University of Nueva Caceres

College of Engineering and Architecture

Naga City, Camarines Sur

PRACTICUM
(On-the-Job Training)

Francis Philippe C. Cariño

Student

Engr. Dino Jose Relativo

Instructor
Table of Contents

I. Introduction
A. General Introduction
B. Background of the company
C. Vision of the company
D. Mission of the company
E. Permits
II. Experiences
A. How we get in to the company
B. Duties assigned
a) The sections we worked on
C. Project Profile
D. Discussion
III. Materials and Equipment Used
i. For road construction
ii. For house remodelling
IV. Weekly Construction Logbook
V. Assessment
i. Experiences Gained
ii. Technical Practical Skills benefitted from our course:
iii. Recommendations
iv. Conclusion
VI. References
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. General Introduction

A program offered to 5th-year students by the University of Nueva Caceres of the

College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, which forms the foundation for the
development of capacity building and competitiveness of industries in the field of
Engineering and technology. This On the Job (OJT) training is a practical approach to
acquiring new competencies and skills needed for a job in a real, or close to real,
working environment. It can give students to develop their four-year theoretical
background to a practical one. This course takes a one-semester long time, starting from
June to the end of August this School Year 2021.

B. Background of the Company

This report has been written because it is essential and a must to senior students like us
to expose in a real and practical application of what we learnt in our time with class.

In this OJT, we have selected the PEU Construction and Supply as our employer.

PEU Construction and Supply is multidisciplinary involved in wholesale, retail, and

construction. The company’s activities is based on a well-defined corporate culture
highlighted by the following value.

 The confidence of its customers won as a result of company’s commitment to

guaranteeing their satisfaction with quality acquired.
 That all activities must be based on the respect on environments and the
sustainable development of the society.
 The commitment to perform high quality construction works with activities
participation of team of dedication skill professionals.

The staffs working on site and in the office are well qualified and experienced in
different field of construction.

In addition structure of company allows flexibility and adjustability to fit demanding

environment, timely and well-planned of the supply of the resources is an asset that
company developed throughout its past career.
C. Vision of the company

As a growing company, PEU Construction and Supply has boost the company’s
equipment management capacity by overcoming the apparent problem of shortage of
construction supply and lack of adequate and efficient facility of construction in the
country.

D. Mission of the company

 Deliver quality services to the satisfaction of clients.
 Provide context oriented engineering solution to civil works project to be carried out in
the country and abroad.

E. Permits
 II. EXPERIENCES

A. How we get into the company

After we finished our second semester this SY 2020-2021 and completed all of the
requirements, we were asked by our classmates if we will take the OJT. Before we are
employed in the company, we asked our good friend/classmate/cooperator/supervisor,
Mr. Uni M. De Velez if they have work on their office or site concerned to us. We also
contacted our friend, Ms. Glaisa Asilo, who is also working with the company (PEU
Construction and Supply) and they happily accepted our request.

Our cooperator told us we will learn a lot about the design and construction from them.
He gave us orientation about the whole activities for the day which are done on our intern
time. We enjoyed wider recognition, virtual experience with what types of works are done
on the site. We were also advised that we will gain knowledge from the terms used by our
workers related to the construction of roads and houses. Moreover, working under them
is always welcome.

In this OJT, we have chosen the online or virtual type of training.

B. Duties assigned

We have been working on the side of our cooperator and our role was only limited to and
practically understanding the job.

The sections we worked on:

 Learn to check drawing design and estimation on roof works;
 Visit site (we were encourage to at least visit them);
 Learn on managing of construction work;
 Learn on construction sequence; and
 Work being done from materials and by methods specified in the specification.

