Clothing Textiles

Touching our lives in almost all the spheres, technical textiles have also made their
foray in the clothing and shoe industry. Aimed at fashion designers, developers as
well as shoe and clothing manufacturers, this category of smart textiles is clubbed
under the head “CLOTHTECH”

Broadly defined, CLOTHTECH includes technical components of clothing (such as

breathable membranes), shoe reinforcement & construction as well as rainwear.

They are recognized for some of their important properties like high resistance to
temperature, pressure and other extreme conditions, high absorbency, durability and
water proof nature.

From industries like sports, defense and aviation to chemical and fire fighting, they
are making their presence almost across all segments as they are extensively used
for making special purpose clothes and footwear.
A look at some of the application areas:
● Various types water proof breathable fabrics used in making apparels,
● Winter clothes,
● Windproof fabrics etc.
● Summer wears capable of managing excess moisture.
● In shoe components like shoe laces
● For insulation and structures like interlinings (woven as well as non woven,
wadding etc)
● Sewing products like sewing threads, labels, fasteners (zips, Velcro)
Waterproof breathable fabrics (WPBF)

What are waterproof breathable fabrics?

Waterproof breathable fabrics are designed for use in garments that provide
protection from the weather, which is in the form of wind, rain and loss of
body heat. Clothing that provides protection from the weather has been used
for thousands of years.

The first material used for this purpose was probably leather but textile
fabrics have also been used for a very long time.

Waterproof fabric completely prevents the penetration and absorption of

liquid water, in contrast to water-repellent (or, shower-resistant) fabric,
which only delays the penetration of water.

Traditionally, fabric was made waterproof by coating it with a continuous

layer of impervious flexible material.
The first coating materials used were animal fat, wax and hardened
vegetable oils.

Nowadays synthetic polymers such as polyvinylchloride (PVC) and

polyurethane are used.

Coated fabrics are considered to be more uncomfortable to wear than water-

repellent fabric, as they are relatively stiff and do not allow the escape of
perspiration vapour.
Consequently they are now used for ‘emergency’ rainwear.

Water-repellent fabric is more comfortable to wear but its water-

resistant properties are short lived.

The term ‘breathable’ implies that the fabric is actively ventilated.

Breathable fabrics passively allow water vapour to diffuse through
them yet still prevent the penetration of liquid water.
Production of water vapour by the skin is essential for maintenance of
body temperature. The normal body core temperature is 37°C, and skin
temperature is between 33 and 35°C, depending on conditions.

If the core temperature goes beyond critical limits of about 24 °C and

45°C then death results. The narrower limits of 34 °C and 42 °C can
cause adverse effects such as disorientation and convulsions. If the
sufferer is engaged in a hazardous pastime or occupation then this
could have disastrous consequences.
During physical activity the body provides cooling partly by producing
insensible perspiration. If the water vapour cannot escape to the surrounding
atmosphere the relative humidity of the microclimate inside the clothing
increases causing a corresponding increased thermal conductivity of the
insulating air, and the clothing becomes uncomfortable. In extreme cases
hypothermia can result if the body loses heat more rapidly than it is able to
produce it, for example when physical activity has stopped, causing a
decrease in core temperature.
If perspiration cannot evaporate and liquid sweat (sensible perspiration) is
produced, the body is prevented from cooling at the same rate as heat is
produced, for example during physical activity, and hyperthermia can result
as the body core temperature increases.

The heat energy produced during various activities and the perspiration
required to provide adequate body temperature control have been
published.2,3 Table 12.1 shows this information for activities ranging from
sleeping to maximum work rate.

If the body is to remain at the physiologically required temperature, clothing

has to permit the passage of water vapour from perspiration at the rates
under the activity conditions shown in Table 12.1. The ability of fabric to
allow water vapour to penetrate is commonly known as breathability.

This property should more scientifically be referred to as water vapour

permeability. Although perspiration rates and water vapour permeability are
usually quoted in units of grams per day and grams per square metre per
day, respectively, the maximum work rate can only be endured for a very
short time.

During rest, most surplus body heat is lost by conduction and radiation,
whereas during physical activity, the dominant means of losing excess body
heat is by evaporation of perspiration.

