CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Historically, solid waste management did not get any specific attention in policy and

legislation except as part of the larger domain of environmental issues on utilization, protection and

conservation, management of natural resources, and the regulation of behavior causing negative

impact in the environment (Rebullida, 2000). It was provided however in Article 11 of the Philippine

Constitution, that the State shall protect the right of the people to a balanced and health ecology in

accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature. Thus, the Philippines government takes into

consideration the promulgation of various Presidential Decrees and the enactment of several Republic

Acts which took direct action on solid waste management.

The most recent of which is R.A 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

which serves as the legal framework for the country’s systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid

waste management program that shall ensure protection of the health and environment. It empowers

local government units to actively pursue their own Solid Waste Management (SWM) system through

a preparation of 10-year SWM plans. The creation of SWM Board responsible for the preparation and

implementation of plans for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste is a priority. The

following are the perceived plans: (a) mandatory segregation of waste, (b) implementation of recycling

programs, (c) setting up Material Recovery Facility, (d) prohibition of open dumpsites as final disposal

facility promoting the establishment of multipurpose environmental cooperatives, (e) associations

responsible for undertaking SWM activities or projects, (f) provision of monetary and others rewards

and incentives to entities that have undertaken outstanding and innovative SWM programs, (g)

1
encouraging the LGUs to impose fees sufficient to pay the cost of preparation and implementation of

their - SWM plans, (h) creation of a local SWM fund from donations, (i) allocation from the

development fund, (j) and definition of prohibited acts, penalties, suits and other legal actions

concerning R.A. 9003.

The Philippines is a beautiful country that unfortunately has a number of important

environmental issues which need to be dealt with (Perez, 2011). One of these critical issues is with

regard to the mismanagement of garbage and wastes in the country which causes other types of

environmental disasters such as flood, erosion, landslides and other dangers on landfills and dumpsites

that include health concerns among the people living nearby (Perez, 2011). Unfortunately the

Philippines is one of the countries with the highest amount of solid waste generated in the world, yet,

still has no sustainable and effective waste disposal facility (Calica, 2009). Given the perennial

garbage problems in the Philippines which harm the environment, waste management is indeed a

necessary step to resolve and minimize all garbage-related problems in the country.

2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In general, this study aims to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Solid Waste

Management of NORSU - BSC.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the types of waste collected in Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental?

2. In what level of implementation of R.A. 9003 – Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 does

Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental?

3. What are the factors affecting the increase of waste in Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros

Oriental?

4. What are the significant differences between the respondents’ response?

5. What are the knowledge regarding solid waste management in Poblacion, Sta. Catalina,

Negros Oriental?

6. What are the attitudes regarding solid waste management in Poblacion, Sta. Catalina,

Negros Oriental?

7. What are the practices of solid waste management in Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros

Oriental?

HO1: there is no significant deference between the total waste collection of NORSU - BSC regarding

the knowledge, attitude and practices of Solid Waste Management Program of NORSU - BSC.

3
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The results and findings of this study will benefit the following:

Barangays: they will be able to assess success of the implementation of R.A. 9003 as to the

recycling/reusing of non-biodegradable solid wastes and composting of bio-degradable solid waste.

Department of Education: the educational planners and curriculum makers will be able to see the need

of integrating the importance of proper waste disposal, such as waste segregation and recycling in the

curriculum.

Department of Health: they will be able to assess the needs of the people in terms of medicine and

counselling. They would develop and strengthen the implementation of R.A. 9003.

Community: they will know how to reduce the volume of their solid wastes.

Local Government Units (LGU’s): they will be able to reduce solid waste disposal expenses which

usually constitute a sizable portion of the budgets in Bayawan City and Sta. Catalina.

Future Researchers: the students will increase their awareness and efforts to preserve and protect the

environment.

4
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study will focus on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Solid Waste Management in

Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental. The researcher chooses to limit the study of Solid Waste

Management of Poblacion, Sta. Catalina, Negros Oriental in terms of the level of implementation of

RA 9003 - Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. Waste Collection and Waste Segregation are highly

focused on the program offered by LGU’s and it would be part of its Vision and Mission. (a)The

knowledge regarding solid waste management, (b) the attitudes regarding solid waste management, (c)

and the practices regarding solid waste management.

The researcher chooses to conduct in Solid Waste Management in NORSU - BSC concerning

their knowledge, Attitude and Practices.

5
DEFINITION OF TERMS

For clarity and better understanding, the terms used in the study are defined as follows:

Attitude -a predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively

towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an

individual’s choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives,

and rewards (together called stimuli).

Biodegradable waste - this refers to the solid waste that can be broken down or decomposed

by the action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.

Environment - the sum total of all surroundings of a living organism, including natural

forces and other living things, which provide conditions for the

development and growth as well as danger and damage.

Household waste -solid waste comprising of garbage and rubbish (such as bottles, cans,

clothing, compost, disposables, food packaging, food scraps, newspapers

and magazines, and yard trimmings) that originates from private homes

or apartments. It may also contain household hazardous waste. Also, it is

called domestic waste or residential waste.

Knowledge -facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education;

the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject.

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Practice -the actual application or use of an idea, belief, or method as opposed to

theories about such application or use.

Recycling - This refers to the sorting of solid waste into those that can be used

again for other purposes.

Republic act no. 9003(Ecological Solid Waste Management act of 2000)

-an act providing for an ecological solid waste

management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms

and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties,

appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes.

Solid waste  - These refer to solid garbage or unwanted materials from industrial,

residential, institutional and commercial establishment.

Solid Waste Management - the process of collecting, storing, treatment and disposal of solid

wastes in such a way that they are harmless to humans, plants, animals,

the ecology and the environment generally.

Wastes Segregation - This refers to the sorting of solid wastes into biodegradable, non-

biodegradable, reusable, non-reusable, recyclable, non-recyclable.

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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

This research is based on Ajzen (1991) theory of planned behaviour as shown in figure 1 below:

Figure 1. The Theory of Planned Behavior

Source: Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behavior and Human
Decision Processes, 50, p. 179-211.

