EBD_7042

Chapter
Acids, Bases and Salts
• The term acid, in fact, comes from the latin term acere, which (ii) Action with metal oxides (Basic oxides) : The oxides that
means ‘Sour’. In everyday life we come across many can add an hydroxyl ion (OH–) to their molecules are
compounds that chemists classify as acids. called basic oxides. Metal oxides are generally basic
• Common Acids are: oxides. These oxides get neutralised when they react
with acids. These reactions are mostly carried upon
Acid Occurrence
heating e.g.
Tartaric acid Grapes, tamarind, imli, unripe mango
® 2NaCl ( aq ) + H 2 O (l)
Na 2 O( s ) + 2HCl ( aq ) ¾¾
Latic acid Sour milk, curd Sodium oxide Hydrochloric Sodium Water
Formic acid Ant's sting (Basic oxide) acid Chloride
Ascorbic acid Citrus fruits, Amla (iii) Action with metal hydroxides (Basic hydroxides) : Acids
(vitamin C) undergo neutralization reaction with basic hydroxides
Acetic acid Vinegar (metal hydroxides) to form salt and water (i.e.
Tannic acid Tea neutralisation reaction)
Citric acid Citrus fruits like orange and lemon ® K 2 CO3 (aq ) + 2H 2 O (l)
2KOH( aq ) + H 2 CO3 ( aq ) ¾¾
Pot.Hydroxide Carbonic acid Pot.Carbonate Water
Oxalic acid Spinach
Malic acid Apple (iv) Action with metal carbonates and metal hydrogen
Hydrochloric acid Stomach carbonates : Acids react with carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates to form their respective salts, water and
• Organic acids are naturally occurring acids and are mostly carbondioxide gas.
found in plants and animals. These acids are the compounds
® ZnSO 4 (aq)+ H 2 O(l)+ CO 2 ( g )
ZnCO3 ( s) + H 2SO 4 (aq) ¾¾
of carbon. Zinc Sulphuric Zinc Water Carbon
• Mineral acids or inorganic acids are synthesised from carbonate acid sulphate dioxide

minerals found on earth. • Uses of Acids:

• Concentrated acid : An acid that has a relatively high (i) In batteries of cars and invertors. Sulphuric acid is used
percentage of the acid dissolved in the aqueous solution is in automobile batteries.
classified as a concentrated acid (ii) In manufacture of synthetic fibres and plastics.
(iii) In preparing dyes, detergents, glucose from starch,
•. Dilute acid : An acid, which has a relatively low percentage of
fertilisers, explosives, etc.
the acid dissolved in the aqueous solution, is classified as a
(iv) For descaling pipes and cleaning metal surfaces and
dilute acid.
sanitary wares.
• Strong acids give a large number of hydrogen ions or gets (v) Acetic acid is used in flavouring food items like pickles.
completely dissociated when dissolved in water. Mineral acids • Bases are compounds which taste bitter example milk of
are generally strong acids. magnesia. Ammonium hydroxide, or ammonia water, is very
• Weak acids give very few hydrogen ions or gets partially irritating to the nose and the eyes. This substance, called a
ionised when dissolved in water. For example, citric acid, acetic hydroxide, or a base, is often used in home for cleaning.
acid and formic acid. • Common Bases are:
• Properties of acids
Base Occurrence
Physical properties :
(i) Acids are sour in taste e.g. lemon juice is sour in taste as Sodium hydroxide Soap
it contains an acid. Calcium hydroxide Lime water
(ii) Generally acids are good conductors of electricity. Potassium hydroxide Soap
Ammonium hydroxide Window cleaning solution
(iii) Mineral acids are corrosive in nature.
Magnesium hydroxide Milk of Magnesia
Chemical properties :
(i) Action of metals : Metals generally react with dilute acids • Concentrated base : A base that has a relatively high
to form their respective salt and hydrogen. percentage of the base in the aqueous solution is classified
as a concentrated base.
Mg(s) + 2HCl( aq ) ¾¾
® MgCl2 ( aq ) + H 2 ( g ) • Dilute base : A base, which has a relatively low percentage of
Magnesium Hydrochloric Magnesium Hydrogen
acid Chloride the base dissolved in the aqueous solution, is classified as a
dilute base.
Acids, Bases and Salts B-121
• Strong bases gives a large number of hydroxide ion or gets solution, it turns red and when added to a basic solution, it
completely ionized when dissolved in water. For example, turns blue.
sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. • Tumeric powder (haldi), which is used for flavouring food is
• Weak bases give lesser number of hydroxide ions or gets also used as an natural indicator. Turmeric (curcuma longa)
partially ionized. When dissolved in water. For example, is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant of ginger family.
ammonium hydroxide. Turmeric stains turns red when washed with soap solution
(basic media).
• Properties of bases :
• China rose is obtained from a shrubby chinese rose (Rosa
Physical properties :
Chinesis). China rose indicator is prepared by keeping the
(i) They have a bitter taste.
gudhal petals in warm water for some time. The solution
(ii) Soluble bases are good conductors of electricity. becomes coloured after some time and acts as an indicator.
(iii) They are soapy liquids, slippery to touch. China rose indicator gives brown color in acidic media and
(iv) They are corrosive in nature. e.g. KOH, NaOH green color in basic media.
(caustic alkalies)
• Phenolphthalein is a synthetic indicator. It turns colorless in
Chemical Properties :
acidic solutions and pink in basic solutions. If the
(i) Reaction of metals with bases : Metals (e.g. Zn, Al, Sn)
concentration of indicator is particularly strong, it can appear
dissolve in NaOH (an alkali) to liberate hydrogen gas.
purple.
Zn + 2NaOH ¾¾
® Na 2 ZnO2 + H2 • Methyl orange is also a synthetic indicator used more oftenly
[Sod. Zincate]
because of clear colour change. In a solution becoming less
(ii) Action with acids : Bases combine with acids to form salt acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally to
and water only. It is a neutralisation reaction. yellow with the reverse occuring for a solution increasing in
3NaOH(aq) + H3PO4(aq) ¾¾ ® Na3PO4 (aq) + 3H2O (l) acidity.
Phosphoric acid Trisodium • Universal indicators : It is a mixture of indicators often sold
phosphate readymade as solution which can indicate pH values, usually
• Uses of Bases: over a range of 3-11, by successive changes of colour. The
(i) Magnesium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide are used universal indicator show different colours at different
as antacid to neutralize acidity in the stomach. concentrations of hydrogen ions in solution. For measurement
(ii) A clear solution of calcium hydroxide is known as lime of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution we generally use
water, and commonly used as laboratory reagent. a pH Scale.
(iii) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) is used in manufacturing • pH Scale : It is a scale that is used for measuring H+ion
of soap, synthetic fibres like rayon. (Hydrogen ion) concentration of a solution.
• Basicity of an acid does not depend upon the number of H The term pH stands for “potential” of “hydrogen”. It is the
atoms present but upon number of replaceable H atoms. For amount of hydrogen ions in a particular solution.
example, acetic acid (CH3COOH) has four H atoms. But only
For acids pH < 7
one is replaced. It is monobasic in nature. Phosphoric acid
(H3PO4) has three H atoms and all of them can be replaced. It For bases pH > 7
is a tribasic acid. For neutral substances pH = 7
For acids, we use the term basicity because H+ ions of the • Importance of pH in Daily Life
acid can be replaced only when it reacts with a base. Similarly, (i) Blood pH : For proper functioning our body needs to
the term acidity is used for bases because OH– ions of the maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45. Values of blood
base can be replaced only when it reacts with an acid. pH greater than 7.8 or less than 6.8 often results in death.
• When water is added to the acid or a base, it results in decrease (ii) Acid rain : When pH of rain water is less than 5.6, it is
in concentration of H+(H3O+) or OH– per unit volume. Such a called acid rain. Rain containing excess of acids is called
process is known as dilution. an acid rain. Rain becomes acidic when pollutants like
(i) Process of dissolving acids or bases in water is exothermic. carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are
(ii) Care must be taken while mixing concentrated nitric acid released into the atmosphere and these oxides dissolve
or sulphuric acid with water. The acid must always be in rain drops to form carbonic acid, sulphuric acid and
added to water with constant stirring. If water is added to nitric acid, respectively. Acid rain causes huge damage to
a concentrated acid, the heat generated may cause the buildings, historical monuments, especially marble
mixture to splash out and cause burns. structures etc.
• A substance which gives different colour in acidic and basic (iii) pH in our digestive system : We know that hydrochloric
media and helps to differentiate the two types is known as an acid (HCl) produced in our stomach helps in digestion of
Indicator. Natural indicators can be extracted from a wide food without harming stomach. However excess of acid
variety of flowers, fruits, roots, leaves and other parts of plants causes indigestion and leads to pain as well as irritation.
• Litmus (a natural dye) is one of the most common and naturally To get rid of this people use bases called “antacids”. A
available indicator. It is extracted from lichens (combination popular antacid is “Milk of magnesia” which is insoluble
of alga and tungus). When this litmus is added to an acidic magnesium hydroxide, Mg (OH)2.
 EBD_7042
B-122 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY
(iv) pH of the soil : For their healthy growth plants require a • Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or Caustic soda : It is prepared on
specific pH. Farmers use fertilisers to improve crop yield. commercial scale by the electrolysis of strong solution of
But excessive use of fertilisers makes the soil acidic. Plants sodium chloride (NaCl) also called brine. The process is called
do not grow well in either too acidic or too basic soil. If chlor-alkali process.
the soil is too acidic, basic quick lime (calcium oxide) or The overall reaction taking place is :
slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is added to it. If the soil is
too basic, organic matters that releases acids are added 2NaCl (aq) + 2 H2O(l) ¾¾ ® H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2NaOH (aq)
to it, to neutralise basic nature of soil. Chlorine gas is given off at the anode, and hydrogen gas at
(v) pH change as the cause of tooth decay : Tooth decay the cathode. Sodium hydroxide solution is formed near the
starts when the pH of mouth is lower than 5.5. Tooth cathode.
enamel, made up of calcium phosphate is the hardest Uses :
substance in the body. It does not dissolve in water, but (i) Sodium hydroxide is most used base in the laboratory.
is corroded when the pH in mouth is below 5.5. (ii) It is used in many industries, mostly as strong chemical
(vi) Self defence by animals and plants through chemical base in manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking
warfare : We have already learnt that bee-sting leaves an water, soap and detergents etc.
acid (formic acid or methanoic acid, HCOOH) which (iii) It is used as a drain cleaner.
causes pains and irritation. To get relief from it we apply • Baking soda, sodium hydrogen carbonate, (NaHCO3) : It is
a mild base like baking soda. produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
• Many factories wastes are acidic in nature. If it is allowed to
flow into the water bodies, it causes huge damage to water NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ¾¾ ® NH4Cl + NaHCO3
plants and animals. Therefore, all factory waste should be When heated the following reaction occurs
neutralised by adding basic substances berfore releasing into heat
2 NaHCO3 ¾¾¾ ® Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2
the water bodies.
• Salts : A salt is an ionic compound which dissociates to Uses :
yield a positive ion other than hydrogen ion (H+) and negative (i) In baking powder : The most practical use of baking soda is
ion other than hydroxyl ion (OH–) e.g. as a leavening agent in baking. In combination with a liquid
and an acid, baking soda undergoes a chemical reaction that
NaCl ® Na + + Cl -
¾¾ releases bubbles of carbon dioxide. Trapped in butter these
(fused / aqueous solution)
carbon dioxide bubbles enable the baked food to rise.
• Classification of Salts (ii) As an antacid : The cause of acidity is presence of excess HCl
(i) Acidic Salt : If a polybasic acid (Example, H2SO4, H3PO4, in stomach. Baking soda reacts with acid due to its alkaline
H2SO3 etc.) is neutralised partly by a base, the salt formed nature and neutralizes acidity (i.e. acts as an antacid).
is acidic.
NaHCO3 + HCl ¾¾ ® NaCl + H2O + CO2
H 2 CO3 + NaOH ¾¾
® NaHCO3 + H 2 O. (iii)In fire extinguishers : It is used in soda-acid fire exinguisher:
(ii) Normal Salt : In case the acid and base neutralise In soda acid fire extinguishers, CO2, formed by the action of
completely the salt formed is a normal salt. H2SO4 on baking soda, expells water from the fire extinguisher
which exinguishes the fire.
H 2 CO3 + 2NaOH ® Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O
(Carbonic acid) (Normal salt) • During summer, the milkmen usually add a very small amount
of baking soda to fresh milk. It acts as a preservative. Actually
(iii) Basic Salts : This type of salts are formed by incomplete
in hot weather milk is expected to decompose and release
neutralization of a base with an acid or by partial
lactic acid which is likely to make milk sour. Baking soda
replacement of hydroxy radicals of a diacids or triacidic
(NaHCO3) reacts with acid to form salt and water. In this way
base with an acid radical.
it neutralises the acid and the milk does not become sour.
Pb(OH)NO3 - Basic lead nitrate.
• Washing soda, Na2CO3. 10H2O, Sodium carbonate : Sodium
[Pb ( OH ) 2 + HNO3 ¾¾
® Pb ( OH ) NO3 + H 2 O] carbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda;
recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda.
(iv) Double Salt - Such a salt is formed by mixing saturated
It is also a basic salt.
solution of two simple salts followed by crystallisation of
the saturated solution. Na 2 CO3 + 10H 2 O ¾¾ ® Na 2 CO3 ·10H 2 O
Example : FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O — Mohr’s salt – it is a Sodium carbonate Hydrated sodium
mixture of FeSO4 (Simple salt) and (NH4)2 SO4 (Simple salt) carbonate (Washing soda),
(v) Complex salt - Such a salt is formed by mixing saturated Uses :
solution of simple salts followed by crystallisation of the (i) Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap
solution similar to double salts. and paper industries.
Potassium mercuric iodide - K2[HgI4] (ii) It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such
Simple ion - K+ as borax.
Complex ion - [HgI4]2– (iii) It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
Acids, Bases and Salts B-123
• Bleaching powder : Calcium hypochlorite is a chemical Plaster of paris is a white powder and on mixing with water it
compound with formula CaOCl2. It is a yellowish powder changes to gypsum once again giving a hard solid mass.
with smell of chlorine. It is widely used for water treatment CaSO4 + 2 H2O ® CaSO4. 2H2O.
and as a bleaching agent (bleaching powder). It is a yellow Uses : It is used
white solid which has a strong smell of chlorine. (i) for interior decoration. As a false ceiling, studio sets etc.
Manufacture of bleaching powder : It is manufactured by the (ii) for making moulds or casts for toys, pottery, cermics etc.
following method. (iii) in surgical bandages for setting fractured bones.
(iv) in setting up of air-tight apparatus by sealing the gaps.
2 Ca(OH) 2 + 2Cl 2 ¾¾
® CaOCl2 + CaCl2 + 2H 2 O
• Plaster of Paris must be always stored in air-tight bags. In
Uses: case moisture is present, it will slowly change into gypsum
(i) Calcium hypochlorite is used for the disinfection of which is very hard. This means that it will no longer be useful
drinking water or swimming pool water. either for setting fractured bones or in making moulds.
(ii) Calcium hypochlorite (known as ‘bleaching powder’) is • Hygroscopy : The property of a substance to absorb moisture
also used for bleaching cotton and linen and used in the when exposed to atmosphere at ordinary temperature but do
not dissolve in it is known as hygroscopy and such a substance
manufacture of chloroform.
is known as hygroscopic substance e.g. Anhydrous calcium
• Plaster of Paris, CaSO4 .1/2 H2O : It can be obtained by chloride (CaCl2 ), Conc.H2 SO4 , phosphorous pentoxide
heating gypsum (CaSO4. 2H2O) i.e. by calcination of gypsum. (P2O5), quick lime (CaO) etc.
• Aqua regia consists of 3 parts HCl to 1 part HNO3 ,it is an
1 1 Excellent oxidant ,Can dissolve gold and platinum ,it produces
(CaSO4. 2H2O) + heat ¾¾
® (CaSO4. H2O) + H2O
2 2 yellow fumes from the reaction of HCl and HNO3 to produce
nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, chlorine gas, Cl2, and water, H2O.