It has been found that the length of time the body can endure arduous
work decreases linearly with the decrease in fabric water vapour
permeability. It has also been shown that the maximum performance of
a subject wearing clothing with a vapour barrier is some 60% less than
that of a subject wearing the same clothing but without a vapour
barrier.
Even with two sets of clothing that exhibit a small variation in water vapour
permeability, the differences in the wearer’s performance are significant.
One of the commonest causes of occupational deaths amongst
firefighters is heart failure due to heat stress caused by loss of body
fluid required to produce perspiration.

According to the 1982 US fire death statistics, only 2.6% were due to burns
alone whereas 46.1% were the result of heart attacks. Firefighters can lose
up to 4 litres (4000 g) of fluid per hour when in proximity to a fire.

In 1991 Lomax reported that modern breathable waterproof fabrics were

being claimed to be capable of transmitting more than 5000 gm-2day-1 of
water vapour.

By 1998 it was common to see claims of 10 000 gm-2day-1.

Thus, waterproof breathable fabrics prevent the penetration of liquid

water from outside to inside the clothing yet permit the penetration of
water vapour from inside the clothing to the outside atmosphere.
Examples of over 25 applications of waterproof breathable fabrics have
been published.2,7 Table 12.2 lists some examples of the applications of
waterproof breathable fabrics with some additions by the author.
TYPES of WPBF

1. Densely woven fabrics

Probably the first effective waterproof breathable fabric was developed in

the 1940s for military purposes and is known as Ventile (Fig. 12.1). The
allied forces were losing aircrew that were shot down or had to ditch in the
North Atlantic Ocean.

This is a particularly hazardous environment, particularly in winter. A fabric

was needed that would allow the personnel to be comfortable whilst
carrying out their normal flying duties and prevent penetration of water if
they were immersed in the sea. Ventile fabric was carefully engineered to
make it effective. The finest types of long staple cottons are selected so that
there are very small spaces between the fibres.

The cotton is processed into combed yarn, which is then plied. This
improves regularity and ensures that the fibres are as parallel as
possible to the yarn axis, and that there are no large pores where water
can penetrate.
The yarn is woven using an Oxford weave, which is a plain weave with
two threads acting together in the warp.

This gives minimum crimp in the weft, again ensuring that the fibres are as
parallel as possible to the surface of the fabric.

When the fabric surface is wetted by water, the cotton fibres swell
transversely reducing the size of the pores in the fabric and requiring
very high pressure to cause penetration (Fig. 12.2).
The fabric is thus rendered waterproof without the need for any water-
repellent finishing treatment. It was first made for military applications but
the manufacturers are now producing a range of variants to widen the
market appeal.9 The military variants use thread densities as high as 98 per
cm.

Fabric for other applications uses much lower thread densities,

necessitating a water-repellent finish to achieve the waterproof
properties.

Densely woven fabric can also be made from synthetic microfilament

yarns. The individual filaments are less than 10mm in diameter, so that
fibres with very small pores can be engineered. Microfilaments are
usually made from polyamide or polyester.

The latter is particularly useful as it has inherent water-repellent properties.

The water penetration resistance of the fabric is improved by application of
silicone or fluorocarbon finish.

Although fabrics made from microfilaments have a soft handle many of

them are windproof, but not truly waterproof as the synthetic filaments
do not swell when wet (Fig. 12.3).

The use of very fine fibres and filaments and dense construction (sett)
results in fabrics with very small pore size compared with conventional
fabrics.

Typical pore size for a waterproof fabric is about 10mm compared with
60mm for conventional fabric. Ventile fabric has a pore size of about 10mm
when dry and 3–4mm when wet. Fabric made from microfilaments is
claimed to have up to 7000 filaments per centimetre.
The author has estimated that the military variant of Ventile fabric has
about 6000 fibres per centimetre.

2. Membranes

Membranes are extremely thin films made from polymeric material and
engineered in such a way that they have a very high resistance to liquid
water penetration, yet allow the passage of water vapour.

A typical membrane is only about 10mm thick and, therefore, is

laminated to a conventional textile fabric to provide the necessary
mechanical strength.

They are of two types, microporous and hydrophilic.

2.1 Microporous membranes

The first and probably the best known microporous membrane, developed
and introduced in 1976 by W Gore, is known as Gore-Tex.

This is a thin film of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer

claimed to contain 1.4 billion tiny holes per square centimeter. These
holes are much smaller than the smallest raindrops (2–3mm compared
with 100mm), yet very much larger than a water vapour molecule (40 x
10-6 mm).