The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) states that an individual’s behavioural beliefs,

normative beliefs and control beliefs respectively determine his/her attitude towards a given

behaviour, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control, which collectively influence the

behavioural intention and actual behaviour of the individual when participatory decisions in an action

are voluntary and under an individual’s control. The research assumes that the background (sex, age

and social class) of Port- Harcourt city residents influences their attitude, subjective norm and

perceived behavioural control thus determining the behavioural intention/actual behaviour i.e. level of

awareness, knowledge and practices of solid waste management.

Sustainable waste management is the ultimate goal of any piece of waste legislation produced

today. The practical achievement of this Am. J. Soc. Mgmt. Sci., 2012, 3(2): 83-92 goal is, however,

8
more difficult than its theoretical consideration. Local authorities, who bear the brunt of meeting

targets and implementing strategies, need guidelines to help them sustainably achieve the targets.

The mountainous heaps of solid wastes that deface Nigerian cities and the continuous

discharge of industrial contaminants into streams and rivers without treatment motivated the federal

government of Nigeria to promulgate Decree 58 for the establishment of Federal Environmental

Protection Agency (FEPA) on 30 December 1988 (Federal Military Government 1988). A national

policy on the environment was formed and the goals of the policy include: to secure for all Nigerians a

quality of environment adequate for their health and wellbeing; to raise public awareness and promote

understanding of the essential linkages between the environment and development; and to encourage

individual and community participation in environmental protection and improvement efforts (FEPA

1989). As regards the solid waste sector, the specific actions desired include collection and disposal of

solid waste in an environmentally safe manner; setting up and enforcement of laws, regulations, and

standards; encouragement of public participation; environment monitoring and imposition of penalties

on defaulters to encourage compliance (FEPA 1989; FRN 1991).

9
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF THE STUDY

Solid waste management is the process of collecting, storing, treatment and disposal of solid

wastes in such a way that they are harmless to humans, plants, animals, the ecology and the

environment generally. Solid waste can be defined as “any substance or object in solid form which the

holder discards or intends to discard” (Waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC, 1975, Article 1 (a)).

The ‘holder’ can either be the producer of the waste or be in possession of the waste (Williams, 2005).

Waste, however, is very subjective; one person may deem an item to be waste whilst another might see

it as a resource (Williams, 2005). The way solid waste is managed for different types of sectors is

important as the nature of each industry or sector varies. The dynamic nature of consumer/end user

products, packaging materials, environmental regulations and public attitudes has made the

development of solid waste management strategies an increasingly complex task (Sakai et al, 1996).

This study was conducted to determine the level of implementation of R.A. 9003 - Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, an act providing for an ecological solid waste management

program, creating the necessary institution mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts

prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore, and for other purposes. Was passed

by the Congress and Senate on 2000 and signed by the President on January 26, 2001. Figure 2: Shows

that the Local Government Unit and The None Government Organization should promote and

strengthen the so -called R.A. 9003 in the wastes segregation which includes reducing, reusing and

recycling for the benefit of the community.

10
Through proper sorting of wastes dumped in the thrush bin/can and compost pit, the wastes were

classified into biodegradable, recyclable / reusable; biodegradable, non-recyclable / non-reusable; non-

biodegradable, recyclable / reusable; and non-biodegradable / non-recyclable / non-re-usable. The

wastes collected may determines as Non-biodegradable non-recyclable / non-reusable waste are

considered residual waste.

This would determine the level of Implementation of R.A. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2000 and the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Solid Waste Management

Program.

R.A 9003 – Ecological Solid Waste

Waste Collection Waste Collection

Waste Segregation

Level of Implementation

Level of Compliance

Knowledge Attitude and Practices

Fig. 2: The Conceptual Framework of the study

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

The Philippines is a beautiful country that unfortunately has a number of important

environmental issues which need to be dealt with (Perez, 2011). One of these critical issues is with

regard to the mismanagement of garbage and wastes in the country which causes other types of

environmental disasters such as flooding, erosion, landslides and other dangers on landfills and

dumpsites that include health concerns among the people living nearby (Perez 2011). Unfortunately,

the Philippines has one of the highest amount of solid waste generated in the world yet, still has no

sustainable and effective waste disposal facility (Calica 2009). Given the perennial garbage problems

in the Philippines which harm the environment, waste management is indeed a necessary step to

resolve and minimize all garbage-related problems in the country.

In a recent study about the garbage problems in the Philippines, studies revealed that in Metro

Manila alone, an estimate of 8,000 tons of solid waste are generated daily. However, only 6,000 tons

end up in legal waste facilities while the rest are illegally dumped in private lands, creeks, rivers and at

times, are even burned openly (Calica, 2009). What is even more alarming is the fact that the rate of

increase in the amount of garbage or waste produced on a daily basis, significantly increases.

Apparently, most landfills and garbage dumpsites filled up very fast. As such, there is a great danger

that the country may run out of proper dumpsites and waste facilities that will ultimately lead to

further environmental and human hazards (Imagine Echo Projects Waste, 2008).

Some of the local government bodies in the Philippines are currently pursuing the best methods

to solve the ever-increasing garbage problem in the country. According to Pavia (2012), some

provinces in the country will be pursuing the privatization of their solid waste management efforts in

12
order to diminish the negative effects of garbage mismanagement. On the other hand, the Philippine

Congress is also actively prioritizing the creation of new laws and policies intended to strengthen

proper waste management practices in the country. In fact, just recently, some lawmakers have already

filed a bill which requires Local Government Units (LGUs) to make use of garbage trucks with

“onboard compactor” for the proper transportation and collection of solid waste (Castillo, 2012).

Basically, the main purpose of this onboard compactor is to compact solid waste while these are in

transit and ultimately, reduce the total volume of solid waste and minimize the amount of waste

generated in the major cities and localities in the country (Castillo, 2012).