Exercise
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice 6. When the stopper of a bottle containing colourless liquid
questions. Each question has 4 choices (1), (2), (3) and (4) was removed, the bottle gave smell like that of vinegar. The
out of which only one is correct. liquid in the bottle could be
(1) hydrochloric acid
1. Ammonium hydroxide is a weak base because (2) sodium hydroxide solution
(1) it has low vapour pressure (3) acetic acid solution
(2) it is only slightly ionised (4) saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
(3) it is not a hydroxide of any metal 7. The colour of pH paper when put in distilled water changed
(4) it has low density to green. Now some common salt is added to water and pH
paper is tested in this solution. The colour of pH paper in
2. On passing excess of carbon dioxide through lime water
this case is likely to be
(1) milkiness of lime water increases (1) green (2) yellow
(2) there is no change in milkiness of lime water (3) red (4) blue
(3) milkiness of lime water disappears 8. A drop of liquid sample was put on pH paper. The colour of
(4) None of the above is correct. pH paper turned blue. The liquid sample could be
3. HCl gas changes the colour of (1) lemon juice
(1) dry litmus paper (2) hydrochloric acid
(2) wet litmus paper (3) sodium hydrogen carbonate
(3) Both dry and wet litmus paper (4) ethanoic acid.
9. Which of the following is not required to find the pH of a
(4) None of the above is correct
given sample ?
4. Which of the following is an alkali ? (1) pH paper (2) Litmus paper
(1) Ca(OH)2 (2) KOH (3) Universal indicator (4) Standard pH chart
(3) Mg(OH)2 (4) CaCO3 10. Universal indicator solution is named as such because
5. The poisonous effect of acid present in stings of bees and (1) it is available universally
ants can be neutralised by use of a solution that contains (2) it has a universal appearance
(1) acetic acid (2) formic acid (3) it can be used for entire pH range
(3) sodium hydroxide (4) sodium chloride. (4) All the above are correct
 EBD_7042
B-124 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY
11. The pH of gastric juice that is released during digestion is 28. Select the reaction that is called ‘slaking of lime’
(1) more than 7 (2) 7 (1) CaCO3 ¾¾ ® CaO + CO2
(3) less then 7 (4) can’t be predicted (2) CaO+ 2HCl ¾¾ ® CaCl2 + H2O
12. Acids and bases are important because of
(3) CaCO3 +H2O ¾¾ ® Ca(OH)2 + CO2
(1) their use in industry
(2) their effects on human health (4) CaO + H2O ¾¾ ® Ca(OH)2
(3) their effect on farmer’s crop 29. Which of the following pairs of substances are chemically
(4) All the above are correct. same?
13. Which of the following is a weak base ? (1) Lime water and milk of lime
(1) NaOH (2) KOH (2) Dead burnt plaster and gypsum
(3) NH4OH (4) None of these (3) Both the above
14. A salt derived from strong acid and weak base will dissolve (4) None of the above is correct
in water to give a solution which is 30. Baking powder is
(1) acidic (2) basic (1) a mixture (2) a compound
(3) neutral (4) None of these (3) an element (4) a salt
15. Plaster of Paris is made from 31. The chemical name of bleaching powder is
(1) lime stone (2) slaked lime (1) calcium chloride (2) calcium oxychloride
(3) quick lime (4) gypsum
(3) calcium chloroxide (4) none of these
16. Chemical formula of baking soda is
32. Which of the following is not a hydrated salt?
(1) MgSO4 (2) Na2CO3
(1) Blue vitriol (2) Baking soda
(3) NaHCO3 (4) MgCO3
17. Washing soda has the formula (3) Washing soda (4) Epsom salt
(1) Na2CO3.7H2O (2) Na2CO3.10H2O 33. Select the one that does not give CO2(g) when treated with
(3) Na2CO3.H2O (4) Na2CO3 dil H2SO4.
18. Plaster of Paris hardens by (1) Marble (2) Lime stone
(1) giving of CO2 (3) Lime (4) Baking soda
(2) changing into CaCO3 34. When HCl (g) is passed through water, it
(3) combining with water (1) does not ionise in solution
(4) giving out water (2) ionises in solution
19. Which of the following is ‘quicklime’? (3) gives both hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in solution.
(1) CaO (2) Ca(OH)2 (4) None of the above is correct
(3) CaCO3 (4) CaCl2.6H2O 35. Which of the following indicators is colourless in acidic
20. Plaster of Paris has the formula medium?
(1) CaSO4.1/2H2O (2) CaSO4.H2O (1) Methyl orange (2) Turmeric powder
(3) CaSO4.1.1/2H2O (4) CaSO4.2H2O (3) Litmus (4) Phenolphthalein
21. Which of the following compounds is neutral to litmus ? 36. An indicator that turns reddish-brown when dissolved in
(1) NaNO3 (2) CuSO4.5H2O soap solution is
(3) NaHCO3 (4) Ca(OH)2
(1) litmus (2) china rose
22. The pH is less than 7 of the solution of
(3) turmeric powder (4) None of these
(1) FeCl3 (2) NaCN
37. Which of the following is a strong acid:
(3) NaOH (4) NaCl
23. A compound whose aqueous solution will have the highest (1) Acetic acid (2) Citric acid
pH— (3) Nitric acid (4) Tartaric acid
(1) NaCl (2) Na2CO3 38. The presence of which of the following acid causes
(3) NH4Cl (4) NaHCO3 indigestion:
24. If pH of A, B, C and D are 9.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 5.5 respectively, (1) Citric acid (2) Oxalic acid
then strongest acid is (3) Acetic acid (4) Hydrochloric acid
(1) A (2) C 39. When few drops of lemon are mixed with milk
(3) D (4) B (i) it turns sour
25. Aqueous solution of which of the following salt will change (ii) no change takes place
the colour of red litmus to blue? (iii) properties of milk are changed
(1) Na2CO3 (2) Na2CO3.10H2O (iv) properties of milk remain same
(3) Both of these (4) None of these Which of the above statements is/are correct?
26. If the tartaric acid is not added in baking powder, sometimes (1) (ii) & (iii) (2) (i) & (ii)
the cake has a bitter taste. This bitter taste is due to which
(3) (i) & (iii) (4) (i) only
of the following compounds present in cake?
40. Which of the following is a strong base?
(1) NaHCO3 (2) Na2CO3
(1) Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
(3) CO2 (4) All of these
27. Which of the following is known as dead burnt plaster? (2) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
(1) Quick lime (2) Slaked lime (3) Water (H2O)
(3) Lime stone (4) Gypsum (4) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Acids, Bases and Salts B-125
41. Acids are ...................... in taste while bases are .................... 54. Which of the following is acidic salt(s)
in taste (i) Sodium bisulphate (ii) Potasium chloride
(1) sweet, salty (2) sweet, sour (iii) Potassium bisulphite (iv) Sodium carbonate
(3) sour, salty (4) sour, bitter (1) (i), (ii) and (iv) (2) (ii) and (iv)
42. A base which dissolves in water is called (3) (i), (ii) and (iii) (4) (i) and (iii)
(1) soluble base (2) alkali 55. pH of human body varies within the range of
(3) acid (4) oxide (1) 6.0 to 6.5 (2) 5.5 to 5.8
43. Choose the correct statement(s) (3) 7.0 to 7.8 (4) 7.0 to 11.0
(i) Most of the acids are water soluble 56. Calamine solution contains
(ii) Acids react with metallic oxides and hydroxides to form (1) zinc hydroxide
metallic salt and water only. (2) zinc carbonate
(iii) Acids react with metallic carbonates to form metallic (3) sodium hydrogen carbonate
salt and hydrogen gas and water (4) magnesium hydroxide
(iv) Acetic acid is used as a food preservative 57. Why bases are kept in glass bottles?
