19AR04002 Building Materials

and Technology 4
Module-4
Introduction to roofing materials, desirable properties and climate related aspects.

• Roofing Tiles – clay and cement tiles, different types - properties and method of fixing.

• Light roofing materials - Galvanised iron sheets, asbestos cement sheets, corrugated
aluminum sheets,

• Sandwiched aluminum panels, PVC sheets and other light roofs like glass fiber reinforced
plastic sheets, bituminous sheets with accessories, shingles etc. and method of their fixing.

• Tensile membrane roofing.

Introduction to roofing
materials, desirable
properties and climate
related aspects.
Roofs

Roof is defined as the uppermost part of a building which is constructed in the form of a framework to give protection to the building
against rain, heat snow, wind etc

It consists of structural elements such as trusses, slabs, domes etc and roof coverings such as AC sheets, GI sheets, shingles etc

Building construction, S.C. Rangwala, 2015, Charotar Publishing House

Requirement of a good Roof

1 2

6
4
5
 Classification of Roofs
1. Pitched or sloping roofs
2. Flat or terraced roofs
3. Curved roofs

Choice of roof depends on

• Climatic condition
• Shape of building
• Availability of materials
• Importance of building
Pitched roof-
single roofs

1 2

3 4
Pitched roof- case study, temple
architecture
Pitched roof- double or
purlin roof

1. Double or purlin roof

2. Collar and scissors roof
Pitched roof-
trussed roofs
1. Rafters to support the roofing
material
2. Purlins to provide intermediate
support to rafters
3. Trusses to grand support to the
ends of purlins

1. King post truss

2. Queen post truss
3. Mansard truss
4. Truncated truss
5. Bel- fast truss
6. Steel trusses
7. Composite trusses
King post truss
King post truss-
details
Queen post truss
Queen post truss-
details

Straining beam, queen queen post and tie Straining beam, queen post and
post and principal rafter beam detail principal rafter detail
detail
Flat or terraced roofs

1 Madras terrace roof

2 Bengal terrace roof

Curved roofs
Factors considered while selecting roof
covering
1. Climate of the locality
2. Nature of the building
3. Initialcost and maintanance cost
4. Durability
5. Availability of material
6. Fabrication facilities
7. Type of roof framework
8. Resistance to fire and heat
9. Special features of the locality
Thatch
This is a very light roof covering. But it is combstible,
absorbs moisture rapidly and is easily liable to decay.
It is unstable against high winds. A bed of matting is
prepared to recieve the thatch and in order to drain the
roof easily, a pitch of 45 degree is kept. The thatch is
used in rural areas because it is the cheapest form of
roof covering and t is simple in construction.
Half- round Country tiles
These are used for cheap buildings. If tiles are laid in
two layers, the roof is known as a double - tiled roof.
An overlay of atleast 80mm should be provided when
these tiles are used. Its liable to break easily and
hence they require replacement.
Eternit slates
These are fire resistant, light and cool. They are not
easily affected by weather. About eight slates are
required for covering one square meter of roof area.
The eternit slates are generally available in three
colours- grey, black and red.
Roofing Tiles – clay and
cement tiles, different types -
properties and method of
fixing.
Patent tiles- Manglore
pattern tiles

The variuos patent tiles are available which can be

used as roof covering. The manglore pattern tiles are
one of such patent tiles. They are red in colour and
made of double channeled basel mission manglore
pattern. The special manglore tiles ar available for
ridge. It is found that about fifteen manglre tile are
require for covering one square metre of roof area.
Sheet- Roofing with
fixing details

Details of a typical Mangalore tile

Sheet- Roofing with
fixing details
Cement tiles
Concrete tiles are an
alternative to terracotta
tiles, and are similar in
many respects to their
terracotta counterparts.
Made from a mixture of
sand, cement and
water, concrete tiles
can either be painted or
have colour mixed
through before they are
cast into their tile shape
for a longer lasting
finish.
Light roofing materials -
Galvanised iron sheets,
asbestos cement sheets,
corrugated
aluminum sheets,
Corrugated
galvanised iron sheets

The GI sheets are prepared by

pressing wrought iron plates between
rollers withgrooves or teeth then they
are galvanised with a coat of zinc.
The corrugation helps to increase
strength and rigidity and they permit
easy flow of rain water. They are
available in lengths varying from
1.2m to 3.6m and in wdths varying to
600mm to 900mm. The thickness
varies from0.18mm to 1.6mm. They
are costly and do not offer resistance
to fire and sound.
Trafford asbestos-
cement tiles
These are made of cement and asbestos. They
possess less corrugations and are laid with laps of
150mm and 100mm at the ends and at the sides
respectively.
Asbestos cement
corrugated sheets
The cement is mixed with about 15 percent of
asbestos fibres and the paste is so formed is pressed
under rollers with grooves or teeth. Thus the sheets,
commonly known as AC sheets, with a series of
waves or corrugations are formed and they are used
for factories, workshops, garages and big halls. The
corrugation help to increase strength and rigidity and
they permit the easy flow of rainwater.