In order to develop a comprehensive provincial SWM plan which will take off from the

municipal/city SWM plans, a provincial SWM Board must be created. LGUs should evaluate the roles

of the public and private sectors in providing collection services that will conform to the minimum

standards and requirements for collection of solid waste. Such standards that must be met are use of

protective equipment by collectors, no spillage of waste within collection vicinity, separate collection

schedules for specific types of waste, separate trucks/haulers or compartmentalized collection vehicles.

The persistent increase in human population and rapid industrialization has caused the

continuing global problems on improper wastes disposal (Atienza, 2008). The major drawbacks

concerning wastes management, especially in the developing countries are the ineffective waste

collection strategies and the lack of disposal sites (Reyes et al., 2013). It has been suggested, likewise,

that practices of basic solid waste management (SWM) are often neglected at the individual level

(Licyet al., 2013). While most people are aware of the negative impacts of mismanaged wastes on the

environment, their negative attitude coupled with insufficient environmental knowledge among

13
individuals usually corresponds to poor practices towards maintaining good environmental conditions

(Licyet al., 2013). Enactment of certain policies relevant to improving environmental sanitation and

community-perception on waste management is a matter of national urgency to minimize imminent

outbreaks of diseases and adverse impacts on the economy due to loss of workdays, treatment cost,

and clean-up activities (Joseph, 2006). Thus, the Ecological Solid Waste Management or Republic Act

9003 in the Philippines mandates the Local Government Units (LGUs) to implement programs on

proper solid waste management at the municipal level (Reyes et al., 2013).

The Municipality of Los Baños in the Province of Laguna, Philippines is a first class town,

subdivided into 14 barangays and with an estimated 101, 884 human population as of 2010 census

(NSO, 2013). Several important research agencies and institutions are located within the area,

including the premier national university, the University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), the

Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development

(PCAARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), and the International Rice

Research Institute (IRRI), among others. In recognition of its role as a center for research,

development, and environmental preservation, Los Baños was declared as a Special Science and

Nature City of the Philippines through Presidential Proclamation No. 349. Therefore, Los Baños is

expected to maintain good environmental standing and should serve as model community of the

environment in the entire country.

Recycling programs will be implemented with the support of Department of Trade and

Industry (DTI), Department of Agriculture (D.A.), and the Department of the Interior and Local

Government (DILG). It is the DTI that is responsible for preparing an inventory of existing markets

14
for processing and purchasing of recyclable materials and implementing a coding system for

packaging materials and products to facilitate waste recycling and re-use. It is the responsibility of the

D.A. to publish an inventory of existing markets and demand for compost.

Tax credit and duty exemption to individuals and private organizations who have undertaken

outstanding and innovative SWM programs shall be granted. LGUs shall adopt specific revenue-

generating measures to ensure the viability of their plans. Allocation from the development fund shall

be used for activities that will enhance the SWM programs such as research, information, education

and communications, and capability building (Phil- Canada Local Government Support Program,

2003).

Moreover, Rebullida (2000) cited some problems associated with the traditional solid waste

management such as increasing volume of solid wastes, lack of disposal sites, and ineffective age-old

system of disposal by open dumping and landfills and environmental degradation and dangers to

health. A greater volume of wastes was brought about by an increased population and rise of more

businesses and industries. When the government lacks funds, it cannot cope with the increasing

volume of waste. A related problem is scavenging by poor people whose health’s are at risk due to the

effects of improper waste management.

Household demand for solid waste services is a function of the unit price of solid waste

services and other determining factors such as wage, non-wage income, prices of consumption goods,

prices received for recyclables, waste components of market goods and quantity of wastes generated

by non-market goods (Jenkins 1993). Other socioeconomic characteristics are included in models such

15
as household size, age and education. The variables, income and household size, are surrogates for the

unobserved household production activities which generate waste as a by-product (Hong et al. 1993).

Some researchers have used this demand for solid waste services framework to model the

determinants of household waste recycling (Hong et al. 1993; Jenkins et al. 2000; Reschovsky and

Stone 1994). However, due to data problems on recycling quantities, the studies adopted the binary

choice modeling approach because the data observed is dichotomous in nature, i.e., whether or not a

household recycles. The dependent variable in a binary choice model is a dichotomous variable where

Y=l if a household recycles or Y=0 if it does not recycle.

Jenkins et al. (2000) examined the intensity of recycling different waste materials using an

ordered probit model where the dependent variable, i.e., intensity of recycling each material

(categorized in 3 levels), is a function of unit price of waste disposal, some characteristics of the local

waste management system, and socio-economic factors like household income, age and home

ownership. Using the same model, Hong et al. (1993) modeled household recycling participation or

the number of times it recycles over a period of time (categorized in 5 levels) as a function of disposal

price and socio—economic variables.

However, using a simple probit model, Reschovsky and Stone examined the probability of

recycling a specific material and included socio-economic variables and characteristics of recycling

programs as independent variables. The first two models examined mainly the influence of waste

disposal price on household recycling behavior, while the third model examined the differential effects

of recycling systems when combined with unit pricing.

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 According to Perez, (2011) segregating the waste is also doing part in waste management

Avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the garbage problems in the country .Using

materials that there are environmental friendly, to minimize and solve the garbage problem of the

Philippines . On the other side, the focus on economic growth has led as to take environmental

management for granted. Solid waste become the most visible environmental problem in the country,

and has remained so for years. A management to that can help planners study objectively and make

rational decisions as to the best alternative strategic options of managing, recovering and utilizing the

vast quantity of solid waste is a very important investment (Guzman, et.al 2010).

This study examines household waste segregation behavior using binary choice modeling

following the studies discussed above. Waste segregation is an activity undertaken to facilitate

recycling and disposal and thus entails household resources such as time, space and effort in the same

manner as waste recycling. This household activity consists basically of the separation or sorting of

wastes into recyclables and non-recyclables, and storing these wastes in separate containers to

facilitate recycling and disposal. It is therefore reasonable to assume that the household's decision to

engage in waste segregation will be determined by the same factors that influence its decision to

engage in recycling activities. However, since the amount or level of effort of waste segregation done

by the household is also not observable, the study adopted a dichotomous or binary choice model.

