NAMICS 01x Femp B= System + surrounding , Surrounding Boundary Thermodynamic Systemc 1 Open System - contro\ volume 2. Closed System - control mase B Isolaied Syetenn - no heotmass tran crer Slassirication of Propersias 1 Extencive properties - size-dependera 2 \ntensive properties ~ Independent properties Temperature eines / coldness of a body “Seales: mo = k i -R Conyersions: 4or = 1.8t'c 432 LR = VF tA ttc + GF-92)8 ee” P: - For Temperature wl digrerent scales Mode: 3:2 eX aa Input ane extremes R= Rankine Ig looking For B24 400 ae nt 00 | 2124460 R> Ok + Extremes por Common Scales: Boo = 100 °F 22> 212 "Re 0 = 20 *K 219 + O73 +2 224400 > 2124400 + Change in temperature, AT + Remember ac Concepts Constants, Conversion in relation with energy ard work x Density e ra aR ae (= ee Na OX? ee, #specizic Weight, 6 Woon Ne oom 4 .0g¢ > 5) 1 Weiigiaee 0° SS sane ) v KSpecipic Grovity / Relative Density , $-@ % Vsrandord a . Cae Corandara # Ric and Woter @ ste ve o.one SY» ne cons Bt x Yom @- 142 8 | Gores = we 4 Volume Flow Rot®, Vand Mass.m Relationship Veav 9 @- o amag wre OV = CAV Linass plow rate #Prescure ,P : olny Paws - Pears z Paage 4 Ls Page” TewidNeuia Tua Sacre suroundihg 0 Pressure » Pam erratic rescue) aoe. * Pom ae +M cea level /eurga Fos * Porm - Pgage Foot * Pam * "og > b# Energy = ability 40 do work = Stored energy :enargy within EME. U = Transient energy : Flowing po, * PY Note: same eleiation* some "= 760 torr + 29.90 ing * 1.013 bor 1.032 Vol cen” =10.33 m WO > 34 4. LO @ UseFul comercions: -—.. rile? ine 4 hg mm, A rurlong + 660 e+ SE oF Mercury (ig) = 19.6 Flow Energy Cory on open cyctem) Q = Heat energy W > Work + General Concepts: APE AKE > 3m Av? , w-velocity AU = va, my AT AE, - APV AH = mCp AT MgAh 5 mate. igrovity.g ; height h (Remember: AU + Cy ) v (Remember AH > Cp) A + AU+AE, AKE+ APE TAWA We, (cp - steuay zlow) AKE + APE + AU+ Wg Chg - non-Flow) 5-H) preseure + Energy - Conversion Unite 1 Btu = 1.055 k) = 118 Flog doe INem 4erg = 4 dyne-cm » Vonted 4 Cal * 4.107 J 4 eN + NOR 1.602 e107 J 4 Chur 1.8 Btu + Power - Conversion Unite {Mp (Mechanical) + 0.74 KW + 2545 Gtullor + 42.42 Bhalmin = 550 prlbg le + 28 000 ell | min 1 Wott We 4 Js = 4 volt ampere 1PS ip = HN = 0.736 kW Mp metric loreal Find Law of Thermodynomics = energy connot be created nor destroyed: Claw of Conservation of Energy) E,. = Eo] Q- APE + AKE+AK + W Q: + absoreed! added to = rejected [removed From W: + generared/ produced/done By ~ done to Avt Sees er 2-1 «Power, ? + Energy per_unit of time: ons 2 Tier. Rea Ri Leave a Wat Fe‘Heat, Meat trancrer - Heo ¢ Sensible, a, Lotent oo . SmCeAT or mC AT mole or mL, Specipic Heat, c For water Gp = 4.187 kd /h9.k + OWCal! kg K + 1.0 Btul lok Latent heat 