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Lesson 1 LEA 2 21

The document provides an overview of comparative research and different policing systems around the world. It discusses the definition and purpose of comparative research, comparing systems to learn from others, broaden understanding, and address transnational crimes. It also outlines several types of policing systems including common law, civil law, socialist, and Islamic systems. It describes the evolution of policing from ancient systems like the tun policing system in Anglo-Saxon England to modern police forces and functions.

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1K views

Lesson 1 LEA 2 21

The document provides an overview of comparative research and different policing systems around the world. It discusses the definition and purpose of comparative research, comparing systems to learn from others, broaden understanding, and address transnational crimes. It also outlines several types of policing systems including common law, civil law, socialist, and Islamic systems. It describes the evolution of policing from ancient systems like the tun policing system in Anglo-Saxon England to modern police forces and functions.

Uploaded by

Say Dorado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Comparative Research

Comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or by


which a person or thing has a quality greater or less in extent than that of another,
and is used in this context with a subordinating conjunction.
Comparative is using comparison as a method of study, or founded on something
using it.
Comparative simply is the act of comparing two or more things with a view to
discovering something about one or all of the things being compared. This
technique often utilizes multiple disciplines in one study.
There are three practical reasons we should compare systems of and issues in
criminal justice.
To benefit from experience of others;
To broaden our understanding of different cultures and approaches to problems;
and
To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world
today.
Globalization
The rapid development of the western culture that affects other cultures in the
world as brought by intellectual and technological advances, in which some
crimes occurring in other countries are attributed.
The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, or
popular culture through acculturation.
A package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information,
ideas, and authority.

Threat to law enforcement – Some threats brought about by globalization are:


Increasing volume of human rights violation evident by genocide or mass killing.
The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law
enforcement and security.

Conflict between nations, transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money
laundering, terrorism, and others.

Police = The governmental department charged with the regulation and control of the
affairs of a community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order, enforce
the law, and prevent and detect crime. (French word)

EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement


= law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people…….unaccountable
flow of migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights
regimes – great challenge to law enforcement.

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the world

= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which the
public trial is a main focal point

= also known as “Anglo-American Justice”

2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is
granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation

= also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”

3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.

= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia

4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law or
tribal traditions

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like
France, Italy and Spain.

Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants
of the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. It
is also the police service which prevails in country with decentralized form of government.
This is likewise the police service theory that should prevail in the Philippines based on
the existing laws, concepts and principles.

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE


Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the number
of arrest made.
Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
absence of crime.

Deviance Control = is the modern police function which primarily involves the mission
to reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by Germany, China and
Japan.

Civil order control = is not organizationally separated from deviance control but is
performed by regular street police in the country of England and United States.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome
in which the idea of policing said to have originated

Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
residents were required to guard the town (tun)to preserve peace and protect the lives
and properties of the people.

About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon
System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who
was known as theTithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100
families was named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They
possessed judicial power as well as police authority.

B. Hue and Cry

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an


act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the
suspect.

C. Trial by Ordeal

A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by


subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present
terminologies, it would mean an employment of a “3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was
derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous
decision.”

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