Existing estimates of the quantity of wastes generated were based on actual collection and

weighing of wastes. Randomly sampled households were given two plastic bags to store their solid

wastes, one for a weekday and the other for a weekend. These wastes were collected twice a week and

17
weighed individually to estimate the generation rates. As the samples were collected directly from

households, there was no room for scavenging. For waste characteristics, the collected wastes were

dumped together and mixed thoroughly and a representative sample was taken to comprise the

composite sample (Soncuya and Viloria 1992).

In the present study, the respondents were asked to estimate the wastes they generated in a day

in kilograms, according to the following three waste types: food/kitchen wastes, yard wastes and

mixed or all other wastes. The sample households were also asked to estimate the proportion of the

wastes that they recovered, burned and disposed of out of the total wastes they generated. Recovered

wastes were broken down into categories: re used/composted; sold; and given away. Using this

information, the wastes that the households reported as "generated" were considered as "disposed",

since these did not include the recyclable wastes they generated, and the amount of wastes recovered

was estimated as a residual. Thus, the total waste generated by households is the sum of recovered,

burned and disposed wastes.

Econometric analysis was implemented to investigate the factors that influence waste

segregation and composting behavior of households. The regression approach used by the study

follows that of models for binary choice, specifically the probit model, where the dependent variable is

a dichotomous variable, i.e., Y=1 if the household is engaged in waste segregation or waste

composting and Y=O if it does not, regressed on some socioeconomic household characteristics as

well as on some waste generation and recovery attributes of the household and the community.

18
 The logit model may also be used to explain the behavior of a dichotomous dependent variable.

The logit model uses the logistic cumulative distribution function (CDF), while the probit uses the

normal CDF. While the question of which model to use in a binary choice analysis is unresolved, it

has been observed that in most applications, it does not make much difference since the models give

similar results (Greene 1997; Gujarati 1995).

The empirical model is of the following form:

wij = x + 132 yij + [32 + u,1 (1)

(i=l,2 ,n;j=1,2,...,m)

Where
w1 is dichotomous taking a value of 1 if household in barangay segregates or composts
its wastes and 0 if otherwise
x is a vector of household socio-economic characteristics
y is a vector of household waste management-related behavioral and attitudinal
variables
z is a vector of community waste management-related attributes
u is the error term.

The following are the variables that were included in the regression analysis: household socio-

economic variables — income, age, household size and presence of yard (dummy); household waste

management-related variables — total wastes disposed time spent at home by mother (dummy),

revenue received from sale of recyclables, and garbage fee (dummy); and a community waste

management feature — garbage fee (dummy) and ordinance (dummy).

The predicted value of the dependent dichotomous variable, in the specified binary choice

model above, is interpreted as the probability that the household will segregate! compost or has the

propensity to segregate/compost its wastes, given a particular household characteristic in x, say

household income, all other things remaining constant. Estimation was done using maximum

19
likelihood method and the software LIMDEP was used in the descriptive and regression analysis. The

slope coefficients or the betas in a probit regression are interpreted differently from the slope

coefficients in a linear regression model since the model deals with the probability of some event

occurring (Gujarati 1995).

The marginal effect of a binary independent variable in a probit regression is given by the

marginal probability coefficient and is calculated as the mean values of the regressors included in the

model. It is interpreted, in the case of the model given above, as the effect of a unit change in a

regressor on the probability that a household will segregate/compost. (The software LIMDEP offers

this as an option). Statistical tests were conducted to test the hypothesis that socio-economic factors

were significant in determining the probability that a household will engage in waste segregation and

composting. Other standard statistical tests such as difference between two means and independence

of two variables were conducted.

RA 9003 requires LGUs to prepare a 10-year local government solid waste management plan

which include, among others, waste reduction strategies that encompasses re-using, recycling, and

composting activities. The survey results of this study indicate that for LGUs operating in middle-

income communities in Metro Manila, composting of food! Kitchen wastes may be considered as one

of the waste management options as less than 50% of kitchen wastes are re-used as composting

material.

Household composting is normally undertaken to enhance garden soil or simply to complement

gardening as a hobby, while composting at the barangay level is done to raise revenues. These wastes

20
comprise not less than one third of total household wastes disposed into the environment, out of which

about 70% is discarded as residual wastes. The management of these wastes through composting,

(especially when the process includes garden wastes), can contribute substantially to the waste

diversion mandate of the LGUs. Since most of the yard wastes in the sampled communities are either

burned or disposed, recovery of yard wastes for composting, together with food wastes, may be

included by LGUs as a more effective composting strategy.

The quantity of garden waste composted was found to be the most important variable to

explain household composting behavior (Sterner and Bartelings 1999). LGUs should examine other

composting technologies that are available in the market (particularly vermin culture, biogas/retort

type organic waste degraders) and consider the costs, (including environmental costs) from application

of the different technologies.

While more than 50% of the mixed wastes are recovered by the sampled communities, it

cannot be presumed that all of this is recycled. Some of the recyclables that are given away by the

households to the door-to-door garbage collectors are in fact re-used by them in their own homes.

However, no data was collected to estimate this amount. For the purposes of determining the overall

recycling rate, it would be necessary to track and monitor the waste flow from the source all the way

to the recycling establishments (Refer to Appendix 2 on waste flow for Paranaque city).

The results on burning of household wastes, particularly yard wastes and some mixed wastes,

suggests to LGUs that their solid waste management programs should discourage solid waste burning

by highlighting its environmental implications. Refuse burning generates local pollutants such as

21
particulate matter, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds that contribute to the already

polluted air in Metro Manila brought about largely by emissions from transport vehicles and factories.

These pollutants, particularly particulate matter, have been associated with health problems such as

chronic respiratory illnesses that result in morbidity and mortality incidences (ENRAP 2000). In

addition, the program should include information noted earlier that the composting of food wastes

mixed with yard wastes has beneficial effects on the composting process as well as the composted

product.