1. Latent hear of Fusions Lp ! Ly oF ice 104 Brust » 285 W/kg + 80 KCAL Ko, Latent heat oF Vaporizat Ly oF water > 10 Btu 2257 kd) kg + 540 KCal/ kgm # Zerotn Low of Thermodynamics = Thermal equilibrium ideal Gas / Perret Gases = Boyles Law (1-C) PN, * Pave + Charles’ Law (P+ Ne a ar *Modiried Charite and Goy-Lussac Law CV Combined Gat Equation PN. Pe + Ideal Gas Equation PY = mRT or S m= > PV- nie] 2_\7 5 eye nT wx] = 83142 k)/ Kg-mol-k — universal gas, @nstant Ga Colca, Shigt 1:27 # 1545 tb, -Ft/ BA. R* mo} = 0.82! L-atm/ moi-« of Or - 0.287 kJ/kg.K = 89.84 We Ft [No.8 From Hot region to cold region Coy nature) #Relation between Cp, Cvs K ond B oR Wea 8-32 olin ce Xe- 131 ee 2 Aus 16 ow ce Farhal Freee 1 Prescure exerted by each gat Cfartial Pressure) Note, T and V ore constants FEntropy »S ure oF dicorder lo OFFicient mochine “Clausius Statement No heat tronefers From cold to not region, by mocha Py and Ond Law oF Thermodynamice AS >0 # Processes oF \deal Gos slebarie, (Pac) ~ teetseewall |Gochoric|covelumetrio Cc) [eometrio = \sotnenna\ (1-0) -\ventropic (S=c) -Polytropic - achal process sIdeal Processes Gen. Formula ae Sitas AA + mCyAT Q+ AU+ Wag AH + mp dT Wag? ff PAV Py= mRT pv" -C Wee > SF ve Ker hic @ ore: «et oa 2 1) Hogg BON bie Cpair = 1.0062 In Cy oie # O.NGt KI + 0.24 Btu | lon-R oF onl Bia £0.24 KCl /KQ pq -omAH + mcp AT BERG) « mcpin(2e) “\eometric Frocece vec) MeO Vie\y | 2) cmodivied Charles! and ' TW Te)” Goy-tursae Low) Wne > JPdv - 0 Palate et Q* AU~ mc, AT mr AS=mCin(%) - mG in F s\sothermal Process CT=C) PV © net (Py, = Pave] Corie! Law) DAS es Mee co x) - on) YS (ia P C+ PY, = PN, = mRT ’, \x a. <. HThicd Law of Thermodynamice Mt abs. Temp, molecules cease to move. Theregore, entropy te 26F0. sleentropic Process (PV“*C) Seo nek kMge * Wer fay." eave") Woe er) PNP RTT) ry Ss wh BS+0 Cadiovatic) | (no heat trancrer) mee [ey py eid (lh folivtod WH Some subscripts; VK. Game tabccrigre j ¥t I aye use pore di rakakalito “Polytropie: Process. CPY"* nen actual) Ceone wh Veentropic, Just charge wR GW) en % General Equation ror Thermodynamic Curves ep" -c = \eovaric = \eothernal ceo Ne -00 40 +00 - Polytropic tsumetric, ne some sUsepul Volues For Mair = 4 hy = 1-299 ko, 1-366 +For max. work PY=C Tor mOx. work with min neat, PY"SG *NCS O2% Vp Pyjyen 7 Paar > Compressed Navid oy © Pook > Superneated vapor 1e = entiay can be Stored or removed : = Pyar > Saturated liquid x* © = honegendut ard invariaio\e chemical Le ed Nigui ; Composition exer there i+ Change = Saturated Vapor x= —s Wek seam 04K e4 OF proce Critical point sThermodynamic Tables cror norridea) gas | cream +Finding Properties through Inter polation sie; «calcu Tech Mode:3:2 value x} = answer slp value cletnined