They are available under different trade names such

as big-six sheets, standard sheets, trafford sheets, etc
and in standard sizes. They are cheap, fire resistant,
light in weight, strong, tough, sound proof and durable.
They do not require any protective paint and cannot
be eaten away by the vermins. The sheets can be
sawn and screwed.
Sheet- Roofing with
fixing details
Corrugated aluminum
sheets
Aluminum corrugated sheet-
The shine and brightness of
aluminum livens its
surroundings and because it
doesn't stain, discolor or rot, it
looks bright and shiny for a long
time. Aluminum corrugated
sheets can take a variety of
finishes, colours and textures,
which protect it and add further
to its appearance.
Sandwiched aluminum panels, PVC
sheets and other light roofs like
glass fiber reinforced
plastic sheets, bituminous sheets
with accessories, shingles etc. and
method of their fixing.
Sandwiched
aluminum panels
A sandwich panel is any structure made of
three layers: a low-density core, and a thin
skin-layer bonded to each side. Sandwich
panels are used in applications where a
combination of high structural rigidity and
low weight is required..
Fixing details
PVC sheets
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC ) is a type of
thermoplastic polymer produced by the
polymerization of the vinyl chloride
monomer. The PVC roofing sheets are
weather-resistant, non-corrosive,
lightweight, and waterproof, which makes
them more popular among all other types
of sheets..
Bituminous sheets
Bituminous waterproofing systems are
designed to protect residential and
commercial buildings. Bitumen (asphalt or
coal-tar pitch) is a mixed substance made
up of organic liquids that are highly sticky,
viscous, and waterproof. These systems
are sometimes used to construct roofs, in
the form of roofing felt or roll roofing
products.
Shingles
Roof shingles are a roof covering consisting
of individual overlapping elements. These
elements are typically flat, rectangular
shapes laid in courses from the bottom
edge of the roof up, with each successive
course overlapping the joints below.
Shingles are held by the roof rafters and
are made of various materials such as
wood, slate, flagstone, metal, plastic, and
composite materials such as fibre cement
and asphalt shingles..
Tensile membrane roofing
Membrane Structure Principles
a form of tensioned cable structural support system with a covering of stretched fabric. In principle and
origin, this compares to a tent with poles as compression members secured to the ground. The fabric
membrane is attached to peripheral stressing cables suspended in a catenary between vertical support
members.

Form ~ there are limitless three-dimensional possibilities. The following geometric shapes provide a basis
for imagination and elegance in design:
1. Hyperbolic paraboloid (Hypar)
2. Barrel vault
3. Conical or double conical
Fabric - has the advantages of requiring
minimal support, opportunity for architectural
expression in colour and geometry and a
translucent quality that provides an outside feel
inside, whilst combining shaded cover from the
sun and shelter from rain. Applications are
generally attachments as a feature to entrances
and function areas in prominent buildings, notably
sports venues, airports and convention centres.

Materials - historically,
animal hides
were the first materials used for tensile fabric
structures, but more recently woven fibres of
hemp, flax or other natural yarns have evolved as
canvas. Contemporary synthetic materials have a
plastic coating on a fibrous base. These include
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on polyester fibres,
silicone on glass fibres and polytetrafluorethylene
(PTFE) on glass fibres.
King Fahd
International
Stadium
Riyadh have been covered by a
50.000 m' membrane roof to protect
visitors against sun and rain. The
roof which has been opened in 1987
consists of 24 units, arranged in an
annular shape of 134 m inner and
270 m outer diameter. Each of the
units shows,
1. a vertical main mast
2. a pair of suspension and
stabilizing cables, which are put
under prestress by a center ring
cable
3. the staying system, comprising
an upper stay and two
triangulated lower stay cables,
deviated by a 45· inclined edge
mast.
These three elements form a primary structural
system which has been erected first. The
membrane units, edged by ridge, valley and
catenary cables, have been fixed into this
primary system afterwards.

The membrane is a PTFE-coated glass fibre-

fabric. The PTFE/glassfibre material has been
chosen for this structure because of its
1. very low degradation under intensive UV-
radiation impact
2. high resistance against the abrasive action
of sand
3. the «self-cleaning», means ant adhesive
behaviour of the PTFE-coating.

Each of the 24 membrane units consist of

four individual membrane parts, resulting
on a maximum size of 850 m2 per piece.
The single pieces have been manufactured in
the shop and folded into a crate for transport to
site.
Tensile roofing- fitting
and details
Tensile roofing- fitting
and details
Tensile roofing- fitting
and details
Tensile roofing- fitting
and details
…Thank you…