In terms of specific materials, a potential area for the promotion of recycling is the recovery of

aluminum cans and plastic wastes, of which less than 50% is recovered by middle-income

communities. Recycling aluminum, in particular, results in an avoided environmental cost of USD 220

in terms of air pollution emissions from producing a ton of primary aluminum (Lave et al. 1999).

Paper-based wastes (except old newspapers most of which are already being recovered by households)

is another area for increased waste recovery.

In the preparation of the Solid Waste Management (SWM) plans and programs, it is important

for each LGU to examine the benefits and costs of each strategy, given their respective situations. This

activity will help to ensure that local resources and funds are allocated to their best uses. This will

require an efficient cost accounting system of its waste management program as well as keeping an

eye on the market for the recyclables that are included in their programs.

RA 9003 requires LGUs to estimate and project by source the solid wastes generated by their

municipality/city as a component of their solid waste management plan. In addition, they are directed

22
to include in their SWM plan a waste characterization sub-component that will identify the constituent

materials comprising the solid waste generated within their jurisdiction. The constituent materials will

be identified by volume, percentage in weight or its volumetric equivalent, material type and source of

generation (i.e., residential, commercial, industrial, government, etc.).

The basic approach to MSW profiling consists of the conduct of studies that involve sampling,

waste sorting and weighing of the individual components of the waste stream. This approach is useful

in establishing the baseline information on the waste stream of the municipality assuming a sufficient

number of samples, for reliability purposes, can be obtained. It may also be advisable to conduct the

study during the wet and dry seasons, as findings show that waste generation practices differ during

these two seasons (IvDvIIDA/JTCA 1998). A constraint for many LGUs to implement this approach

would be its cost.'4 for the purposes of establishing baseline information; it would be advisable for

those LGUs that can afford to undertake this approach to do so, particularly since the waste diversion

target of 25% within five years will be based on the baseline data generated.

The approach used in this research in establishing waste generation and recovery data, is based

on self-reported information, where households were asked to estimate the weight of their daily or

weekly wastes disposed, and the proportions of the different waste components that they recover

and/or burn. It was noted earlier, that the results using this approach are comparable to those based on

sampling and actual weighing, and the estimates fall within the range of existing estimated waste

generation rates. This study therefore suggests that LGUs that cannot afford to implement the

sampling approach can adopt the self-reporting approach by providing the households and other waste

generators a self-administered waste generation monitoring sheet to be accomplished over a specified

23
period of time, with minimal LGU supervision. The activity however, should be preceded by an

effective information, education and communication (IEC) campaign to encourage cooperation among

the community members.

At the national level, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) model for the

characterization of municipal solid wastes in the United States is an approach that the Department of

Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) can consider as part of the national solid waste

management framework. The model, which utilizes a material flows approach to estimate the waste

stream on a nationwide basis, is based on production data (by weight) for the materials and products in

the waste stream (USEPA 1999). Several adjustments are made, such as for imports and exports, and

for diversions from MSW. The production data is also supplemented by waste sampling studies to

account for food wastes and yard trimmings. The EPA conducts the study periodically and in between

periods, produces a waste characterization update report every year.

The probability of household waste segregation and composting behavior is modeled as a

function of three sets of variables, i.e., socio-economic household characteristics (INCOME, AGE,

HHSIZE, DYARD); household waste management-related attributes (TOTWASTE, FOOD WASTE,

REVENUE, DMOTHER, DATTITUDE, DFEE), and a community waste management-related feature

(DORD). These variables are briefly defined with their expected signs in Table 8. Most of these

variables have been found to be significant in empirical studies examining the demand for waste

collection services and the probability of household recycling and composting (Jenkins eta!. 2000;

Sterner and Bartelings 1999; Hong et al. 1993).

24
 Some of these variables warrant some discussion, particularly in terms of what data was

collected before the results of the regressions were presented. The variable INCOME reflects the total

income of all working household members and from all sources, including remittances from abroad.'6

The survey also collected information on 13 categories of household expenditures as a cross-check for

income. Since income data obtained from surveys is usually under-reported for obvious reasons, and

some households refused to report their income, the income data used in the regressions isthe higher in

the two data sets. The empirical evidence on the relationship of income and demand for solid waste

services and the probability of recycling is mixed; hence, the expected sign may be positive or

negative (Hong et al. 1993, Sterner and Bartelings1999; Reschovsky and Stone 1994; Jenkins et a!.

2000).

Some sampled households are paying garbage fees (i.e. flat), either through their homeowners'

association or directly to garbage boys. An indicator variable DFEE is included in the model to

examine whether household waste segregation behavior is influenced positively or negatively by this

garbage fee. Since the fee is flat, it is predicted that households paying a fee would exert less effort to

manage their wastes and engage in waste segregation since they are already paying a fee and thus

expect others to do the waste segregation for them. The expected sign of DFEE is therefore negative)7

The indicator variable DORD represents the presence of a local ordinance in the village mandating

waste segregation and the expected sign is positive.

The increasing dilemma on waste management in almost all communities across the country

due to the uncontrolled population growth, coupled with rapid urbanization and industrialization, have

become the primary thrust of the national government (National Solid Waste Management

25
Commission & D.E.N.R., 2004). In addition, the low level of environmental literacy and awareness of

the public, partly contributed to the difficulties in implementing and enforcing environmental laws and

policy, particularly, laws on cleanliness and sanitation (Jaworski& DENR, 2002). The common

observation is that people are apathetic and indifferent toward wastes issues.

The “Anti-littering and Waste Segregation Program” has been implemented in Los Baños

through a municipal ordinance. The ordinance enforces strict waste segregation schemes, collection

schedule of biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes, and execution of corresponding penalties for

non-compliance. The town’s open dumpsite was converted into an Ecological Waste Processing

Center (EWPC) in June 2004. The EWPC was declared as an MRF by the Department of Environment

and Natural Resources (DENR), with the following operational procedures: segregation at source,

unloading of bio-wastes, final sorting of bio-waste, composting, and shredding of residual waste

specifically plastics. Unfortunately, problems linked to solid wastes continue to persist in the town. To

possibly achieve good environmental status, genuine concern to preserve the environment plus

improvement in practice level should initially emanate from the members of the community.