love interpolated fe he average of two table Values, ‘Critical point echuroted Goturated SDSS te ee Triple point Niguid line vapor lire: « Double- Interpolation: ; Mode: 2:2 For Wet Vapor (Net steam) Mixture Moicture Bisture content, y (wetnecs ; amount oF “Degree a moisture) ec + Toot - Tgiven Mg + Stearn Taole Problems: a —> A bos y+ atm, ved 7 my oO [ety <1] = pats Minen caturoted liquid: x0 ne Bese =When saturated vapor: xe4 Gs for all propertioe: i For pinding Quality . x Ups Uy +e W=MetX Vig 1 Veg = Vy-Ve Cusing fresin(e Wella Foy ea o ee Game wl omer properties: 15. caly tech MaVo tM yp © Vy h,s.u Mode: 2:2 ena e o Hgha +Mphy = Ma hy ae... Psy ica esses e+ Meg Te et hy sues PG] fhe usPwTy 3 eens *% 519 O1)%y VR = Qualityx cman teters + egedpio values Cper unt Ue Us + xUEg ~ Coplta tenwe + eka a a ia - PAV ‘on Temperature, Test AH: wanere prose change tokee place ata given ? AU + BERN) AU + Wag core, Poot ~woler liga propertion (a4) ere phase change rakes place ot a given -Vapor -vapar properties ~woter completely evaporates a Tear Wag © PAV * rn (Oh-Bu) = =PAV + PWg-Ve) =ss velocity gradient = Shear stress, rece. Modulus C£,6 or kK) Unit : Preccura P- prescure ¥ = volume AV - chonge in voume *SurFace Tencion, st F PR ae + FB (scap Bubb Stee ste FB (coop Duttie) ST- & (liquid butscle /drogie+) 4 of curpaces Prosdure in Gage, Paage R- radius «S] @ water @ OC + 0.0% Nim @iovrc = 0.059 Nim °, inwide ~ Ratsise Copillarity he 4ST coe Vdrve @- measured ber. tue wall and the miniscus Adbesion - digrerem suvstance Cohesion - came cubstance Miniccus- curve formed # Copillarity I¢ important wi d lece than = i nen using toe ice) os. viscosity» Hy = Kinematic nit « Prescure-time Ay Be whee - 10 poise Cy Unit = Arco ime Hee 1 A groke. 6 Apoiee + yee -clom* o.onote* { Foice +100 centi poise Note: at sea level, Rage =o *Wdrostatic Force , Fy A - Orea prijection cubjected 44 1, ~ mass moment of inertia ¥FLUID STATICS & + Presoure ,? Path: gh or p= Bae * Pate + Rage Rac *-P “Prescure in Liquide: Uoelow curpace) 1 Pe Ram #1 OF Pairk Qahy Pressure in gases: Colove, sea level) P= faim - Th * Pasm ~ Cgh Yas > 2, falas * Pat ‘Total Pressure OF DirFerent ewids in 0. comainer Py Pep ewry substance) + Py, + For incompressitae Fluids ~Obsolute pressure Cet unite) CEngiien unite) 4 mon 4000 kg. N Fas wea N 4 4om + 20006, *Bouyant Force , Fa Fo * Vasque gs “ie Fox Tot estar) F= ThA fi - distance oF pret. ‘i CO oF object enue @ - eccentricity Ah any portle oFEquation ( Bernaullit Equation) MSeNation oF energy pressure head =z. - elevation head v by |— ~ velocity head head loss M#Ve when 0,40, Since Gin Guy, Hoey, -¥0,"v, IC. Types oF Steady Flow in Pipes 4.Laminar Flow (R, 4 2000) 2.Transitional (Re = 2000 +e 4000) 3. Turbulent Flow (Re 2 4000) D. Reynold Number CN, piv, -0,'% Ine >Re) Re «UD. Frictional Force Me Niccous Force (hinematic) = WP Frictional roree _ wbt Ha Vicousforee (Dynamic) Aad VR, Res x = For non-circular crocs section . A ores. sectional orea Fu < Wetted Perimeter Hydraulic Radius , R, = E, Major Head Losses in Pipes 4-Laminar Flow (Hagen - Poiseuite Equa he 22h eae a Turbulent Flow (Darcy - Weisbach Equation) hy 2g 20 be = 2:083¢La" 7 oF 3, Turoulent Flow (Manny - Chezy ta.) 6.35n*Lv 10.3 ALe* aati h 4. Turbulent Flow (Hazen: Williams Formula) 10,6710" ny, = 4 aeseaa D E.Minor Head Losces G.Pipes in Series @,+O,= O, WML Hig H. Pipes in Parallel Q=+@,4+]+0, Hohe =e KOrigice Ve Cy [2gh actual velocity Q* CA, [Igh actual discharge For theoretical, Gy#40 5 Cyr 4.0 Hydrodynamics sImpulse-Momenhuim a Fe m(vy-%) m: Ay «ea “Drag Force, Fy 2 Far 2. G,0A “Mach Numiber Mz Votject sound weFLUID MACHINERIES* # Compressor Worle: by \sotnermal = by Isentropic = by Polytropic ‘Isothermal Work (Tc) Tev= met] (P<) [ve] ey We ey, tn{ #] We Pv inf] E + MRT, tn Asentropic: Work we KCAR) ek W, CARY) _ x) Ke We = mople mCo(1,-T,) WW, = KPAN[(m)KY eemen!\r) —| Polytropic Work [ Pv. Pav] We nOQPV) (Pave -P,) wes nea [/A) J allan ‘Other Formula We + MEP x Vp vi a | Mb: LAN [fot Air @ Te: ke 14 Cpt 1.0062 KKg:k 6, = 0.1186 KI/Kg-k Cp + 0.24 Brulio-R Cp * 0.11! Btv/ oR Kets Cy Hon Flow, @ + AU+ Wor Steady Flow, O + AH + Wey We Uw Two-Stage Compressor P, + JRA - intermediate pressure Work t-stage ” 2 ur ctage For ideal Wha = Wena Gen. Equation For Multiple Stagec aye 4 ake W as Weave * Weinge - W. tinge - Nnecrage “ee eo Wintercooler = 1 Gp alien Pumps. Water Power, W Py Put V@h, Pump Power , Pomp Po R Po + 2 to: One 5 eee Pomp = BAO: On = Total Dynamic Head, hx Ceamoutit Eq) Bei ae hye 4 (2-2) No aes \ +Other Formula’ mat er = ‘warer * O81 KN] ww" 5 + 62.497 lbp let” Ory Yo: BO"N ‘gol = 3.785412 L Sotws Eeotabin tpt ?= 7.48 gol sone cee i 8+ Ex s00m © = Elevationgic Speed ,Ns a uihere 4 NjNe = rpm @ - gem, mils —s Mt Appinity Lows. oan Pl 1 3 > fF 2 a m1 O° ait ~fow OH P Gm: NOE | Premmonics : Queen Hos Power A Won) 2Cbs) BERRAS No (Now) an) 2 ie We e = Enciecle rou and coumn parameters Ory one por OW? = Multiple for NiO.e ~\ntersection is the exponent for 8.0.0 = Use subscripts pe! [a] Eee), 2 earls, | Fons Meer f° 1, 0, hy Mare * Gaie*9 e | ie) ir “|y aie \et] haa ¥ hy [hy +h) ee liquid/water gage = air gage @worer surgace: Py = Pair Oydhy CaeIoic [lara Para + Static Efficiency , es ee Cem ) +Other Formula/ Values = Coie = 2 KGIm? — Voie * 0-118 Nim = 0.01 Ib/e+? + 0.07 be [et 0.287 K/KgK + 53,34 Btu/log-R 5) strind) D CThen) #HEAT TRANSFER * Conduction direct [6olid contact Q= RATA RABY (KATO