Other manufacturers make similar membranes based on microporous

polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) cast directly on to the fabric. The
hydrophobic nature of the polymer and small pore size requires very high
pressure to cause water penetration.
Contamination of the membrane by various materials including body oils,
particulate dirt, pesticide residues, insect repellents, sun tan lotion, salt and
residual detergent and surfactants used in cleaning have been suspected of
reducing the waterproofing and permeability to water vapour of the
membrane.

For this reason microporous membranes usually have a layer of a

hydrophilic polyurethane to reduce the effects of contamination.

Figure 12.4 is a schematic diagram of a fabric incorporating a microporous

membrane. Figure 12.5(a) is the polyurethane surface of the bicomponent
microporous membrane and (b) shows the polyurethane layer partly
removed to reveal the microporous fibrilar nature of the PTFE underneath.

2.2 Hydrophilic membranes

Hydrophilic membranes are very thin films of chemically modified

polyester or polyurethane containing no holes. Water vapor from
perspiration is able to diffuse through the membrane in relatively large
quantities. The polyester or polyurethane polymer is modified by
incorporating up to 40% by weight of poly (ethylene oxide).

The poly (ethylene oxide) constitutes the hydrophilic part of the membrane
by forming part of the amorphous regions of the polyurethane polymer
system. It has a low energy affinity for water molecules which is essential
for rapid diffusion of water vapour. These amorphous regions are described
as acting like intermolecular ‘pores’ allowing water vapour molecules to
pass through but preventing the penetration of liquid water owing to the
solid nature of the membrane.

Figure 12.6 is a diagrammatic representation of the hydrophilic polymer

vapour transport mechanism. Figure 12.7 is a scanning electron micrograph
of a hydrophilic membrane.
12.5 Scanning electron micrograph of microporous membrane. (a)
Hydrophilic surface layer, (b) hydrophilic layer partly removed showing
PTFE layer.

Methods of incorporation

Membranes have to be incorporated into textile products in such a way as to

maximize the high-tech function without adversely affecting the classical
textile properties of handle, drape and visual impression.
There are four main methods of incorporating membranes into textile
articles. The method employed depends on cost, required function and
processing conditions:

1 Laminate of membrane and outer fabric (Fig. 12.8a) –

The membrane is laminated to the underside of the outer fabric to produce a

two-layer system. This method has the disadvantage of producing a rustling,
paper-like handle with reduced aesthetic appeal but has the advantage of
having very effective protective properties of wind resistance and water
proofing. This method is mainly used for making protective clothing.
2 Liner or insert processing (Fig. 12.8b) –

The membrane is laminated to a light- weight knitted material or web. The

pieces are cut to shape from this material, sewn together and the seams
rendered waterproof with special sealing tape. This structure is then loosely
inserted between the outer fabric and the liner. The three materials (outer,
laminate and lining) are joined together by concealed stitch seams. If high
thermal insulation is required then the lightweight support for the membrane
is replaced by a cotton, wool or wadding fabric. This method has the
advantage of giving a soft handle and good drape. The outer fabric can
also be modified to suit fashion demands.
3 Laminate of membrane and lining fabric (Fig. 12.8c) –

The laminate is attached to the right side of the lining material. The
functional layer is incorporated into the garment as a separate layer
independent of the outer fabric. This method has the advantage that the
fashion aspects can be maximized.

4 Laminate of outer fabric, membrane and lining (Fig. 12.8d) –

This produces a three-layer system, which gives a less attractive handle and
drape than the other methods and, therefore, is not commonly used.

3. Coatings

These consist of a layer of polymeric material applied to one surface of the

fabric. Polyurethane is used as the coating material. Like membranes, the
coatings are of two types; microporous and hydrophilic. These coatings are
much thicker than membranes.
3.1 Microporous coatings

Microporous coatings have a similar structure to the microporous

membranes. The coating contains very fine interconnected channels, much
smaller than the finest raindrop but much larger than a water vapour
molecule (Figs. 12.9 and 12.10).

Methods of production of microporous coatings

3.1.1 Wet coagulation:

Polyurethane polymer is dissolved in the organic solvent dimethyl

formamide to produce a solution insoluble in water. This is then coated on
to the fabric. The coated fabric is passed through a conditioning chamber
containing water vapour. As the organic solvent is miscible with water, it is
diluted and solid polyurethane precipitates. The fabric is then washed to
remove the solvent, which leaves behind pores in the coating. Finally the
coated fabric is mangled and dried. This method is not very popular as it
requires high capital cost for machines and solvent recovery is expensive.