C. Project Profile

A.
Project Client: LGU of Pili
Project Description: Construction of Access Road section with shoulder on both sides
Project Location: Hacienda Salamat-Maligaya, Cadlan, Pili, Camarines Sur
Project Cost: approx. more than P5,000,000.00
Schedule of the construction: June 1- July 9, 2021
 B.
Project Client: Robertson Builders and Construction Supply
Project Description: Remodelling of Staff’s House
Project Location: Brgy. Del Rosario, Naga City, Camarines Sur
Project Cost: approx. P1,500,000.00
Schedule of the construction: June 15- August 13, 2021

D. Discussion

A. Construction of 1200m road in Hacienda Salamat, Pili

Top Soil

Top soil was removed on site where road construction is taken

place. This is done to a considerable depth sufficient to prevent growth of trees or

stumps. The removal of all unwanted soils, structures, and obstructions, to a considerable
depth and the consequent transportation of it to an offsite.
Grading

Grading generally involves the process of restoring the driving surface of a gravel or
natural surface road to a desired smoothness or shape by removing irregularities and
corrugations and potholes and redistributing the soil or gravel. This helps in the
redistribution of soil material across the road surface to the desired slope required for
channeling flood.

Compaction of sub base layer

After grading the road, the compaction machine is used to compact the loose soil
materials. This is done by the application of pressure (force on a given area) on the soil. In
the course of our project, all our compaction works were done by roller machine.
Application of stone base

Since maximum stress intensity is at the base level, highest quality of material is
incorporated. Crushed stone (Item 201) is then brought in; this would act as the base of
the road. The stone base is obtained by breaking down or crushing rock. After which the
applied stone is then graded using the grader. This was immediately follow by the
compaction of the base stone using the roller machine.
Placement of lumber formworks

A lumber formwork was brought on site in which the casting would be done. The
formworks were then placed across the road. It would serve as the support for the fresh
concrete while concrete casting would be on-going. After which, steel rods (16mm in
diameter) where placed inside the form in order to obtain the concrete.

Transporting of concrete

The method of transporting concrete from concrete mixer to the working place depends
on the size of the job at which the concrete is to be placed. The quick transportation is
essential.
 Casting of concrete

This involves all the steps taking during the placing of concrete. It should be noted that
the batching and mixing of concrete was done off-site by a contracting firm which
specializes in such. The mixed concrete is then transported to site and then placed in the
already laid form with steel rods.

After placing the concrete, immediately were:

 Screeding- this levels the concrete with the top of the forms and begins the process of
forcing the larger aggregate below the surface. The goal is to spread level out marks in
combined longitudinal and transversal motion using shovel and a screed.
 Floating and trowelling of the surface to smooth and compact it.
 Brooming- this involves dragging a broom acroos the partially hardened concrete to
leave a rough texture that gives traction in slippery conditions. We used the wooden
push broom with nails as its bristles.

 Curing of cement concrete- this involves the controlling of the rate and extent of
moisture loss from the concrete during cement hydration. It is achieved by continuously
 wetting the exposed surfaces thereby preventing the loss of moisture from it. We
utilized water through a hose as sprinkler.

Theory

A road pavement is a structure whose primary aim is to support traffic loads and transmit
them to the basement soil after reducing the stresses below the level that can be
supported by the soil. There are fundamentally two types of pavements based on design
considerations, they are flexible and rigid pavement.
The pavement construction we executed was the construction of concrete pavement
called rigid pavement. The design is based on providing a structural cement concrete slab
of sufficient strength to resist loads of traffic. The rigid pavement has rigidity and a high
modulus of elasticity to distribute the load over the relatively area of soil. In the design of
rigid pavement, the flexural strength is the major factor and not the strength of sub-
grade. It is worthy of note that concrete has the following advantages which are quite a
plus on its use for pavement construction. It has many environmental advantages,
including durability, longevity, heat storage capability, and chemical inertness.
Criteria for design:
 Ability to be cast
 Fire resistant
 On-site fabrication
 Low maintenance
 Chemically inert concrete doesn’t require paint to achieve a given color
 Needs little or no finish for final treatments

As we worked on different sites, construction materials were similar to each other but the
most crucial issue is regarding the tests for the quality assurance. We found that the tests
were either conducted made by the engineers in the batching plant.

Compressive strength test

For every concrete mix, 2500 psi is the compressive strength used in the concrete. All
tests were conducted in the batching plant in Robertson’s Builder and Construction
Supply.