Gor single watt) or Aan oes AAT Cor compat reer sz) i i uty, Sa k= thermal conductivity » PM Overall Teanerer Coerficient,U 1 & Ue i ee @+UAAT + hee > por composite walls Convection = trough moving Fluid Q=hAAT ChAT) eu Ww h- Film surpace coerpicien, OM, We irene wee anteide ond ipFuehity , Or © thermal conductivity — Unit mote pith Oe 4 Lisp. veat L aensity “Heat Tranorer in Pipes ak ae Power,P> TV+Q also @=wCpCAT) = mg Ah Critical Radius, Ye nek o Om) eee 'o h= Hhrougn electromagnetic: woves CSeAT ng naka de-quatvo) bs. temperature area emissvity = 0 (white body) * 4 (lack boay) O SeaTac, + sHollow Sphere, P-IR*-Iv+Q Q: Cor on sphere Heat € xchanger “Arithmetic Mean Temperature Digference (AMTD) ; Atwmax + At, : ANTO + ~ Logarithmic Mean Temperature Dipperence cay eS | +Foraliet Flow + Cross Flow Bei (: + a +Heat Transrer @ Heot exchanger, @ @=UCA)CLMTO) L prea \ Overall transper coer. = L acre 2 S “ma IP: We only ute LTD in distinct values for At COtimax # At min) Dther pormuila por @ = rcpt Suremory 7 *P-1V-TR’ g, AST grant O* SeAT x Radi ation Conduction Comection # REFRIGERATION ‘ x Components {. Compressor 2. Condenser 9. Exponsion Valve 4. Evaporator ¥ Common Rerrigeronts {:Halocarton Ex. RI2 > ROW Cee CHO Halet pee 1 WF Cor HHO Fe (Metn one) drovortons Ex.: Methone Ethene , Propane, Butane, 2.Wya 8 Ch Ch ae a7 CnHen (-E-P-6) Elements: C+HH+ C14 F = & of atoms Tie For naming Ha rerer to # oF atoms of Cl and Fi plus family Series (Methane, Ethane, Bulare, Propane) a.Inorganic - RT00 series R Ex.: COe > M R744 HO > MW 18 - RB mw 4.Azeotropes (R500 series) Zeotropes ~ R4oo series ‘% Carnot Rerrigeration (Reversed Carnot Cycle) ea ® (S-T-5-T) Condenser <2) \ Compressor We * —> Evaporator to, q 1-2 Isentropic. Compression 2-2-3 Isothermal Heat Rejection Nereis ss 4-1 Isothermal Heat Addition & Working Formula Q*TAs = 105-8.) Q.+ TAS - )¢-5) Woes * GeO {Weg} * oe Q ae cop = Ss alg Weet Qa-Qy” Ty = We = m(ha-h) cor, . Met Oe Bee Rear Qa =m Cha =hs) ba Weer Th Wy * mC haha) COPyp = COP +4 ad Qs m Ch, ha) sje= 12000 Btulhr = 200 Btu! min AHP + 0.746 KW + 4gae Bhulein + 2549 Stu/br Taaiiy ond icisture Content in Finding hand © TIP: ‘Caley Ten Mode:3:2 Tr Use values oF : Sp 1 Sgihg (=) (h) = = onswer and hg From the point — hx: Ss you wont 4o sole For +, We the properties - Store Values a6 fio A 7B tor C hyd fANopor Compression Cycle (Necorical Rerrigeration) (S-P-H-P) * Throtilng process Cconctant esthalpy) in @ coturaied vapor ph.2 @ caturated quid 1-2 \cetropic compression (s+) 2-3 lgoboric heat rejection (p-c) 3-4 Isenthalpic expansion (n=c) 4-1 Isobaric heat addition Cp-c) We = m(he-h,) So Se Qgem(ni-h) “PE Q, = mh ha) bee Bee) oC" foe. to We hab Qy = Rerrigeroting errect/ capacity Ye my Power, P+ = kW Fron . Compression Power " J + Rerrigeration Cycle witn Subcooling ond Superheating (pst and %6. 