TOPIC: Universe and The Solar System (2 Days)

TOPIC: Universe and the Solar System (2 days)
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
1. Describe the structure and the composition of the universe;

2. Explain the red-shift and how it used as proof of an expanding universe.
Content (Discussion)
These are the list of the important terms that you will encounter for this lesson.
A. Baryonic matter- “ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that
comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies and other bodies.
B. Dark matter- matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
C. Dark energy- a source of anti- gravity; a force that counteracts gravity and causes the universe
to expand.
D. Protostar- an early stage in the formation of the star resulting from the gravitational collapse of
gases.
E. Thermonuclear reaction- a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars.
F. Main Sequence Stars- stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores;
outward pressure resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces.
G. Light years- the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical
distance.
THE UNIVERSE
 The Universe is at least 13.8 billion of years old and the Earth/Solar System at least 4.5 -4.6
billion of years old.
How big is the universe?

- Galaxy is equivalent to the size of just one micron-small piece of dust.
 The Moon is the earth’s only natural satellite and has a diameter of 3.4 million meters.
 The Earth is the third planet from the sun and has a diameter of about 12.7 million meters and a
mass of 6x1024 kg. This is also the fifth heaviest planet.
 The Sun is a relatively small star. It is 1,391 meters in diameter and has a mass of 2x10 30 kg.
There are 1021 stars in the universe.
 The Solar System is made of planets, moons and other celestial objects, all orbiting around the
sun. Its diameter is approximately 12x10 12 meters.
STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE
 The universe as we currently know it comprises all space and time , and all matter and energy in
it.
 It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons that comprises atoms, planets, stars, galaxies and other bodies.), 24% cold dark matter
(matter that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4% dark energy (a source of anti-
gravity).
 Dark matter can explain what may be holding galaxies together for the reason that the low total
mass is insufficient for gravity alone to do so while dark energy can explain the observed
accelerating expansion of the universe.
 Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant elements.
 Stars- the building block of galaxies-are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies.
Instabilities within the clouds eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating up,
and transformation into a protostar- the hot core of a future star as thermonuclear reactions
set in.
 Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/fused together.
Most stars such as the sun belong to the so-called “main sequence stars”. In the cores of such
stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms.
Massive main sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster than the smaller stars. Stars like our
Sun burnup hydrogen in about 10 billion years.
BIRTH, EVOLUTION, DEATH AND REBIRTH OF STARS
 The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as planets, asteroids, or other bodies in
the accompanying planetary system.
 A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies form superclusters. In between
the clusters is practically an empty space. This organization of matter in the universe suggests
that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a large scale, it appears homogenous and
isotropic.
 Based on recent data, the universe is 13.8 billion years old. The diameter of the universe is
possibly infinite but should be at least 91 billion light-years (1 light year = 9.4607 x 10 12km). its
density is 4.5 x 10-31 g/cm3
EXPANDING UNIVERSE
 In 1929, Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the “redshift” and its
interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other, hence as evidence for an
expanding universe, just as predicted by Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
 He observed that spectral lines of starlight made to pass through a prism are shifted toward
the red part of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e., toward the band of lower frequency;
thus, the inference that the star or galaxy must be moving away from us.
 Redshift as evidence for an expanding universe. The positions of the absorptions lines for
helium for light coming from the sun are shifted towards the red end as compared with
those for a distant star. The evidence for expansion contradicted the previously held view of
a static and unchanging universe.
Kindly watch the following videos from YouTube for more clarification of the topic. The
following links were listed below.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HdPzOWlLrbE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-XbOiaasBU
https://www.youtube.com/user/mikesammartano
ASSESSMENT
Identification: Identify the following descriptions.
1. It is the earth’s only natural satellite and has a diameter of 3.4 million meters.
-MOON
2. It is made of planets, moons and other celestial objects, all orbiting around the sun.
- SOLAR SYSTEM
3. It is an “ordinary” matter consisting of protons, electrons, and neutrons that comprises atoms,
planets, stars, galaxies and other bodies.
- BARYONIC MATTER
4. It is the distance light can travel in a year; a unit of length used to measure astronomical distance.
-LIGHT YEARS
5. It is an early stage in the formation of the star resulting from the gravitational collapse of gases.
-PROTOSTAR
6. He announced his significant discovery of the “redshift” and its interpretation that galaxies are
moving away from each other.
- EDWIN HUBBLE
7. It is the year when Edwin Hubble announced his significant discovery of the “redshift” and its
interpretation that galaxies are moving away from each other.
- 1929
8. It is the age of the universe.
- 13.8 BILLION YEARS OLD
9. These are like furnaces where elements are synthesized or combined/fused together.
- STELLAR INTERIORS
10. It is a nuclear fusion reaction responsible for the energy produced by stars.
- THERMONUCLEAR REACTION
11-13- What are the three most abundant elements in the universe?
- HYDROGEN, HELIUM, LITHUIM
14. It is a matter that has gravity but does not emit light.
- DARK MATTER
15. It is a source of anti- gravity.
- DARK ENERGY
16. It is the third planet from the sun and has a diameter of about 12.7 million meters.
- EARTH
17. It is a relatively small star and has a diameter of 1,391 meters.
- SUN
18. It is the building block of galaxies-are born out of clouds of gas and dust in galaxies.
- STARS
19. It is a cluster of billions of stars.
- GALAXY
20. It is the stars that fuse hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms in their cores; outward pressure
resulting from nuclear fusion is balanced by gravitational forces.
- MAIN SEQUENCE STARS

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TOPIC: Universe and the Solar System (2 days)

At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:

1. Describe the structure and the composition of the universe;

How big is the universe?

STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, AND AGE

BIRTH, EVOLUTION, DEATH AND REBIRTH OF STARS

Identification: Identify the following descriptions.

8. It is the age of the universe.

- 13.8 BILLION YEARS OLD

- HYDROGEN, HELIUM, LITHUIM

15. It is a source of anti- gravity.

17. It is a relatively small star and has a diameter of 1,391 meters.

19. It is a cluster of billions of stars.

- MAIN SEQUENCE STARS

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