I1Iil!Iyfi) Iij1I: Be or Ou - Module Summary

I__
:i1iiL!IyfI]Iij1i
Before You.
Read I
Module Summary
Module 30 describes the process of observational learning and the impact of mirror neurons. A discussion
of modeling, both prosocial and antisocial, and its impacts on human behavior concludes the module.
Before beginning the module, take a moment to read each of the following terms and names
you will encounter. You may wish to make vocabulary cards for each.
Key Terms Key Name

observational learning Albert Bandura
modeling
mirror neurons
prosocial behavior
While You Read

Answer the following questions/prompts.
L361H
1. Summarize and explain the implications of Albert Bandura's work with the Bobo doll and the modeling of
aggression.
2. How does vicarious reinforcement or punishment differ from modeling?
171
172 Module 30 Learning by Observation
3. What are mirror neurons and how do they work? What is their significance in life?
4. How does the work with mirror neurons explain children's theory of mind?
1. What are some outcomes of prosocial modeling? Provide an example from your life.
2. What are some outcomes of antisocial modeling? Provide an example from your life.
3. Connect the work of Bandura to the question of media violence.
a. How would his research support the view that media violence triggers violent behavior?
b. Suggest two alternative explanations for the existence of this violent behavior.
After You Read 173
After You Read

Module 30 Review
Select the best answers below to see if you have mastered the basics.
1. After viewing adults kick and throw an inflatable Bobo doll around a room, children who
are purposely frustrated and then placed in a room with the same Bobo will be most likely to
a. attempt to make up for the poor adult treatment of Bobo by playing nicely with it.
b. invent new and unique ways to treat Bobo,
c. kick and throw Bobo as the adults did.
d. ignore Bobo and choose other more appropriate toys.
e. fear that the adults will treat them as they treated Bobo.
2. According to Bandura's research on vicarious reinforcement and punishment, we are especially
likely to learn from people we perceive to be
a. similar to ourselves.
b. successful.
c. admirable.
d. likable.
e. all of the above.
3. Mirror neurons are believed to play a role in
a. everyday imitation and observational learning.
b. facial recognition.
c. personal self-esteem.
d. occipital lobe visual processing.
e. language.
4. When Jennie was trying to learn to play baseball, her mother noticed that she was holding
the bat wrong. Jennie's mom said, "Here, Jennie, let me show you how you hold it." This method
of teaching is best explained by
a. cognitive maps.
b. observational learning.
c. vicarious learning.
d. classical condtioning.
e. latent learning.
S. Which of the following is an example of a prosocial behavior that might be learned through modeling?
a. Justin acts like a bully to the kids at school after watching his favorite TV character bully on a TV show.
b. Manahil learns to he by watching her older brother get away with it.
c. Emma learns to tease her cousin James by watching her aunt tease him as well.
d. Ahad learns to care for his younger brother by watching his father feed and change him.
e. Melissa thinks women are incapable of a career in business because all the important women in her life are
stay-at-home mothers.
174 Unit VI Learning
V heck Yourself Now that you have mastered the basics, work through the problems below to see if
you can synthesize, evaluate, and analyze what you have learned.
1. Apply the principles of operant, classical, and observational learning, and your knowledge of psychological
vocabulary, to explain
Taste aversion:
Superstitious behavior:
Learned helplessness:
2. Austin is a teenager who has been suspended from school for possessing illegal substances. He has a long
history of acting out, enraged resistance to adult authority and other antisocial behaviors. Suggest how the
following can be used to address Austin's behavioral problems:
• biofeedback
•' coping strategies
• self-control
- -
Check Yourself 175
3. Interpret the graphs below and show how they depict the components of classical and operant conditioning.
Be sure to incorporate correct usage of psychological terms.
a. Discuss how the graph below, based on Pavlov's experiments with salivating dogs, demonstrates general-
ization and discrimination.
.?60
0
_50
2
40
30 - -
20 --- -
10
0
Hind Pelvis Shoulder Front
paw paw
Thigh Trunk Foreleg
Part of body stimulated
b. Discuss how the graph below demonstrates extinction and spontaneous recovery.
176 Unit VI Learning
c. Discuss how the graph below demonstrates the impact of various reinforcement schedules on learning.
Number of 1000 Fixed
responses Variabl e ratio
ratio Reinforcers
\
750
Fixed interval
\
500
\ Variable interval
250 'S 'S
'S
'S
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (minutes)
d. Discuss how the graph below demonstrates Thorndike's law of effect.
240
a) 180
CU
LI
U,
a)
$ 120
a)
60
a)
0)
E
0
5 10 15 20
4. Draw a graph that would show the results of Seligman's experiments with learned helplessness. Be certain to
I. label the x-axis and y-axis correctly.
Before You Move On 177
]
Before You Move On
Use the checklist below to verify your understanding of the unit's main points.
Do I know the difference between classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning?
Can I describe the basic components of classical conditioning?

acquisition
extinction
spontaneous recovery
generalization
discrimination
[I] higher-order learning
Can I describe the basic components of operant conditioning and their effects on behavior?
[I] positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement
positive and negative punishment
Do I understand the difference between schedules of reinforcement?
continuous
partial (intermittent): fixed-interval, fixed-ratio, variable-interval, variable-ratio
[I'] Can I provide examples of how biological constraints create learning predispositions?
[j] Can I describe the characteristics and differences between insight learning, latent learning and social
learning?
E Can I apply learning principles to explain emotional learning, taste aversion, superstitions and learned
helplessness?
E Can I describe how operant conditioning techniques can be used for behavior modification?
LII Can I describe how biofeedback, coping strategies, and self-control can be used to address behavioral
problems?
Can I describe the work of:
Albert Bandura
John Garcia
LII Ivan Pavlov
El Robert Rescorla
LII B. F. Skinner
LI Edward Thorndike
LII Edward Tolman
0 John B. Watson

I1Iil!Iyfi) Iij1I: Be or Ou - Module Summary

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I1Iil!Iyfi) Iij1I: Be or Ou - Module Summary

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

I1Iil!Iyfi) Iij1I: Be or Ou - Module Summary

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

I__

Key Terms Key Name

While You Read

2. How does vicarious reinforcement or punishment differ from modeling?

3. Connect the work of Bandura to the question of media violence.

After You Read

Check Yourself 175

250 'S 'S

d. Discuss how the graph below demonstrates Thorndike's law of effect.

Can I describe the basic components of classical conditioning?

[I] positive reinforcement

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.