Criteria for design:

 Function- the structure should give any of the services it was intended for. It
should be possible to have unrestricted and unhindered use of the structure for
the purpose for which it is built. Crack, deflection and vibration of the structure
should be within the service limits.
 Safety- the structure should be safe against any possible failure during its intended
time of use. It should fulfill requirements set by building codes. It should follow the
codes of practice for loading, materials, design and construction.
  Durability- the structure should be able to stand for a time it is intended to serve
for.
 Economy- the design work should take into account not only the cost of materials
but also the applicability, the time required to build, the cost of temporary
structures, the cost of maintenance.
 Appearance- it should have a satisfying appearance/ look. The design should
consider the effect of cracking, leaking, staining, flaking, etc.

Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)

Ratio proportioning:

1 part Portland Cement: 2 part gravel rock: 4 medium sand (Type 1 OPC)

The Portland Cement is ideal for general construction which ensures increased strength
and durability over time. Commonly, it is ideal for constructions such as roads,
pavements, bridges, foundations, columns and slabs, and all other applications where
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is used.

B. House Remodelling at Robertson’s Staff House

Concrete work

The activity we reached was plastering of concrete on the wall. For all structural works
(column, walls, beams, and slab) an ordinary Portland cement was used. Likewise, for
interior masonry works we used Pozzolan concrete mixture.

Floor Layering

During the flooring, I raised a number of questions, particularly observing installation of

tiles. For example, the importance of tapping the tiles with a hammer to eliminate any
unevenness and fill the joints between the tiles with cement.

Wall Plastering

Plaster is a mixture of sand, Portland cement and water which is normally applied to
masonry interiors and exteriors to achieve a smooth surface. The cement plaster for the
entire wall is applied in single coat with thickness of 16 mm.
 Roofing system

The roof is to be constructed with a slab and pre-assembled truss member. For roof
covering in the storage room, the truss used has been galvanized steel zinc for rusting and
corrugated steel sheet.

Project Details of the house

All rooms (including bedroom, storage room, etc.)

Flooring Glazed ceramic floor tiles 30 cm x 30 cm

Wall Finish Interior grade paint on plaster
Ceiling Interior grade paint on plaster
Lighting Standard makes and brands

Toilet

Flooring Porcelain tiles

Wall Finish Interior grade paint on plaster
Ceiling Interior grade paint on plaster
Lighting Standard makes and brands
Kitchen

Flooring Glazed ceramic floor tiles 30 cm x 30 cm

Modular kitchen Standards makes and brands
Counter Granite
Wall Finish Interior grade paint on plaster
Ceiling Interior grade paint on plaster
Lighting Standard makes and brand

External Wall Finish

External Wall Finish Exterior grade paint on plaster

Doors and Windows

Main Entrance Door Polished Hardwood frame with polished panel

door
Internal Door Painted Hardwood frame with painted panel
door
Windows Frame windows with clear glass

Electrical Wiring and Installation

Fixtures and fittings Modular switches/sockets, distribution boxes

and circuit breakers from standard makes and
brands.
Wiring Adequate provision for light points, fan points,
receptacles, and power in all rooms
Points Electrical points for airconditioners in
bedroom and living room

Theory

Renovation simply means to make an object like new. In other words, buildings or poorly
maintained houses are sometimes considered to be in state of disrepair. To renovate a
house or building means to resurrect that structure from state of disrepair.

Remodel means “to change the structure or form of something”. If we are looking to
remodel our house, we’re looking to change the appearance of it. If we’re looking to
renovate our house, we’re looking to repair or update it.

Portland Pozzolan Cement (PPC)

 Ratio proportioning:

1 part Portland Cement: 2 part gravel rock: 4 fine sand

The Portland Pozzolan Cement are combined with silicate based materials and calcium
hydroxide to form a compound reaction possessing cementitious properties. It is ideal for
general construction which does not required high early strength.

According to cement.org, typical concrete sets in about 6 hours and develop a

compressive strength of 8MPa in 24 hours.The strength rises to 15 MPa at 3 days, 23 MPa
at 1 week, 35 MPa at 4 weeks, and 41 MPa at 3 months. In principle, the strength
continues to rise slowly as long as water is available for continued hydration.