(1) (i) & (ii) only (2) (iii) & (iv) (1) Bases produce OH – ions in aqueous solutions
(3) (i), (ii) & (iv) (4) all the above (2) Basic solutions are conducting in nature
44. Acid rain is caused due to ................... (3) Bases are corrosive in nature
(1) CO2, O2, SO2 (2) CO2, NO2, H2 (4) Basis have soapy texture
(3) SO2 N2, O2 (4) CO2, SO2, NO2 58. Which of the following statement regarding bases is false?
45. The acidic soil which is not good for healthy growth of (1) Bases produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
plants, is neutralized by (2) Bases are soapy to touch
(1) ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (3) Bases are extremly corrosive in nature
(2) calcium oxide (CaO) (4) Basic solutions are non conducting in nature
(3) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) 59. Which of the following statement is true?
(4) magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2 (1) Acids are bitter in taste
46. Acid contained in the sting of an ant is.................... (2) Bases are sour in taste
(1) acetic acid (2) formic acid (3) The reaction between acid and a base is exothermic
(3) lactic acid (4) ascorbic acid reaction
47. Natural indicator litmus is extracted from (4) The reaction between an acid and a base is
endothermic reaction.
(1) lichens (2) earthworms
60. Which of the following statement is false?
(3) ants (4) algae
(1) China rose is a natural indicator
48. The industrial waste is ................... in nature
(2) Repeated cultivation by farmers makes soil acidic
(1) acidic (2) basic
(3) Ant or bee sting contains acetic acid
(3) neutral (4) both (1) & (2)
(4) Majorly factories waste are acidic in nature
49. When vinegar reacts with baking soda the gas evolved is
61. Which of the following is the best explanation of statement;
(1) hydrogen (2) oxygen Ammonium hydroxide is a commonly used alkali
(3) carbon dioxide (4) nitrogen dioxide (1) It is a weak base insoluble in water
50. When magnesium oxide (MgO) reacts with water to form (2) It is a weak base soluble in water
magnesium hydroxide [Mg(OH)2], a base it turns .................. (3) It is a strong base insoluble in water
litmus to .......................
(4) It is a strong base soluble in water
(1) blue, red (2) blue, colourless
62. What happens when a solution of an acid is mixed with a
(3) red, blue (4) colourless, blue solution of a base in a test tube ?
51. While preparing copper sulphate crystals from copper (i) The temperature of the solution increases
sulphate solution, dilute sulphuric acid is used instead of (ii) The temperature of the solution decreases
concentrated sulphuric acid, because
(iii) The temperature of the solution remains the same
(1) concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive in nature (iv) Salt formation takes place
(2) dilute sulphuric acid makes large crystals (1) (i) only (2) (i) and (iii)
(3) concentrated acid is ineffective (3) (ii) and (iii) (4) (i) and (iv)
(4) Both (1) & (2) 63. During the preparation of hydrogen chloride gas on a humid
52. Which of the following gas is evolved on reaction of dilute day, the gas is usually passed through the guard tube
hydrochloric acid with sodium sulphite? containing calcium chloride. The role of calcium chloride
(1) Carbon dioxide (2) Hydrogen taken in the guard tube is to
(3) Sulphur dioxide (4) Sulphur trioxide (1) absorb the evolved gas
53. On which of the following acid rain has adverse effects? (2) moisten the gas
(1) Marble structures (2) Historical monuments (3) absorb moisture from the gas
(3) Aquatic life (4) All of these (4) absorb Cl– ions from the evolved gas
 EBD_7042
B-126 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY
64. A sample of soil is mixed with water and allowed to settle. (2) All metal oxides react with water to give salt and acid
The clear supernatant solution turns the pH paper (3) Some metals react with acids to give salt and hydrogen
yellowish-orange. Which of the following would change (4) Some non metal oxides react with water to form an acid
the colour of this pH paper to greenish-blue? 71. Which of the following is(are) true when HCl (g) is passed
(1) Lemon juice (2) Vinegar through water?
(3) Common salt (4) An antacid (i) It does not ionise in the solution as it is a covalent
65. If a few drops of a concentrated acid accidentally spills compound.
over the hand of a student, what should be done? (ii) It ionises in the solution
(1) Wash the hand with saline solution (iii) It gives both hydrogen and hydroxyl ion in the solution
(2) Wash the hand immediately with plenty of water and (iv) It forms hydronium ion in the solution due to the
apply a paste of sodium hydrogencarbonate combination of hydrogen ion with water molecule
(3) After washing with plenty of water apply solution of (1) (i) only (2) (iii) only
sodium hydroxide on the hand (3) (ii) and (iv) (4) (iii) and (iv)
(4) Neutralise the acid with a strong alkali 72. Identify the correct representation of reaction occurring
66. Sodium hydrogencarbonate when added to acetic acid during chloralkali process
evolves a gas. Which of the following statements are true (1) 2NaCl(l) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(l) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
about the gas evolved? (2) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(aq) ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
(i) It turns lime water milky (3) 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ® 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(aq) + H2(aq)
(ii) It extinguishes a burning splinter (4) 2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l) ® 2NaOH (aq) + Cl2(g) + H2(g)
(iii) It dissolves in a solution of sodium hydroxide 73. Which one observations is correct according to effect of
(iv) It has a pungent odour acids and bases on some indicators
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (i), (ii) and (iii)
(3) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (4) (i) and (iv) Test Red Blue Phenol- Methyl
67. Common salt besides being used in kitchen can also be Sample litmus litmus phthalein orange
used as the raw material for making I Dil. HCl No effect Turn red No effect Turn red
(i) washing soda (ii) bleaching powder
(iii) baking soda (iv) slaked lime II Dil H2SO4 Turn blue No effect Turn pink Turn red
(1) (i) and (ii) (2) (i), (ii) and (iv) III Ca(OH)2 No effect Turn red Turn pink Turn red
(3) (i) and (iii) (4) (i), (iii) and (iv) IV Mg(OH)2 Turn blue Turn red No effect No effect
68. To protect tooth decay we are advised to brush our teeth
regularly. The nature of the tooth paste commonly used is (1) I observation is correct
(1) acidic (2) neutral (2) II observation is correct
(3) basic (4) corrosive (3) III observation is correct
69. In an attempt to demonstrate electrical conductivity through (4) IV observation is correct
an electrolyte, the following apparatus (Fig.) was set up. 74. Observe the experimental setup carefully
Which among the following statement(s) is (are) correct ?
(i) Bulb will not glow because electrolyte is not acidic
(ii) Bulb will glow because NaOH is a strong base and Dropper
furnishes ions for conduction.
(iii) Bulb will not glow because circuit is incomplete
(iv) Bulb will not glow because it depends upon the type Dilute solution of
HCl (dropwise)
of electrolytic solution

