Quiz-5 Answers and Solutions: Coursera. Stochastic Processes December 30, 2020

Quiz-5 answers and solutions
Coursera. Stochastic Processes

December 30, 2020
1. Let Wt be a Brownian Motion and h > 0 be a fixed number. Find a

covariance function of the process Xt = Wt+h − Wt .
(
h − |t − s|, if |t − s| ≤ h
Answer: K(t, s) =
0, if |t − s| > h
Solution: K(t, s) = cov(Wt+h − Wt , Ws+h − Ws )
(
0, if t>s+h
=
cov(Wt+h − Ws+h + Ws+h − Wt , Ws+h − Ws ), if t≤s+h
(
0, if t>s+h
=
cov(Ws+h − Wt , Ws+h − Wt + Wt − Ws ), if t≤s+h
(
0, if t>s+h
=
Var(Ws+h − Wt ), if t≤s+h
(
0, if t>s+h
=
s + h − t, if t≤s+h
2. Let Xt is a process with independent and stationary increments and h is a

positive constant. Moreover, EXt = 0 and EXt2 < ∞. Is Yt = Xt+h − Xt
a wide-sense stationary process ?
Answer: Yes
Hint: If increments of the process Xt are stationary, then Xt is also
stationary.
3. Let Yn be a stochastic process which is defined as follows: Yn+1 = αYn +
Xn , n = 0, 1, ... Assume Y0 = 0, |α| < 1 and Xn is a sequence of i.i.d.
standard normal random variables for n = 0, 1, 2, ... Determine whether
Yn is stationary and find its mean and variance:
1 − α2n
Answer: Yn is non-stationary, EYn = 0, V arYn =
1 − α2
Solution: The key for solution lies in the finding the covariance function:
1
K(t, s) = Cov(Yt ; Ys )
= Cov(αt−1 X0 + · · · + α0 Xt−1 ; αs−1 X0 + · · · + α0 Xs−1 )
= αt−1 αs−1 + αt−2 αs−2 + · · · + αt−s+1 α + αt−s α
= αt−s (α2s−2 + α2s−4 + · · · + 1)
1 − α2s
= αt−s .
1 − α2
4. Consider the process Xt = cos ξt + sin ξt−1 , where ξt ∼ U nif ([0, 2π]) for
all t ∈ N. Choose the correct statements about this process.
Answer: EXt = 0 and Xt is weakly stationary
Solution:
E[cos ξt + sin ξt−1 ] = E cos ξt + E sin ξt−1 = 0
K(t, s) = cov(cos ξt + sin ξt−1 , cos ξs + sin ξs−1 )

= E[cos ξt cos ξs ] + E[cos ξt sin ξs−1 ]
+E[sin ξt−1 cos ξs ] + E[sin ξt−1 sin ξs−1 ]
2 2
= (E cos ξt + E sin ξt−1 )I{t = s} + (E cos ξt sin ξs−1 )I{t − s = −1}
+(E sin ξt−1 cos ξs )I{t − s = 1}.
Since
1
E sin ξt cos ξt = E[sin 2ξt ] = 0
2
and E cos2 ξt + E sin2 ξt−1 = 1, we get that K(t, s) = 1 · I{t = s}, and the
process is weakly stationary.
5. Consider the process
Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξ ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Find the mean and the covariance function of this process and determine
whether it is weakly stationary.
Answer: Xt is weakly stationary.
E[Xt ] = 0,


3, t = s,

−2, |t − s| = 1,
K(t, s) =


1, |t − s| = 2,
0, |t − s| > 2.

Solution:
E[Xt ] = E[ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt ] = E[ξt+2 ] − E[ξt+1 ] + E[ξt ] = 0,
2
cov(Xt , Xs ) = cov(ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξs+2 − ξs+1 + ξs )
= (1 + 1 + 1)I{t = s} + (−1 − 1)I{|t − s| = 1} + I{|t − s| = 2}


 3, t = s,

−2, |t − s| = 1,
=


 1, |t − s| = 2,
0, |t − s| > 2.

Since E[Xt ] = const and K(t, s) depends only on the difference t − s, the
process is weakly stationary.
6. Consider the process
Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξt ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
Find the spectral density of this process.

Answer:
1
g(u) = (3 − 4 cos u + 2 cos 2u).
2π
Solution: Since Xt is weakly stationary and has the autocovariance func-
tion 

 3, x = 0,

−2, |x| = 1,
γ(x) =


 1, |x| = 2,
0, |x| > 2,

the spectral density g(u) can be calculated as

1 1
3 − 2eiu − 2e−iu + e2iu + e−2iu =

g(u) = (3 − 4 cos u + 2 cos 2u) .
2π 2π
7. Find the spectral density of the process
Yt = Xt + Xt−1 + Xt−2 ,
where
Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξt ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
1

Answer: gY (u) = 2π 9 + 12 cos 2u − 16 cos2 u + 4 cos2 2u .
Solution: Since Yt is the linear filter for the process Xt , its spectral
density can be calculated as
gY (u) = gX (u)|F[ρ](u)|2 ,
where ρ(h) = 1{h = 0} + 1{h = 1} + 1{h = 2} and gX (u) is the spectral

density of Xt . Thus,
F[ρ](u) = 1 + eiu + e2iu
3
and
|F[ρ](u)|2 = F F̄(u)
= (1 + eiu + e2iu )(1 + e−iu + e−2iu ) = 3 + 2(eiu + e−iu ) + (e2iu + e−2iu )
= 3 + 4 cos u + 2 cos 2u
and
1
gY (u) = (3 − 4 cos u + 2 cos 2u) (3 + 4 cos u + 2 cos 2u)
2π
1
9 + 12 cos 2u − 16 cos2 u + 4 cos2 2u .

=
2π

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Quiz-5 answers and solutions

Coursera. Stochastic Processes

1. Let Wt be a Brownian Motion and h > 0 be a fixed number. Find a

2. Let Xt is a process with independent and stationary increments and h is a

E[cos ξt + sin ξt−1 ] = E cos ξt + E sin ξt−1 = 0

K(t, s) = cov(cos ξt + sin ξt−1 , cos ξs + sin ξs−1 )

Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξ ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

E[Xt ] = E[ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt ] = E[ξt+2 ] − E[ξt+1 ] + E[ξt ] = 0,

6. Consider the process

Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξt ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

Find the spectral density of this process.

the spectral density g(u) can be calculated as

7. Find the spectral density of the process

Xt = ξt+2 − ξt+1 + ξt , ξt ∼ i. i. d. N (0, 1) for all t = 0, 1, 2, . . . .

where ρ(h) = 1{h = 0} + 1{h = 1} + 1{h = 2} and gX (u) is the spectral

F[ρ](u) = 1 + eiu + e2iu

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