Innovation

-------------------------
 III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT USED

A. For Road Construction

I. Materials
 Crushed Gravel G1:
 crushed, washed, and screened to size
 sized 20mm to 40mm
 All faces are fractured faces
 Liquid limit shall not exceed 25. Plastic Index shall not exceed 5. Shrinkage
limit shall not exceed 2%
 With 88% of relative density.
 Sand:
 Cement: Ordinary Portland Cement
 Water: Tap or clean free of hazardous substance
 Madrigal Sand:
 Should pass a sieve with size of 3” and not more than 15 mass percent will
pass the No.200 seive,
 Liquid limit is 25. Plastic Index is 5.2.
 CBR Value is 41.
 Soil classification is silty soil

II. Equipment and Machines

For structure:

 Concrete Mixer Truck

These are machine used for mixing and transporting of concrete. It mixes sand, granite
(fine and coarse aggregate) and cement with water in the right proportions.
 Concrete vibrator
It is used to compact and settle freshly poured concrete during pours.
 Concrete saw
Is a tool used for cutting and create control joints on the concrete after it hardened.
 Concrete finishing broom
It is used to create a slip-resistant texture on the surface of the concrete. It comes in
various sizes and the block that holds the bristles is usually made from wood. Bristle
materials tend to be made from nails to produce finishes in the concrete.
 Plastic Leveling Tube
It is used to transfer a vertical level across a distance.
 Wheelbarrow
They are used to convey materials to locations where they are needed at the site.
 Shovel
Is a tool for digging, lifting, spreading, and moving materials, such as soil, gravel, and
cement. Most shovels are hand tools consisting of broad blade fixed to a medium-length
handle. It is made from sheet steel or hard plastics and are very strong.
 Bucket
Is a tool used for carrying water and mixed concrete.
 Screed
Is a tool used for leveling and smoothing out the excess concrete mixture.
 Wooden float board
A tool used to smooth and level the surface immediately after it is screeded. Floats are
made from a long pole for reaching across the form to filling small voids and smoothing
areas close to the edges.
 Vapor Barriers (Trapal)
A sheet used to retard or stop moisture from evaporating from concrete surfaces, which
weakens the concrete, and helps prevent concrete to dry when curing.
 Power hand drills
Are tools for finishing tasks, such as drilling holes on the concrete.

For earth work:

 Backhoe w/grader
A tractor like unit fitted with a loader-style shovel/bucket on the front used to carry light
transportation of materials, excavation, landscaping, etc., and a very long blade grader
on the back to create a flat surface during grading process
 Roller
This machine is designed to consolidate filling materials, to compact surface finishes.
 Plate compactor
A machine used to compress surfaces, such as gravel or sub-base, to create a dense,
tightly packed surface for the concrete slab to rest on.
 Dump Truck
A heavy machinery used to transport large volumes of loose materials such as dirt, sand,
and wastes.

B. For House Remodelling

 I. Materials
 Crushed Gravel G1:
 crushed, washed, and screened to size
 sized 20mm to 40mm
 All faces are fractured faces
 Liquid limit shall not exceed 25. Plastic Index shall not exceed 5. Shrinkage limit
shall not exceed 2%
 With 88% of relative density.
 Sand:
 Cement: Ordinary Portland and Pozzolan cement packed in original package
 Water: Tap or clean free of hazardous substance

II. Tools and equipment

 Trowel
It is used to apply the plaster onto the surface and to even the materials out for a
smooth finish.
 Paint brush
Is a tool used to apply paint onto surface. It is usually made by clamping bristles to a
handle with a ferrule.
 Screeder
Is a tool used to help smooth out concrete once you have put it where it needs to be.
 Bucket
Is a tool used for carrying water and mixed concrete.
 Hammer
It is used to chip out excess chunks of plaster and to re-secure or remove problem
pieces.
 Spackle knife
It is used to knock down chunks of plaster before applying the paint.
 Hawk
A flat surface tool with a handle used for carrying wet plaster. It helps the plasterer get
the mud onto a trowel evenly and cleanly

WEEKLY ACTIVITY LOGBOOK

 Week 1

Date: June 15- June 18, 2021

I. Scope of the week:

Paving of Portland Cement Concrete (PCCP) on the Road Construction Area

II. Task Completed:

Paving of 300m to 600m section of cement concrete

III. Activities performed:

Figure 1 : From top-left to bottom-right, a) Preparation of the subgrade and the sub base soil, b) Compaction using roller, c)
Workers spreading the surface, d) Laying of concrete, e) Spreading, f) Floating, and g) Troweling.