6 volt battery Bulb Dilute solution of

Switch NaOH + 2 drops
of phenolphthalein
(pink coloured
solution in test tube)
Beaker

Nail
Dilute NaOH
solution Colourless solution
Rubber in test tube
cork

(1) (i) and (iii) (2) (ii) and (iv)

(3) (ii) only (4) (iv) only
70. Which of the following statements is not correct? Which type of reaction is this ?
(1) All metal carbonates react with acid to give a salt, water (1) Isomerisation (2) Neutralisation
and carbon dioxide (3) Saponification (4) Both (2) & (3)
Acids, Bases and Salts B-127
75. Carefully observe the experimental setup shown below : 77. Which one of the combination is completely correct

(A) (B) (C)

Name of Chemical formula Use
contents
CH3 CH COOH Used as a food
1) Lactic acid preservative
OH

2) Citric acid C6H8O7 Present in

lemon, orange etc
Glucose
(C6H12O6)
3) Sulphuric H2SO4 Commonly used in
acid automobile batteries
(A)
Used for
4) Sodium NaOH manufacturing of
hydroxide soaps

5) Potassium Used for

hydroxide KOH manufacturing
of fertilizers

(1) 1, 4, 3 (2) 2, 3, 4
(3) 2, 4, 5 (4) 1, 3, 5
Ethyl alcohol 78. If we have 2 test tubes (A & B) containing HCl and
CH3COOH. On mixing both acids, which are having pH = 2
(HCl) and pH = 6 (CH3COOH), pH of resultant solution will
(B) be
(B)

CH3COOH

HCl
Sulphuric HCl CH3COOH
Acid (A) pH = 2 (B) pH = 6 (A) (C) pH = ?

(C) HCl + CH3COOH

(1) The pH will be less than 2
The above figure indicates – (2) The pH will be more than 6
(1) Glucose is sweet in taste (3) The pH will be between 2 to 6
(2) Ethyl alcohol gives OH– ions (4) The pH will be 7
79. What is correct for following ?
(3) H 2 SO 4 releases H + ions which is responsible for
(i) Lemon Juice (ii) Solution of washing soda
conduction of electric current
(iii) Toothphaste (iv) Stomach Juices
(4) Both ethyl alcohol and H2SO4 are acids.
(v) Vinegar
76. When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution of (1) i, iv, v are acids and ii, iii are bases
sodium chloride (called brine) : (2) ii, iii are acids i, iv, v are bases
electricity
NaCl (aq) ¾¾¾¾¾ (3) i, iii, iv, v are acids and ii is a base
® NaOH (aq) + X + Y
(4) i, ii, iii are acids and iv, v are bases
What is X, Y & where it will produced : 80. A student collected the samples of acids such as :
(1) X = O2 at cathode Y = Cl2 at anode hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and bases such as sodium
(2) X = O2 at anode Y = Cl2 at cathode hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide from the science
(3) X = H2 at cathode Y = Cl2 at anode laboratory. He put 10 drops of each of the above sample
solution on a watch glass and tested with a 1–2 drops of
(4) X = H2 at anode Y = Cl2 at cathode
the following indicators as given below; and recorded his
observations :
 EBD_7042
B-128 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY

Red litmus Blue litmus Phenolphthalein Methyl orange

Sample solution
solution solution solution solution
A. HCl solution No colour change Changes to red Colourless Changes to red
B. CH3COOH solution No colour change Changes to red Changes tor red Colourless
C. NaOH solution Changes to blue No colour change Changes to light pink remains as it is
D. Mg (OH)2 solution No colour change Changes to red Changes to light pink Colourless

The correct observation is made by a student :

(1) A & B (2) A & C (3) B&C (4) B&
D
81. Observe the following experimental set-up
Dropper
Dropper Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein drops
drops
20 ml
10 ml HCl 10 ml 10 ml
NaOH solution
NaOH
solution HCl solution
solution
(Pink colour) (colourless)
(I) (II) (III) (IV)
Statement – I : When (I) test tube and (II) test tube containing NaOH & HCl solution respectively are mixed together completely
the colour of the solution changed to colourless.
Statement -II : When test tube (III) & (IV) are mixed together completely, the resultant solution remains colourless.
(1) Only (I) is correct
(2) Only (II) is correct
(3) Both (I) and (II) are correct
(4) None of these