3.1.2 Thermo coagulation:

Polyurethane is dissolved in an organic solvent and the resulting solution

mixed with water to produce an emulsion. The emulsion ‘paste’ is coated on
to one side of the fabric.

The coated fabric then goes through a two-stage drying process. The first
stage employs a low temperature to remove the organic solvent,
precipitating the polyurethane.

The coating is now a mixture of solid polyurethane and water. The second
stage employs a higher temperature to evaporate the water leaving behind
pores in the coating.

3.1.3 Foam coating:

A mixture of polyurethane and polyurethane/polyacrylic acid esters are
dispersed in water and then foamed. The foam is stabilized with the aid of
additives. The foam is then coated on to one side of the

fabric. The coated fabric is dried to form a microporous coating. It is

important that the foam is open cell to allow penetration of water vapour but
with small enough cells to prevent liquid water penetration. The fabric is
finally calendared under low pressure to compress the coating. As the foam
cells are relatively large, a fluorocarbon polymer water-repellent finish is
applied to improve the water-resistant properties. This type of coating
production is environmentally friendly as no organic solvents are used.

3.2 Hydrophilic coatings

Hydrophilic coatings 11 (Fig. 12.11) use the same basic water vapour
permeability mechanism as the hydrophilic membranes. The difference
between microporous materials and hydrophilic materials is that with
the former, water vapour passes through the permanent air-permeable
structure whereas the latter transmit vapour by a molecular mechanism
involving adsorption–diffusion and desorption.

These coatings are all based on polyurethane, which has been

chemically modified by incorporating polyvinyl alcohols and
polyethylene oxides.

These have a chemical affinity for water vapour allowing the diffusion
of water vapour through the amorphous regions of the polymer (see
Fig. 12.5).
The balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic components of the
polymer system has to be optimized to give acceptable vapour permeability,
flexibility, durability and insolubility in water and dry cleaning solvents.

Swelling of the membrane is encouraged to assist water vapour diffusion yet

it also has to be restricted to prevent dissolution or breakdown in water or in
the other solvents with which the polymer is likely to come into contact.
Poly(ether–urethane) coatings and membranes have excellent integrity.

This can be conferred in two ways:

1 by a high degree of hydrogen bonding, principally between polar groups in

the hydrophobic segments of adjacent polymer chains

2 by forming covalent crosslinks between adjacent polymer chains.

The effective length and density of the crosslinks are variables affecting
polymer swelling and thus vapour permeability. Hydrophilic polyurethanes
are discussed and formulations for the Witco flex range of hydrophilic
coatings are given by Lomax.

12.2.3 Methods of applying coatings

The conventional method of applying coatings to fabric is to use direct

application using the knife over roller technique. The fabric is passed over a
roller and liquid coating is poured over it. Excess liquid is held back by a
‘doctor blade’ set close to the surface of the fabric. The thickness of the
coating is determined by the size of the gap between the blade and the
surface of the fabric. The coated fabric is passed through a dryer to solidify
the coating. Sometimes the coating is built up in several layers by a number
of applications. In order to achieve thinner coatings and, therefore,
more flexible fabric and to apply coating to warp knitted, nonwoven, open
weave and elastic fabric, transfer coating is used. The liquid coating is first
applied to a silicone release paper using the knife over roller technique. This
is then passed through an oven to solidify the coating. A second coating is
then applied and the textile fabric immediately applied to this. The second
coating, therefore, acts as an adhesive. This assembly is passed through an
oven to solidify the adhesive layer. The coated fabric is stripped from the
release paper, which can be reused.

Coating techniques

- Lick roll
- Knife coating
- Gravuve coating (engraving)
- Rotary screen coating
- Hot melt coating
- Transfer coating

Properties: Properties of boded, laminated and coated fabric for clothing or

garments/Factors to be considered to evaluate the performance of laminated
fabrics.

1. Durability of the bond

2. Shrinking behavior-should be non shrinkable
3. Good crease resistant property
 4. Permissible disappearance of foam (after a certain period foam will
degrade but time should be approved)
5. Good thermal insulation where necessary
6. should not be dissolved in organic solvents
7. should not hamper the elasticity of the component fabric
8. should not grow bacteria
9. should be ordorless, there is any, it should be harmless
10. should not burnt or melt easily
11. should not be toxic
12. should be confortable.