IV. Method
 The construction of cement concrete road is provided with a layer of well-graded soil-
gravel mixture with a thickness of 150 mm. It is cleaned, shaped, and leveled with a
backhoe w/grader. The forms are made from lumber and are properly braced and fixed.
After the forms are fixed, the foreman will check for their actual measurement or
“trueness”. For an average of 40 minutes, the concrete is transported to the site from the
batching plant (Robertson’s Construction). Before the concrete is applied, the prepared
surface is made sprinkled with as much as the quantity of water to moist. The mixed
concrete is deposited rapidly on the sub-grade in a layer of thickness as the height of the
form. It is placed over the entire width of the bay in continuous flow until it is laid out
higher than the actual profile. While placing the concrete, it is rounded with tools to
eliminate voids but it should be laid to the required camber and gradient. The concrete is
brought in its proper position by heavy screed. After compaction, the entire slab surface is
floated longitudinally with a wooden float board. After floating, the surface is done by
drawing brushes at right angles to the centerline from edge to edge before the concrete
becomes hard. Initial curing is done after 24 hrs. By this time, the concrete becomes hard
enough to walk upon. Crowbars are then used in removing the forms and concrete sawing
is done 24 hrs after concrete pouring water.

V. Challenges we had encountered:

 All communications rely on technology such as texting and chatting to stay in touch with
our cooperators. Since we are practicing our OJT virtually, we are forced to stay at home
and find our way of communicating using Facebook Messenger as means.

 Jobsite’s safety. The virus puts a spotlight on the importance of worker health and
safety, and employers responded by implementing new Jobsite policies such as 100%
mask, and top-to-bottom disinfections of Jobsite, particularly, on tools and machinery.
Distancing will be the norm. Knowing the present danger of COVID-19, the need for social
distancing requires our workers to keep their distance 3 feet (1m) away from each other.
However, the implementation of protocols is hard for our workers to practice since they
believe that the COVID-19 in the area/site is not present and is less likely to affect them.

 It was difficult to gather information or data at any time considering we have so many
time and communication with our cooperator. We are inclined to make strategies (i.e
using digital technology, taking notes, using excel as for our logbook) to complete the
requirements for the day.
Week 2

Date: June 21-25, 2021

 I. Scope of the week:

Paving of Portland Cement Concrete (PCCP) on the Road Construction Area

II. Task Completed:

Paving of 600m to 867.33m section of cement concrete

III. Activities performed:

Figure 2: From top-left to bottom-right, a) Measurements taken on the height of the surface, b) Removing of formworks, c)
Delivery of concrete from the batching plant, d) Spreading, e) Screeding, f) Floating, g) Troweling, and h) Brooming.

IV. Challenges we had encountered:

 The rainy season has officially started this month of June. As the season starts,
intermittent heavy rains (caused by Thunderstorms) experience every afternoon. Most of
the time rainfall occurs when we are on the period of drying out the concrete, therefore
we prepare to cover it out with covers (called “Trapal”).

 Bad weather has a tremendous impact on the construction progress. It often leads to
complete suspension and delay due to saturated and unworkable soils. The heavy
downpour of rain during the construction work made work difficult. As it would get so
heavy that work would have to be suspended until it subsides. After an intense rainfall on
the afternoon of June 25, the rainwater is clogged on the surface of soil base creating a
rise on the water table. Since there is water present on the surface there is a need to
stabilize the soil by adding of soil mixed with gravel (Item 201). The inclement weather for
the past few days not only affected the condition of the soil but also the productivity of
the construction.