According to Arora and Agarwal (2011), the problems of waste management are predominant in

developing countries without substantial environmental awareness programs for the community.

Several community surveys have sought to capture the level of knowledge, attitude, practices

(KAP) among students regarding the environment. Students are particularly targeted since they are

regarded as the future of the nation and schools are expected to develop their potential as advocates of

sustainable environment (Ahmad et al., 2015). Studies have also shown that students exhibit moderate

to unsatisfactory practice level on waste management (Desaet al., 2011; Adeoluet al., 2014; Ahmad et

26
al., 2015). Therefore, this study was conducted to capture the level of knowledge, attitude, and

practices of college students on solid waste management. This is to elucidate the roots of continuing

problems on solid wastes towards improved environmental integrity, especially in the Municipality of

Los Baños.

The use of KAP survey is an emerging popular method to assess community psychology and

practices related to environmental issues. In this study, the KAP survey was implemented through a

cross-sectional research design, to capture the knowledge, attitude, and practices of college students,

specifically on solid waste management and recycling. In general, the study found out that majority of

undergraduate students from LSPU Los Baños Campus, during the 2nd Semester, A.Y. 2015-16, had

satisfactory knowledge and attitude; however, less than half had satisfactory practice level on several

items on material recycling and participation in environmental programs. This suggests that most

undergraduate students, at the time of the survey were somehow aware of the importance as to proper

solid wastes management and recycling and they also exhibit good attitude towards these matters;

however, relatively few students had exemplary practice level.

Abdullah and Tuna (2014) also surveyed students from secondary schools, universities, and

colleges in Nigeria. The study revealed unsatisfactory knowledge level on environmental issues among

student-respondents, but they showed good perception ratings. The students were at least, conscious

but they could not “explain on why” environmental problems continue to exist in their community

(Abdullah and Tuna, 2014). Similarly, Rahmaddin et al. (2015) studied the KAP regarding waste

management in communities near Martaputra River Bank in Indonesia. The community’s attitude was

deemed highly satisfactory, also their knowledge; however, the participants showed poor actions

27
towards handling and management of river-dumped wastes by nonparticipation. The gap between

knowledge and practices on household wastes was also indicated in the study done in Thrissur City in

Kerala, India (Licy et al., 2013). Meanwhile, another study has explored the village KAP on solid

waste management in Sta. Rosa City in Laguna Province, the Philippines. Results showed high

awareness and favorable attitudes on waste-related issues and topics, among the surveyed members of

the communities. Interestingly, the respondents also engaged in favorable practices on waste

segregation (Tatlonghari and Jamias, 2010).

The study revealed that the students’ knowledge and attitude were positively correlated with

their level of practice. The tendency of the students to minimize the use of materials was highly

associated with satisfactory knowledge and attitude ratings. Reuse of solid wastes including plastic/

glass bottles, cans, and paper and rainwater was also associated with satisfactory knowledge rating, but

not with attitude; whereas, preference touse rechargeable batteries over the disposable types was

significantly related to satisfactory attitude ratings. High positive correlations between knowledge and

practice level were also reported by Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010).

Similar to the findings of this study, respondents with higher knowledge scores were more

likely to exhibit good practice on solid waste management. Similarly, a study involving adolescents

showed that pro-environmental attitude positively predicts pro-environmental behavior (Meinhold and

Malkus, 2005). On the other hand, somewhat contrasting findings were reported in an environmental-

KAP survey that involved students from 16 higher learning institutions in Malaysia (Ahmad et al.

(2015). It was found that both knowledge and attitude did not necessarily lead to sustainable

environmental practices. The study highlighted that complexity of the relationships between students’

28
KAP towards sustainable environment (Ahmad et al., 2015). The same findings were reported by

Ifegbesan (2010) in a knowledge-practice level assessment done in Ogun State, Nigeria. It was

revealed that secondary school students from the sampled zones were relatively aware of waste

problems in their school compounds, but the same students possessed poor waste management

practices (Ifegbesan, 2010).

The apparent break in the knowledge-attitude-practices continuum was also demonstrated in

another community survey done in Angles City, Pampanga, Philippines. It was shown that high

knowledge and favorable attitude toward the environmental issues did not necessarily result in

favorable environmentally-sustainable practices (Ortiz, 2001). Also, Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010)

did not found relational evidence between attitude and practice, despite their findings on the seeming

connection between knowledge and practice levels.

The study also points-out the significant relationships between KAP level and certain socio-

demographic aspects of the student-respondents. Findings show that students coming from medium-

sized families with parents having good academic background and held stable jobs were more likely to

exhibit satisfactory KAP ratings. However, students from families with monthly income ranging from

₱5, 000.00 to ₱10, 000.00 were less likely to have satisfactory KAP ratings as compared to the

students from families with income below ₱5, 000.00 or above ₱10, 000.00. No similar published

findings was encountered to support this result; although, it can estated that most respondents with

unsatisfactory KAP rating came from 5k-10k family-income range.

29
 On the other hand, the individual attributes including sex, age, and civil status did not

demonstrate any significant statistical connection to the students’ KAP ratings. Similar results were

also reported by Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010), whereby KAP level did not vary between male and

female respondents. Nonetheless, one study demonstrated that compared to men, women were more

aware of the importance of good behavior towards the environment (Mapa, 1997). This highlights the

importance of gender-fair campaigns and other-related programs relevant to addressing environmental

issues and proposed conservation measures. Meanwhile, a weak negative relationship was observed

between age and knowledge level (Tatlonghari and Jamias, 2010). Thus, younger respondents

appeared to have better knowledge relative to the elderly as revealed in this study. The same positive

correlation results between age and the respondents’ knowledge and practice levels were obtained by

Adeolu et al. (2014) in a study conducted in Oyo State Nigeria.