Exercise
Matching Based MCQ (1) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (q); D ® (p); E ® (t)
(2) A ® (p); B ® (q); C ® (s); D ® (r); E ® (t)
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1 to 8) : Match Column-I with (3) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (p); D ® (q); E ® (t)
Column-II and select the correct answer using the codes (4) A ® (s); B ® (q); C ® (r); D ® (p); E ® (t)
given below the columns. 3. Column I Column II
1. Column I Column II (A) KNO3 (p) Nitric acid
(A) Acetic acid (p) Tomato silver hydroxide
(B) Citric acid (q) Tamarind (B) AgNO3 (q) Hydrochloric acid,
(C) Tartaric acid (r) Orange Magnesium hydroxide
(D) Oxalic acid (s) Vinegar
(C) MgCl2 (r) Carbonic acid, Ammonium
(E) Lactic acid (t) Milk
hydroxide
(1) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (q); D ® (p); E ® (t)
(2) A ® (r); B ® (s); C ® (q); D ® (t); E ® (p) (D) (NH4)2CO3 (s) Nitric acid, potassium
(3) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (p); D ® (q); E ® (t) hydroxide
(4) A ® (s); B ® (q); C ® (r); D ® (p); E ® (t) (E) NaCl (t) Hydrochloric acid and
2. Column I Column II sodium hydoxide
(A) HCl (p) strong acid (1) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (q); D ® (p); E ® (t)
(B) HCN (q) weak acid (2) A ® (p); B ® (q); C ® (s); D ® (r); E ® (t)
(C) NaOH (r) weak base
(3) A ® (s); B ® (r); C ® (p); D ® (q); E ® (t)
(D) NH4OH (s) strong base
(E) Distilled water (t) neutral (4) A ® (s); B ® (p); C ® (q); D ® (r); E ® (t)
Acids, Bases and Salts B-129
4. List-I (Chemical) List-II (Formula) 10. Consider the following statements :
(A) Quick lime (p) NaHCO3 (a) The hydronium ion (H3O+) is the strongest acid that
(B) Caustic Soda (q) Na2CO3 can exist in aqueous solution.
(C) Washing Soda (r) NaOH (b) Mixing concentrated acid or bases with water is a highly
(D) Baking Soda (s) CaO endothermic reaction.
(1) A ® (s), B ® (r), C ® (q), D ® (p) Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(1) (a) only (2) (b) only
(2) A ® (r), B ® (s), C ® (p), D ® (q)
(3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b)
(3) A ® (p), B ® (r), C ® (q), D ® (s)
11. Consider the following statements :
(4) A ® (s), B ® (p), C ® (r), D ® (p) (a) Bee stings contain ethanoic acid.
5. Column -I Column -II (b) The white enamel on our teeth is made up of calcium
(A) Bleaching powder (p) Constituent of glass sulphate.
(B) Baking soda (q) Production of H2 and Cl2 (c) Acidic nature of a substance is due to the formation of
(C) Borax (r) Decolourisation H+(aq) ions in solution.
(D) Sodium chloride (s) Antacid Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(1) A ® (q), B ® (p), C ® (s), D ® (r) (1) (a) and (b) (2) (a) and (c)
(2) A ® (r), B ® (q), C ® (s), D ® (p) (3) Only (c) (4) Only (b)
(3) A ® (r), B ® (s), C ® (p), D ® (q) 12. Consider the following statements :
(4) A ® (q), B ® (s), C ® (p), D ® (r) (a) Living beings carry out their metabolic activities with
6. Column -I Column -II in an optimal pH range.
(1) Plaster of Paris (p) Ca(OH)2 (b) There are a variety of strengths when you study acids
and base.
(2) Gypsum (q) CaSO4.1/2 H2O
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(3) Bleaching Powder (r) CaSO4.2H2O
(1) (a) only (2) (b) only
(4) Lime Water (s) CaOCl2 (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b)
(1) A ® (q), B ® (r), C ® (s), D ® (p) 13. Consider the following statements :
(2) A ® (s), B ® (q), C ® (r), D ® (p) (a) Washing soda on strong heating gives sodium oxide
(3) A ® (p), B ® (s), C ® (r), D ® (q) and carbon dioxide.
(4) A ® (q), B ® (r), C ® (p), D ® (s) (b) Plaster of Paris is obtained by heating gypsum at
7. Column -I Column -II 373 K.
(A) H2SO4 (aq) (p) turns red litmus blue (c) Bleaching powder is used for disinfecting drinking
(B) NaOH (aq) (q) turns blue litmus red water.
(C) CuSO4.5H2O (aq) (r) turns phenolphthalein Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
pink (1) (a) and (b) (2) (b) and (c)
(D) Na2CO3 (aq) (s) pH paper becomes red (3) (a) and (c) (4) All are correct
14. Consider the following statements :
(E) NaNO3(aq) (t) pH paper becomes blue
(a) Hydrogen chloride gas turns the red litmus blue.
(v) pH paper becomes green
(b) Lactic acid is one of the mineral acids.
(1) A ® (q, s); B ® (p, r, t); C ® (q, s); D ® (p, r, t); E (v)
(c) Milk of magnesia is a type of milk.
(2) A ® (q, v); B ® (p, r); C ® (q, s); D ® (t, r); E (s) Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(3) A ® (q, s); B ® (p, r, t); C ® (q, s); D ® (p, r); E (v) (1) (a) and (b) (2) (a) and (c)
(4) A ® (s); B ® (p, q, t); C ® (r, s); D ® (p, r, t); E (v) (3) All are correct (4) All are incorrect
8. Column-I Column-II 15. Consider the following statements :
(A) Caustic soda (p) Manufacture of antacid (a) Solution of sodium hydrogen carbonate is alkaline in
(B) Sulphuric acid (q) Preservation of food nature.
(C) Calcium hydroxide (r) Manufacturing of soap (b) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used in fire extinguisher.
(D) Acetic acid (s) Automobile batteries Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(1) A – (r); B – (s); C – (p); D – (q) (1) (a) only (2) (b) only
(2) A – (q); B – (s); C – (p); D – (r) (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b)
(3) A – (r); B – (p); C – (s); D – (q) 16. Consider the following statements :
(4) A – (s); B – (r); C – (p); D – (q) (a) When a base reacts with a metal, along with the
evolution of hydrogen gas a salt is formed which has
Statement Based MCQ a positive ion composed of the metal and oxygen.
(b) Acidic and basic solution in water conduct electricity
9. Consider the following statements :
because they produce hydrogen and hydroxide ions
(a) Whether water acts as an acid or as a base depends on
respectively.
the other species present. (c) Acids and bases neutralise each other to form
(b) Every liquid is either an acid or a base. corresponding salts and water.
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ? Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(1) (a) only (2) (b) only (1) (a) and (b) (2) (b) and (c)
(3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b) (3) (a) and (c) (4) All are correct
 EBD_7042
B-130 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY
17. Consider the following statements : 22. How is bleaching powder prepared ?
(a) We can determine the pH of a solution using a litmus (1) Reaction of Cl2 with Ca(OH)2
paper. (2) Reaction of Cl2 with CaO
(b) The colour of caustic soda solution turns pink when (3) Reaction of Ca with HOCl
phenolphthalein is added. (4) Reaction of Ca with Cl2/H2O
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ? 23. How much amount of available chlorine is present in
(1) (a) only (2) (b) only bleaching powder ?
(3) Both (a) and (b) (4) Neither (a) nor (b) (1) 32% (2) 36%
18. Consider the following statements : (3) 35% (4) 38%
(a) Tamarind contains tartaric acid. 24. Why bleaching powder smells of chlorine ?
(b) Guava contains citric acid. (1) by action of H2O in atmosphere on bleaching powder
(c) amla is rich source of vitamin B.
(2) by action of O2 in atmosphere on bleaching powder
Which of these statement(s) is/are correct ?
(3) by action of SO2 in atmosphere on bleaching powder
(1) (a) and (c) (2) (a) and (b)
(4) by action of CO2 in atmosphere on bleaching powder
(3) (b) and (c) (4) All are correct
PASSAGE - 3
Passage Based MCQ
Types of salts. There are three types of salts.
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 19 to 33) : Read the passage(s) given (i) Neutral salts are those salts which when dissolved in
water form a neutral solution. These are formed by the reaction of
below and answer the questions that follow.
strong acids with strong bases. Sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium
PASSAGE - 1 sulphate (Na2SO4) are two examples of neutral salt. The solutions
The strength of an acid depends on the concentration of of a neutral salt has no effect on litmus.
the hydronium ions present in a solution. Greater the number of (ii) Acidic salts are those salts which when dissolved in
hydronium ion present. Greater is the strength of acid. However water form an acidic solution. These are formed by the