12.4 Performance of waterproof breathable fabrics

Several research workers have compared the performance characteristics

of different types of waterproof breathable fabrics.

In general the following conclusions can be drawn:

• Breathable materials are very much better than fabrics coated with
conventional waterproof materials.
• Breathable fabrics have a higher resistance to vapour transport than
ordinary woven and knitted apparel fabrics but in some cases this
difference is not very large.

• In a limited number of cases waterproof breathable fabrics have a lower

vapour resistance than some ordinary apparel fabrics.

• The vapour resistance of breathable membranes and coatings is

influenced by the fabric substrate to which they are applied.
It is assumed that vapour transport in rain is influenced by the
following factors:

• Microporous fabrics can become virtually impermeable in rain owing to

blocking of the micropores by water.

• If the pores in the fabric are very small and highly hydrophobic, then
blocking will not occur.

Saturation of hydrophilic membranes with rain water can prevent the

absorption of water vapour from the heated cup.
In general it was concluded that the fabrics could be ranked in
decreasing order of vapour permeability as follows:

• Tightly woven: tightly woven synthetic microfilament tightly woven

cotton

• Membranes: microporous membrane, hydrophilic membrane

• Coatings: hydrophilic coating.

All fabrics continued to breathe under rainy conditions except microfibre

fabrics which ceased to breathe in less than 24 hours of rain.

Although no rain penetrated the fabrics, the cooling effect of rain caused
condensation on the inner surface of the fabrics. This effect was the least
with PTFE laminated fabrics.

Important conclusions about WPBFs:

1 Water vapour transfer in waterproof breathable fabrics decreases as
rain temperature increases.

2 Waterproof breathable fabrics continue to breathe under rainy

conditions.

However, the breathability of most of them ultimately ceases after long

exposure to prolonged severe rainy conditions.

The time of cessation of breathability can be ranked in the following

increasing order:
• microfibre
• cotton Ventile
• poromeric polyurethane laminate
• PTFE laminate
• polyurethane coated
• hydrophilic laminate.
3 More condensation occurs on all fabrics under rainy conditions than
under dry conditions except for PTFE laminated fabric.

4 The water vapour transfer rate is reduced under wind driven rainy
conditions compared to that under rainy conditions for all fabrics
owing to the effect of both rain and condensation.

Laminate, Bonded and coated fabrics

Definition: A material composed of two or more layers at least one of which
is textile fabric, bonded closely together by means of an added adhesive or
by the adhesive properties of one or more of the component layers.

A special type of fabric produced by attaching more than one layer of

fabrics together. Off course, laminated fabrics can also be produced by
applying a coating to the fabric, where a fabric is coated with a
continuous layer of polymer.
A bonded material is made from two fabrics that have been adhered
together. The backing fabric is usually acetate or nylon tricot, and the face
fabric may be almost any conceivable type of cloth.

Both of the face and backing fabrics are individually unsuitable for
apparel for their lightweight and cost (when weight is increased). After
bonding two fabrics, much better fabric having all the good properties
including substantial gain weight can be produced this can be used for
specific purposes.

Thus bonded fabrics are very important in textile and apparel market
as they provide better appearance, surface, touch stability and
durability at much lower cost than identical single fabric.

A laminated or more specifically foam laminated usually consists of

three layers adhered together; a face fabric, a middle foam layer
(usually polyurethane foam), and a backing fabric (usually acetate or
nylon tricot).
Laminated fabrics are sometimes produced without any backing, these
fabrics are called unbacked or foam backed laminated fabric. The foam
laminates can be produced up to ½ inch thickness of foam layers however,
in most cases they are produced in the range of 1/8 to 3/16 inch.

Foam laminated fabrics are mainly produced for clothing insulation,

interlining.

Sometimes the outer fabric is directly laminated, which is economical

because it eliminated sewing of the fabric and interlining, however the
fabrics becomes stiffer and the garment retains all of its drapability. This is
why this type of lamination is used in case coat which does not take any
unsightly appearance.
Difference between bonded and laminated fabric

Laminated
Bonded fabric
1. Fabric is attached with a continuous sheet 1. Two fabrics are joined
together
2. Good wrinkle resistance 2. Poor
wrinkle resistance
3. Tailoring property not so good 3. Good
tailoring property
4. Good insulation property with light weight 4. Insulation property is not
so good
5. Stability is less than bonded fabric 5. Good stability
6. Not so hygienic for wearing 6. Hygienic
& good for
Wearing.
7. Comparatively heavier than bonded fabric s 7. Relatively light weight.