Similar to the obtained waste management data of this study, Tatlonghari and Jamias (2010)

also reported selling or recycling as the usual practice for papers, bottles, plastic containers, and tin

cans. As with this study, Tartiu (2011) also noted that many households discard solid waste with other

types of wastes. Similarly, indiscriminate solid waste disposal methods like open dumping and open

burning was reported in Nigeria (Adeolu et al., 2014). According to Tartiu (2011), findings of

community-based environmental KAP surveys, such as this study, are essential to attain significant

improvement in waste management systems through recycling schemes or composting, as well on the

development and proactive implementation of processes or programs that could address the declining

community awareness on environmental deterioration and the much needed conservation strategies.

30
 Batangas City is a progressive community which provides a peaceful and clean and a high

value for the environment and above all God fearing community. The local government of the city

proposed projects and plans for the conservation of the environment. It promulgated an Act,

Environment Code (E-Code) last October 27-31, 2011.And license received a Gold Award in the

Project Category in the International Awards for Liveable Communities (LivCom) Competition which

was held at Songpa, Seoul, South Korea and was recognized as a Model Eco-City by the Philippine

National Solid Waste Commission, and considered as the First Class City Category of the Philippines.

According to Perez, (2011) segregating the waste is also doing part in waste management.

Avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the garbage problem in the country. Using materials

that are environmental friendly, to minimize and solve the garbage problems of the Philippines. On the

other side, the focus on economic growth has led as to take environmental management for granted.

Solid waste became the most visible environmental problem in the country, and has remained so for

years. A management to that can help planners study objectively and make rational decisions as to the

best alternative strategic options of managing, recovering and utilizing the vast quantity of solid waste

is a very important investment (Guzman, et.al 2010).

The Sangguniang Panlungsod of Batangas City promulgated an ordinance in the E-Code

providing for the Environment Code of Batangas City. Ordinance No. 16, Series of 2010. This code

shall be known and cited as the “Environment Code of Batangas City,” and shall be commonly

referred to as E-Code. As stated in Section 82: Under the ECODE ordinance of Batangas the Batangas

City Solid Waste Management Plan shall contain strategies that promote waste minimization at source,

community-based or cluster-based solid waste segregation, ecologically sound sanitary temporary

31
storage, safe and secure waste collection method, efficient and effective transport schemes, market-

based disposal fees that would sustain operations of sanitary landfill, specific for the following major

sources of solid wastes: included in the ordinance that the households on the residential houses within

subdivisions, apartments and condominiums.

The Sangguniang Panlungsod shall enact resolutions/ordinances recognizing Eco-waste

Clusters and deputizing cluster leaders as recommended by the City ENRO. The barangay cluster

leaders shall be authorized to recommend to the Sangguniang Panlungsod guidelines for the solid

waste management plan. These guidelines may also include collection of fees, fines and penalties

including the proposed utilization schemes for income generated by each clusters. Also all industries

located inside the City shall be mandated, for offshore industries, the solid waste management to

establish their own waste disposal facilities or in the alternative, enter into contract with solid waste

disposal facilities of private operators or of the City. Plan shall include provisions for safe collection

and transport of solid waste from plant to ports. They shall be required to establish their own solid

waste disposal facilities in the mainland or may enter into contract with solid waste disposal facilities

of private operators or of the City.

Furthermore, the commercial establishments cover business establishments offering services

such as food and short- term accommodation, selling and or trading processed goods, vehicle repairs

and maintenance, students and office needs services shops and stalls, coastal resorts, garage and port

operators and other as may be identified later. According to Baula (as cited in Bussala, 2010) the

participation is the key when the students are involved in the waste management program of the

school, an effective and sustainable implementation of the waste management practices is achieved.

32
The support of the school’s administration to the waste management is also critical. One of the issues

discovered by Barrows and Griffin (2010) in their study was the lack of documentation on the part of

the school regarding the implementation of the waste management practices such as recycling. For this

reason, researchers in the past had difficulty obtaining full and accurate data. Barrows and Griffin

asserted that the first step to improving waste management in schools is to improve their

accountability, and similarly, the regulations placed on them.

Waste management includes strategy system to have proper collection, segregation and proper

disposal of waste. Everywhere in many sectors from hospitals, factories, manufacturing companies,

Government/ private offices, hospitality establishments or even in the households have their own

waste management practices. Lyceum of the Philippines University Batangas (LPU-B) is committed to

its continuous improvement; LPU-B is also the first school in the region to receive a school-wide ISO

9001:2000 accreditation, signifying the school’s compliance to quality management standards,

(Wowbatangas.com) and (Lyceum of the Philippines University Manual). LPU-B is dedicated in

providing quality education and never stops in upgrading the facilities and enhancing the curriculum to

produce high caliber graduates. With all this, the University exerts effort on other areas on non-

academic aspects for the betterment of the entire LPU-B’s community. Thus, Waste Management

Practices of Lyceum is included, In fact, LPU-B is fully implementing the 5s program or simply the

five-step process (sort, set in order, shine, standardized and sustain) in each offices and departments.

The selected auditors rate and audit each of the departments/offices who qualifies to the standards of

5s program. The 5s award will be given to those who able to meet the criteria.

33
 In the hospitality industry, Waste Management is essential to implement and notice at all times.

The positive result has a great effect on the behavior side/operation. The researchers as a tourism

student soon to be part of the hospitality industry would like to know the waste management practices,

its system and how it affects our environment, how important waste management system and if there is

risk factors of waste management practice to humanity.

In order to the local community to participate in waste management services the municipality

of Bhaktapur has overall responsibility in inspecting and facilitating effective waste management. The

municipality allocates one ways inspector to each of the wards. (Practical Action Nepal November

2008) In addition, staff management of the Bhaktapur municipality the monitoring of streets sweeping

and waste collections are very effective because municipalities’ staff work in the area where they deal.