some acids do not dissociate to any appreciable extent in water. neutralisation reaction of a strong acid with a weak base. The
Therefore these acids will have a low concentration of hydronium solution of an acidic salt turns blue litmus to red. Two examples
ions. Those acids which dissociate to give two or more than two of acidic salts are ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) and ammonium
hydronium are called polybasic acids. sulphate (NH4)2SO4.
19. Which of the following is not the characteristics of an acid? (iii) Basic salts are those salts which when dissolved in
(1) Turns blue litmus to red. water form a basic solution. These are formed by the neutralisation
(2) Turns phenolpthalein pink from colourless. reaction of a weak acid with a strong base. The solution of a basic
(3) Decompose carbonates salt turns red litmus to blue. Two examples of basic salts are
(4) Oxy compounds of non-metals. sodium carbonate (Na 2CO 3) and sodium hydrogen carbonate
20. Strength of an acid can be explained on the basis of (NaHCO3).
(1) its concentration in solution 25. Common salt (NaCl) is
(2) its degree of ionisation (1) normal salt (2) acidic salt
(3) (1) and (2) both required (3) basic salt (4) None of these
(4) it is an inherent property of acid. 26. Which of the following is an acidic salt?
21. The basicity of phosphorous acid (polybasic) is - (1) ZnSO4 (2) Zn(NO3)2
(1) 1 (2) 2 (3) NaCl (4) NaHSO4
(3) 3 (4) 4 27. Which of the following is a basic salt?
PASSAGE - 2 (1) MgCl2 (2) NaCl
If chlorine is passed for a considerable time over solid slaked (3) Pb(OH)Cl (4) CaCl2
lime , the product formed is bleaching power. Bleaching powder 28. Column I Column II
is represented as CaOCl2, Name of salt Nature of the salt
(A) Sodium carbonate (p) Basic
Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 ¾¾ ® CaOCl2 + H2O (NaHCO3)
It has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite, (B) Sodium sulphate (q) Neutral
NaClO (liquid bleach). It contains about 36% of available chlorine. (Na2SO4)
Bleaching powder deteriorates if left in contact with the air (C) Ammonium sulphate (r) Acidic
and smells of chlorine because of action of CO2 in atmosphere. (NH4)2SO4
It is widely used as a bleaching agent for bleaching clothes. (1) A – (p), B – (q), C – (r)
It is used for disinfection of drinking water or swimming pool (2) A – (r), B – (q), C – (p)
water. For use in outdoor swimming pools, CaOCl2 can be used (3) A – (q), B – (p), C – (r)
as a sanitizer in combination, with cyanuric acid stabilizer. Two
(4) A – (p), B – (r), C – (q)
stabilizer will reduce the loss of chlorine because of u.v. radiation.
Acids, Bases and Salts B-131
PASSAGE - 4 39. Assertion : Concentrated sulphuric acid can be diluted by
Three different substances were taken and tested with litmus adding water dropwise to acid.
paper. The results are given below. Based on the results answer
the questions 29 to 33. Reason : Concentrated sulphuric acid has a strong affinity
for water.
Type of 40. Assertion : An aqueous solution of Na2CO3 is basic in
X Y Z
Litmus nature.
Red litmus turns blue no change no change Reason : In aqueous solution, Na2CO3 gives Na+ ions which
behave as base.
Blue litmus no change turns red no change
41. Assertion : A solution of NH3 in water turns blue litmus
29. What could be the substance X? red.
(1) An acid (2) A base
Reason : In water, ammonia forms NH4OH which dissociates
(3) Water (4) Salt
30. What could be the substance Y? to give NH4+ and OH– ions.
(1) An acid (2) A base 42. Assertion : In summer season, a milk man adds a very small
(3) Water (4) Salt amount of baking soda to fresh milk.
31. What could be the substance Z?
Reason : Sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) present in
(1) Water (2) Salt
(3) Either A or B (4) Either an acid or a base baking soda neutralises lactic acid formed in the milk.
32. How can you obtain the substance Z? 43. Assertion : H3PO4 and H2SO4 are strong acids.
(1) By the reaction of X and Y Reason : They ionises completely in a aqueous solution to
(2) By dissolving X in water give H+ ions.
(3) By dissolving Y in water
(4) Cannot be said
Correct Definition Based MCQ
33. How will the substance X behave with phenolphthalein?
(1) It turns pink (2) It remains colourless 44. Which of the following is correct definition of Indicators?
(3) It turns blue (4) It turns red
(1) Indicators are substances used to determine the acidic
Assertion Reason Based MCQ or basic nature of a particular substance as they change
their physical state in different media
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 34 to 43) : Following questions consist of
(2) Indicators are substances used to determine the acidic
two statements, one labelled as the ‘Assertion’ and the other
or basic nature of a particular substance as they change
as ‘Reason’. You are to examine these two statements
their color in different media.
carefully and select the answer to these items using the code
given below. (3) Indicators are substances used to determine exact pH
of particular substance.
Code :
(1) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct
(4) Indicators are substances obtained by plants used to
explanation of A: determine acidic or basic nature of a particular
substance.
(2) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct
explanation of A. 45. Which of the following is correct definition of neutral
(3) A is true but R is false substances?
(4) A is false but R is true. (1) The substances which are amphoteric in nature
(2) The substances which are neither acidic nor basic in
34. Assertion : Acetic acid is weak acid
nature
Reason : Acetic acid gets partially ionized in aqueous
solutions (3) The substances obtained by neutralisation reaction
35. Assertion : Formic acid is present in Ant's sting. between acid and base
Reason : The portion of body where ant bite is nibbed with (4) The substances which are only slightly acidic in nature.
dry baking soda. 46. Which of the following is correct definition of strong bases?
36. Assertion : Many factories wastes are acidic in nature (1) They give only small number of hydroxide ions when
Reason : Generally bases are added to all factory wastes dissolved in water
before discharging into the water bodies
(2) They give large number of hydrogen ions when
37. Assertion : Tooth decay starts when the pH in the mouth is
dissolved in water
below 5.5.
(3) They give large number of hydroxide ions when
Reason : The strength of an acid or an alkali is measured by
a scale called the pH scale. dissolved in water
38. Assertion : In an acidic solution, the indicator (4) They give small number of hydrogen ions when
phenolphthalein remains colourless. dissolved in water
Reason : Phenolphthalein is an acid base indicator.
 EBD_7042
B-132 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) — CHEMISTRY
47. Which of the following is correct definition of Aqua regia? 49. On the basis of following features identify the correct
(1) It is a mixture of three parts hydrochloric acid and one substance
part nitric acid (I) It is sour in taste
(2) It is a mixture of three parts nitric acid and one part (II) It occurs in vinegar solution
hydrochloric acid (III) It is used in food items like pickles, jams, sauces etc
(3) It is a mixture of three parts sulphuric acid and one part (1) Formic acid (2) Acetic acid
hydrochloric acid (3) Lactic acid (4) Tartaric acid
(4) It is a mixture of three parts hydrochloric acid and one 50. On the basis of following features identify the correct
part sulphuric acid substance
Feature Based MCQ (I) It is sour in taste
(II) It occurs naturally in grapes, tamarind etc.
48. On the basis of following features identify the correct group (III) It is a constituent of baking powder.
of materials (1) Formic acid (2) Acetic acid
(I) They are corrosive in nature (3) Lactic acid (4) Tartaric acid
(II) They have wide industrial applications 51. On the basis of following featues identify the correct base
(III) They have sour toste (I) It is non metal containing compound.
(IV) They furnish hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous (II) It ionized only partially in aqueous solution
solutions (1) B(OH)3 (2) NH4OH
(1) Acids (2) Bases (3) NaOH (4) Ba(OH)2
(3) Salts (4) Metals

