoA: a molecule that conveys the carbon atoms from glycolysis (pyruvate) to the citric
acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production

ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC PATHWAYS

• Anabolic pathways require an input of energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler
ones.
• Catabolic pathways involve the degradation (or breakdown) of complex molecules into simpler
ones.
TRY THIS!
1. Which of the following processes is an example of anabolic pathway?
a. Within our body cells proteins are synthesized by joining together amino acids
b. Pepsin is an enzyme in our stomach that works to break the proteins that are
found in the food that we eat.
c. The human body is able to obtain energy through the process of cellular
respiration in which glucose and oxygen are taken in and broken down to form
energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
d. The human body uses the process if glycolysis to break down glucose in order to
produce usable forms of energy for our cells.

Control of Catabolic Pathways

• Enzymes, proteins, electron carriers, and pumps that play roles in glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle or Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain tend to catalyze non-reversible
reactions. In other words, if the initial reaction takes place, the pathway is committed to
proceeding with the remaining reactions. Whether a particular enzyme activity is released
depends upon the energy needs of the cell (as reflected by the levels of ATP, ADP, and AMP).

GLYCOLYSIS

• Glycolysis is the metabolic process that serves as the foundation for both aerobic and
anaerobic cellular respiration. In glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate. Glucose is a
six- memebered ring molecule found in the blood and is usually a result of the breakdown of
carbohydrates into sugars.
KREBS CYCLE or the CITRIC ACID CYCLE

• It is also known as TriCarboxylic Acid (TCA) cycle. In prokaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle
occurs in the cytoplasm; in eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of the
mitochondria.
• The cycle was first elucidated by scientist “Sir Hans Adolf Krebs” (1900 to 1981). He shared
the Nobel Prize for physiology and Medicine in 1953 with Fritz Albert Lipmann, the father of
ATP cycle.
• Intermediate compounds formed during Krebs cycle are used for the synthesis of biomolecules
like amino acids, nucleotides, chlorophyll, cytochromes and fats etc.
• Krebs cycle (citric Acid cycle) releases plenty of energy (ATP) required for various cellular
activities.
 Refer to this link to know more about the different steps in Krebs cycle.

https://microbiologyinfo.com/krebs-citric-acid-cycle

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN or OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

• Specific enzymes of the electron transport chain are unaffected by feedback inhibition, but the
rate of electron transport through the pathway is affected by the levels of ADP and ATP.
• Greater ATP consumption by a cell is indicated by a buildup of ADP. As ATP usage
decreases, the concentration of ADP decreases: ATP begins to build up in the cell.
• This change in the relative concentration of ADP to ATP triggers the cell to slow down the
electron transport chain.

Here is an illustration to summarize the Catabolic Pathways.

CHEMIOSMOSIS

• It is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane bound structure, down their
electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the formation of adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions (H+) across a membrane during cellular respiration
or photosynthesis.
 EXERCISE NO. 1

1. Why there are a lot of ATPs produced in Electron Transport chain than in Glycolysis and
Krebs cycle? Explain your answer.

2. What are the importance of ATPs during the major processes of Cellular respiration?
 MODULE ASSESSMENT

MULTIPLE CHOICE

Directions: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which of the following occurs in both photosynthesis and respiration?

a. Chemiosmosis b. glycolysis c. calvin cycle d. krebs cycle
2. Which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. glycolysis can occur with or without oxygen
b. glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria
c. glycolysis is the first step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
d. glycolysis produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
3. This process begins with the production of Acetyl-CoA:
a. Chemiosmosis b. glycolysis c. fermentation d. krebs cycle
4. Cramps during exercise are caused by:
a. alcohol fermentation c. glycolysis inhibition
b. lactic acid fermentation d. chemiosmosis
5. Oxidative phosphorylation is also known as:
a. Chemiosmosis c. glycolysis
b. Fermentation d. electron transport chain
6. Which of the following processes produces the most ATP?
a. Glycolysis c. oxidative phosphorylation
b. Fermentation d. Krebs cycle
7. Which of the following are the products of the Krebs cycle?
a. ATP b. NADH c. FADH d. all of these

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