2 are no longer saturated) [5-P-H-P] ae a [Multi Pressure Syster = Involves chart reading = for ha sha [hgehy] :assumed 4ove saturated of the given temp. cops th/kon = AMulti- Pressure Systems (ilass consideration) 5 c= Condenser ae Q Wea ls @ t Flash Wing Chamber 5 Chamber Ve Te @ a» Lp. We #{ty-ha)(t) + (1-*) Chef) Qs UD hy-he)# Product Loaa ~ Application of Heating (Sensible and Water > Water —> \ce—> lee \ \oitian ec oe Final eo Q as Qe + mCpAT Qs mb - SC Compression 1-2 — Q+ MAAT > due to fluid Flow ( convection) _ es pee beat eepction #23 yer van € Seo expansion 3.4 7 B Pro heal addition d-) #00 1000 Ih, Lie tm4on. + 1000 kg RF cor Co patee * 4187 WIKQ-K = mp (Te-T, Seca x 1Wo-R — Wet (-B)= (Ti-T) oe Qae mp (T.-Ts) a ” Wipe mc (ToT) SOP OT Crice® ¥ OPwater Qe mee (TT) aye are ya ae ee ie +] ] 18 "0144 Btu lo ine 7 = BO KCal /kg Userul Values: Also TIP: Familiarize with Cp of products such a6: Ie! PM; RYE) Mille = Pork — ete. RSet yas 07. EYE tere Chai * 1.0062 KiVkg:k food Cp > eve Freezing Pelow Freezing £0.24 BHI oy0'R + Chicken ae in HRegenerative Gas Rerrigeration Cycle Beer carcass 248 146 x PO [s-P-s-P] Liver 3.18 le Round, beer 3.08 168 Sirloin, beer 2.72 Los + Milk, whole 3.19 1a “Port carcase 2.08 121 Ham, 22 185 Pork sawage 2. +tce Cream 2.99 Sc (Tat) = mp (T4-Ts) Col T.-Ty) Gp = in kJ/kg: k Ta-To, * Ge) Ga-Te)Humidity RH or ¢ When RH = 100%) tasetayet iy, : Peat J- Speciric Volume, 7 eral oT ee Density, 6 ao a ~Enthalpy yh He SpXatky Cry, + why Wr 2501+ 1.8814, =hg (kJ/kg) WOOL + 0.45%, =hy (Btu/te) Co aie = 10062 kI/kg-k = 0.24 Btu/ieR =Internal energy, U U Vat uy Us Cy bart Why + 2501+ |.83db,, + 1O61+ 0.4500, Cy = ONG W/ug K = 0,11! BH Mio. R Dtrer Usepul Formula: (Ae meT > PN RT 8.9143 kJ/kenol- BA pt lel mole R ~ atm mole-k “Degree. Superheat » “SH “eh Took + Degree Saturation, OF ne Oss an + Other Formula For “RH or @ ~» Py Coy Apiobn) Cate) ’. Ro Pree * Engst) 706 o> Pee ~ Regt Coy Lilley) Ln (Pyey » bor) = 4.843900 - = For oll pres sat 5299.39], actor Fes Pat mr [preone- S225) AO ee ~ {oC Pag, in bor) «14508 ee bra + Psy chrometric. Chart “Processes based on line movement 6 4 5 1 Sensible heating Nl 2 Sensible cooling ne 5 Fame a |S, 4 Demumdipying 4 5 Sensible heoting humidigying © Sensible Cooling humidieying 7 Sensible Heating Dehumidi ry © Sensible cooling Dénumid + Sencivie Heating and Cooling (4 er @) @> maCha-h) heating @+ ma Chy-h2) cooling «Heating w/ Humidipication C4 then =) @= Mm Chy-h,) 4 my = mg Ctly-W,) absorbed + Cooling w/ Derumidification ( @ Qe ma Cr-ha) my = Mq (W,-We) removed Evaporative Coding (6) he constact , ye he sho!