&
Exercise 1 35. (4) Phenolphthalein gives color in basic media. It gives pink
colour.
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (2) 36. (3)
4. (2) Alkali is a base which are water soluble. 37. (3) As HNO3 is a mineral acid.
5. (3) Sodium hydroxide being a base neturalises the acid. 38. (4)
6. (3) 39. (3) When lemon juice is mixed with milk the milk turns sour and
7. (1) NaCl solution in water is neutral i.e., pH = 7, the same as changes into 'paneer'. The properties of milk are completely
that of distilled water as NaCl is a salt of strong acid and different from that of 'paneer'.
strong base. 40. (2) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base while ammonium
8. (3) The blue colour of pH paper indicates basic nature of hydroxide (NH4OH) is a weak base. Water is neutral in
solution. Only sodium hydrogen carbonate solution show
nature, neither acidic nor basic.
basic nature, all others are acidic.
41. (4) All acids are sour in taste, like tartaric acid in tamarind and acetic
9. (2) Litmus paper does not give any information about the pH
acid in vinegar while all bases are bitter in taste like baking soda.
values.
42. (2) Bases soluble in water are called alkalis. Only the oxides of
10. (3) It can be for entire pH range.
11. (3) Gastric juice is acidic. sodium, potassium, and calcium are soluble in water, so
12. (4) these form sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide and
13. (3) NH4OH as it is not get completely ionized in aqueous calcium hydroxide. These are the strongest bases.
solution. 43. (3) The third statement is wrong because acid reacts with metal
14. (1) 15. (4) 16. (3) 17. (2) carbonates to form metallic salt, carbon dioxide gas and water
18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (1) 44. (4) Acid rain is caused due to increased pollution in the air. The
21. (1) NaNO3 as it is a salt of strong acid and strong base. Ca(OH)2 poisonous gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide and
is a base CuSO4.5H2O is a salt of weak base and strong acid nitrogen dioxide react with water to form sulphuric acid,
while NaHCO3 is a salt of strong base and weak acid so they carbonic acid and nitric acid respectively.
all effects litmus. 45. (2) Acidic soil is harmful for the plants as the plants cannot
22. (1) grow well in it. So the soil is neutralized by adding a base,
23. (2) Na2CO3 when react with water form strong base and weak calcium oxide (CaO)
acid. So its aqueous solution is highly basic and thus it has 46. (2) The sting of an ant contains formic acid. Its effect can be
highest pH. neutralized by rubbing moist baking soda on the affected
24. (4) Less the pH, more acidic is the solution. The pH of acid B is part.
2.5 which is minimum. 47. (1) Natural indicator is obtained from lichens and is purple in
25. (3) 26. (2) 27. (2) 28. (4) colour. It turns acidic solution red and basic solution blue.
29. (1) 30. (1) 31. (2) 32. (2) 48. (1) Usually the factory wastes are acidic in nature and are
33. (3) neutralized by adding basic substances. The acidic waste
34. (2) It gives H+ ions which combine with water to produce H3O+ can kill fishes when released in water bodies.
ions and Cl– ions
Acids, Bases and Salts B-133
49. (3) Vinegar is acetic acid and baking soda is sodium hydrogen Exercise 2
carbonate (a base). Whenever an acid reacts with a metal 1. (1)
carbonate it produces carbon dioxide gas. 2. (2) HCl and NaOH are strong acid and strong base respectively
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 ¾¾ ® CH3COONa + H2O + CO2 as they get completely dissociated in aqueous solution. HCN
50. (3) Bases turn red litmus to blue, magnesium hydroxide is also a and NH4OH are weak acid and weak base respectively as
base which turns red litmus blue. they get only partially ionized in aqueous solution. Distilled
51. (1) Due to the corrosive nature of concentrated acid, dilute acid water is neutral.
is used. As the concentrated sulphuric acid can cause severe 3. (4) 4. (1) 5. (3)
burns because it can get splashed while boiling. 6. (1) 7. (1) 8. (1)
52. (3) Acids on reaction with sulphites and bisulphites produces 9. (1) KNO3 solution is neutral.
sulphur dioxide. 10. (1) Acid or base dilution is exothermic in nature.
Na 2SO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) ¾¾
® 11. (3) Bee sting contains formic acid white enamel on our teeth is
Sodium sulphite hydrochloric acid made up of calcium phosphate.
12. (3) 13. (2)
2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) +SO 2 (g) ­ 14. (4) HCl is acid thus will not change colour of red litmus. Lactic
sodiumchloride water sulphuri dioxide
acid is organic acid and milk of magnesia is antacid.
53. (4) Acid rain effects all of them. Acid rain corrodes historical 15. (3) 16. (2)
monuments and marble structures. Acid rain alter the pH of 17. (2) Phenolphthalein turns pink in basic media.
water bodies by making it more acidic thus affects acquatic 18. (2)
plants and animals. 19. (2) It is a characteristic of bases.
54. (4) Sodium bisulphate (NaHSO4) and potassium bisulphite 20. (3) Since for strong acids (Completely ionised) only
(KHSO3) both are acidic salts. concentration is the measure of strength but for weak
55. (3) 56. (2) 57. (3) (incompletely ionised) acids both degree of ionisation and
58. (4) Basic solutions are conducting in nature. Conduction depends concentration will be required.
on the number of hydroxide ions produced when dissolved 21. (2) Phosphorous acid is H3PO3 which has two replaceable H+
in water. ions.
59. (3) This reaction is exothermic i.e. Heat is evolved 22. (1) It is prepared by passing chlorine gas over slaked lime.
HCl + NaOH ® NaCl + H2O + Heat Ca(OH) 2 + Cl 2 ¾¾ ® CaOCl2 + H 2 O
60. (3) Ant or bee sting contains formic acid 23. (2) It contains about 36% of available chlorine.
61. (2) 24. (4) It is because of action of CO2 in atmosphere
62. (4) HCl + NaOH ¾¾ ® NaCl + H2O + Heat 2CaOCl 2 + 2CO 2 ¾¾ ® 2CaCO 3 + 2Cl2 + O 2
63. (3) 64. (4) 25. (1) 26. (4) 27. (3) 28. (1)
65. (2) Acid burns should be neutralised with mild bases like 29. (2) As base turns red litmus blue.
NaHCO3. Neutralizing acid spills with strong bases, such as 30. (1) Acid turns blue litmus red.
NaOH can cause a violent exothermic reaction, and the base 31. (3) Both salt and water are neutral towards litmus.
itself can cause just as much damage as the original acid spill. 32. (1) Z is either water or salt, both of which can be obtained from
66. (2) the reaction between acid and a base. Since X is a base and Y
67. (3) NaCl + H2O + CO2 + NH3 ¾¾
® NH4Cl + NaHCO3 is an acid, Z can be obtained from the reaction between X
Baking soda and Y.
heat 33. (1) In basic medium phenolphthalein turns pink.
2NaHCO3 ¾¾¾ ® Na2CO3+ H2O + CO2 34. (1) Strength of an acid depends upon the number of hydrogen
Na2CO3 + 10 H2O ¾¾ ® Na2CO3.10 H2O ions they furnish in aqueous solutions. Since acetic acid
Sodium carbonate Hydrated sodium furnish only small amount of hydrogen ion in aqueous
carbonate solutions this is considered as weak acid.
(washing soda) 35. (3) The portion of body where ant bite is nibbed with moist
68. (3) baking soda.
69. (3) NaOH being strong base furnish OH– ions in solution. Which 36. (1) As factory wastes are acidic in nature there direct dischare
are responsible for electrolytic condition into water bodies results into damage of aquatic life. Therefore
70. (2) before discharging of acidic waste is neutralised with addition
71. (3) Though HCl gas is a covalent compound, in the aqueous of bases.
solution it ionizes to form H+ (aq) and Cl– (aq) ions. 37. (2)
72. (4) 73. (1) 38. (1)
39. (4) Concentrated sulphuric acid can be diluted by adding acid
74. (2) HCl + NaOH ¾¾ ® NaCl + H2O dropwise to water. This will minimise the heat evolved during
75. (3) H+ ions here responsible for electrolytic conductance and the reaction.
completes the circuit. 40. (3) In aqueous solution Na2CO3 forms NaOH (strong base) and
76. (3) 77. (2) 78. (3) carbonic acid (H2CO3). Therefore, it is basic in nature.
79. (1) Lemon juice contains citric acid. Stomach juice contains HCl Na2CO3 + 2H2O ¾¾ ® 2NaOH + H2CO3
vinegar contains CH3COOH. Washing soda solution and (Strong base) (Weak acid)
toothpaste are basic. 41. (4) A solution of NH3 in water turns red litmus blue since it is of
80. (2) basic nature.
81. (3) Neutralisation reaction results into formation of salt and 42. (1) 43. (1) 44. (2) 45. (2)
water which are neutral. 46. (3) 47. (1) 48. (1) 49. (2)
NaOH + HCl ¾¾ ® NaCl + H2O 50. (4) 51. (2)