Furthermore, the study of Dimaculangan (2009) shows that the wastes being disposed can be

recovered and reused. It is also possible to design and construct material recovery facilities or M.R.F

fort the solid waste management.

Lastly in the Philippines, former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo signed into law

Republic Act (RA) 9003 which requires and directs national and all Local Government Units (LGU’s)

nationwide to establish an ecological solid waste management program within their jurisdictions and

provide the necessary institutional mechanisms to attain its objectives. This act is the most

comprehensive piece of government legislation and its enforcement to the LGU’s emphasizes the

importance of minimizing waste by using techniques as recycling, resource recovery, reuse, and

composting. It is in this context that a study was conducted Manuscript received August 31, 2012;

34
revised October 26, 2012. This work was supported in part by the Department of Science and

Technology (DOST) graduate scholarship program.

AsnawiDataman is with the Department of Environment and Natural Resources-ARMM,

MSU-IliganInstite of Technology, Iligan City, Philippines. Cesar G. Demayo, Mark Anthony J.

Torres, Ruben F. Amparado, Jr. and Edgardo C. Aranico are with the Department of Biological

Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-Iligan Institute of Technology, Iligan City,

Philippines in a city where great concern is raised since it is situated in one of the largest and

threatened lakes in the Philippines; The Islamic City of Marawi is the capital city of the province of

Lanao del Sur on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines. The city has exhibited a higher level of

growth both in terms of population and income as compared to the rural areas. The dynamic trade and

commerce in the city has contributed to the rapid increase in its population which brought about

several issues and problems such as health and sanitation, garbage collection and disposal,

environmental and ecological problems, poor housing condition, congestion, inadequacy of

infrastructure facilities and inefficient delivery of basic services, ill-equipped personnel handling the

garbage collection system and the absence of a permanent dumpsite or sanitary landfill. These are

some major concerns which contributed to the worsening-solid waste management problems in the

city. One of the city officials’ primary concerns is to provide and ensure cleanliness to protect the

health of its people. Thus, the program of the City government of Marawi in the collection and

disposal of waste has to be comprehensive and integrated so that it can address its solid waste in a

holistic manner, as contained in the city code numbered 2360 approved on November 25, 2003. A visit

to the city will show it is suffering from garbage problems. One can find garbage anywhere scattered

in the streets, waterways, canals and even major roads. This study assessed the Solid Waste

35
Management Program(SWMP) of the city in the areas of manpower, equipment,technical and financial

support, and the implementation of SWMP management functions such as planning,

monitoring,people’s participation and law enforcement and determines the effectiveness of the SWMP

in terms of waste collection and waste disposal. (Adopted in International Journal of Environmental

Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 5, October 2012).

Primary collection services are commonplace in low- and middle-income cities – the waste is

collected directly from households and taken either to communal collection points or to small transfer

stations, whence the waste is transported in larger vehicles to the disposal point. Primary collection is

often contracted directly by the householder with individual informal or community-based, service

providers for a small fee; whereas secondary collection services are generally organized by the city

authorities, although they may be contracted out to the private sector. The vehicles used for primary

collection are often small, including hand-, animal- or bicycle-drawn vehicles. Even for secondary

collection or transfer, if the waste is largely organic and dense, then sophisticated compaction

collection vehicles are both unnecessary and inappropriate, given the need for specialized maintenance

and imported spare parts. The data collected on vehicle availability in the reference cities confirms the

importance of local self-reliance: it is not uncommon for half or more of a city’s collection fleet to be

out of service at any one time, waiting for spare parts. This may be summed up as: modernization of

waste collection does not necessarily mean motorization, never mind compaction (Coffey and Coad,

2010).

There is a major opportunity here for win-win solutions – building recycling rates, protecting

and developing people’s livelihoods, addressing some of the negative aspects of current informal

recycling on health and the environment, and reducing costs to the city of managing the residual

36
wastes (Wilson et al., 2009). Good examples of such co-operation include New Delhi, India; Belo

Horizonte, Brazil; Canete, Peru; Quezon City, Philippines and others. In New Delhi, the city has

joined forces with NGOs to recognize, legitimize and facilitate the work of the informal primary

collectors, who deliver their waste after recycling to the dhalaos, from which the city’s formal private

sector contractors collect the waste for transport to disposal sites. As already noted, such recognition

and legitimization does bring what we are referring to as the ‘informal sector’ into the formal economy

– so one priority is perhaps to find an alternative term to describe this important stakeholder group.

The stories from the 20 reference cities, rich and poor and in all parts of the world, show that it

is possible to make progress in modernizing and improving the solid waste management system under

all kinds of circumstances. There is no ‘one size fits all’: rather, there is strength in diversity. Cities

deploy a wide variety of ideas to overcome obstacles, some of which are very innovative, some of

which draw upon tradition; some are firmly embedded in local culture and habits, some aim at

changing habits and attitudes (Rodic et al., 2010).

The ISWM lens used here focuses attention not only on the performance of the physical

systems but also on the key governance factors. If the city cannot cover at least the costs of day-to-day

operations, then the system is not going to be sustainable, regardless of access to grants and loans for

capital investments from the central government or international financing agencies. If the municipal

authorities do not have adequate knowledge and capacity to monitor the performance of a private

service provider, if the collection system in place is not in accordance with citizens’ needs and

preferences, if the measures are imposed rather than discussed and negotiated with the system users,

then, the system will not be embedded and sustained by the society and will not perform as designed.

37
The use of ‘better’ or ‘more advanced’ technology cannot resolve these kinds of issues. Such

technologies are continually being sold in middle- and low-income countries, not least because of

marketing problems in high-income countries. Using an ISWM lens, advanced or for that matter any

proposed technologies would need to pass a number of very stringent tests: Is the technology suitable

for the local waste composition? Would the technology compete with existing or future recycling? Is

the technology affordable for the local community? Is the waste governance system well enough

developed to support the proper application/operation of the technology? Based on our experience,

sophisticated waste-to-energy technologies are unlikely to pass these tests in most middle- or low-

income countries over a medium-term time horizon.

38
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