Method of lamination

1. Sewing or stitching
2. Bonding with an adhesive
3. Welding with high frequency electric current
4. Slightly melting one layer
 5. Laminated with foam

Techniques of lamination

(a) Roller (heated)

(b) Spray
(c) Film
(d) Flame
(e) Hot pressing
(f) Curing of the adhesive

Different types of bonding agent

1. Liquid bonding agent

2. powdered ( may be thermoplastic e.g PVC, PVA, PE or it can be melted
by infra red radiation then calendering)
3. cold setting of water based rubber
4. High temperature resin
Foam material or different backing material used

1. Polyurethane (mostly used)

2. Polyester
3. polyether
4. poly urea

Coating materials

(i) Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

(ii) Polyvinylidene Chloride (PVDC)
(iii) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
(iv) Natural Rubber
(v) Styrene Butadine Rubber
(vi) Nitrile rubber
(vii) Butyl Rubber
(viii) Polychloroprene (neoprene)
(ix) Chlorosulphonated polyethylene(Hypalon)
 (x) Silicone Rubber
(xi) Polyurethanes

Coating techniques

- Lick roll
- Knife coating
- Gravuve coating (engraving)
- Rotary screen coating
- Hot melt coating
- Transfer coating

Properties: Properties of boded, laminated and coated fabric for clothing or

garments/Factors to be considered to evaluate the performance of laminated
fabrics.

13. Durability of the bond

14. Shrinking behavior-should be non shrinkable
15. Good crease resistant property
 16. Permissible disappearance of foam (after a certain
period foam will degrade but time should be approved)
17. Good thermal insulation where necessary.
18. Should not be dissolved in organic solvents
19. Should not hamper the elasticity of the component
fabric
20. Should not grow bacteria
21. Should be ordorless, there is any, it should be
harmless
10. Should not burn or melt easily
11. Should not be toxic
12. Should be confortable.

Care of laminated, bonded and coated fabrics:

Chemical cleaning: Perchloroethylene or white spirit, petrol,

Washing temp: 20-250C. For water resistant and water proof products and
coated materials careful wash with soap may be useful.
Reason for good thermal insulation

1. No of trapped air is more

2. Greater thickness due to adhesive
3. Thermal insulation is higher due to polyurethane foam

Characteristics of bonding materials

1. Duarability
2. Sensitivity to heat

Reasons for superiority of polyurethane over polyether or polyester

1. Weak solubility in conventional otganic solvents

2. Resistant to elevated temp.
3. High adhesiveness to practically all materials
4. Good thermal insulation due to air trap in the foam
5. They may be given any degree of elasticity
 6. It is very light
7. Resistant to creasing
8. High dimensional stability
9. Good elastic recovery
10. Sand absorbency
11. Does not support of growth of bacteria
12. Odourless & non-odour reatining
13. Does not melt, burnt, shrink or stretch
14. It is not toxic & non allergic

Characteristics of various types of lamination

Sewing

Adv.

1. Easy process
2. More air permeability
Disadv.

1. Poor appearance
2. Less insulation due to stitch

Adhesive bonding

Adv.

1. Good wrinkle recovery

Disadv:

1.Less air permeability

2. Problem with water soluble adhesive
3. Layers may be separated due to rough handling
4. If, the composite fabrics shrink differently after bonding, then puckering
will be found in the ultimate fabric.
Welding

Adv: Good bonding property

Disadvantage: Costly process

Melting

Adv: Easy process

Disadv:

1. Less thermal insulation due to air pocket

2. Decrease D.P due to heat
3. Strength may also decrease
4. Stiffness may decrease

End Use

Woven
As artificial leather in Suit cases, Brief cases and various types career bags.
Mainly in apparel production, shoes, convertible tops for cars and awnings.
For winter/Autumn/Spring jacket/ heavy and light jacket, Waist coat, ladies
suit. Widely used in interlining velveteen. Winter coat (foam lamination),
furnishing fabric: Carpet, rug, Insulating materials.
Table cloths

Knitted

Ladies & youth coat, Men’s heavy & light jacket, ladies suit, waiste coat,
gowns, children cloth, Woolen type.