 Additionally, the rain produced a swelling on the ground to sometimes depression or

grooves when wheels travel on the road. Before we start to grade and level out the
surface we determine first the height of the ground and check if there is a need to
supplement soil on the depress areas. In some cases, we add Madrigal sand on the ground
to equalize the height and aligned it to the surface.
 Week 3

Date: June 28-July 2, 2021

I. Scope of the week:

Paving of Portland Cement Concrete (PCCP) on the Road Construction Area and Road
shouldering

II. Task Completed:

Paving of 867.33m to 1200m section of cement concrete and application of 0m to 500m

road shoulder

III. Activities performed:

Figure 3: From top-left to bottom-right, a) Preparation of the location, b) Installation of formworks, c) Setting of concrete on
the section, d) Spreading and screeding, e) Measurement of the width of the road, f) Another concrete transit delivered, g)
Spreading, and h) Final activity of the day was concrete cutting and application of asphalt on joints.
Figure 4: From top to bottom, a) Preparation of road shoulders on one side, b) Soil for road shouldering, and c) a backhoe
transporting the dirt.

IV. Method

Road Shouldering

The construction of road shoulders is provided with a layer of well-graded soil gravel
(gravel size of 1”). The material is delivered to the site by a dump truck sourced out from
the same supplier of concrete. Before the gravel is placed, the backhoe will remove any
debris and obstructions and should be free from vegetation. It is graded to the point of a
height of 150 mm. The gravel is then laid out, spread by shovels, and is leveled steeper on
the height of the road for the water to drain easily.

V. Challenges we had encountered:

 Since it is virtual work, distractions keep us away when working at home. Distractions
affect our productivity when doing tasks (i.e Estimate) although all of us are always
prepared. We may never achieve the same focus and productivity as what is done in a
face-to-face practicum. However, we made it mandatory that we set a time for our
specific working hours. This initially was ignored since everybody is busy and can’t be
online every time thus it took us so long to respond on Facebook Messenger with our
cooperator.

 The weather over the week made an impact on our construction for several reasons.
The ground became sodden and the water rises slightly that there is a presence of
flooding over the side of the road (Shoulder). This causes problems in providing a dry
environment with our application of gravel (Item 201). We attempt to add excess soil on
the wet surface to cover since we do not have pumps to remove water as quickly as
possible.
 Week 4

Date: July 5-9, 2021

I. Scope of the week:

Road Shouldering and other activities

II. Task Completed:

Completion of 500m to 1200m road shoulder

III. Activities performed daily:

Figure 5: From top-left to bottom-right, a) Removal of debris, b) Concrete cutting on the center line, c) Delivery of soil for
shoulder and madrigal sand, and d) Workers working on spreading the soil.
 Figure 6: The finished access road in Hacienda Salamat-Maligaya, Cadlan, Pili

IV. Challenges we had encountered:

 Worker’s safety was not observed during the final phase of the construction. Some of
them are without PPEs while working in the site. We also learned that one of our worker
had a mild fever (due to the inclement weather), in consideration of so much action on
the safety because of COVID19.

 The slope is highly dependent on the materials available. Since there are frequent
rainfalls in the afternoon, the soils became highly saturated particularly in areas that are
 lowest to the ground. Application of gravel onto the area tends to be more difficult since
reshaping is frequently done before placing the gravel.

 Procrastination. It is one of the reason why we tend to be feeling unmotivated while

doing our practicum. We experience difficulties in staying engage with our online class
and even affected making progress on our report. Switching from traditional face to face
class to virtual classroom makes learning experience entirely different for us. We find it
difficult to adapt.


 Week 5

Date: July 12 – 17, 2021

I. Scope of the Week:

Site visit of Inspector, Site Engineer, and Internal Audit on the Road Construction

II. Activities:

Figure 7: From top-left going bottom, a) an engineer using a surveyor’s wheel to measure the length of the road, and b) a
copy of a checklist for internal auditing.
 Week 6

Date: July 19 – 24 , 2021

I. Scope of the week:

House remodelling of Robertson Builders and Construction Supply’s Staff House

II. Task Completed:

Interior walls in the

III. Activities:

Figure 8: From top-left to bottom right, a) Plastering of wall , b) installation of PVCs for sewerage , d) installation of
modular kitchen and fixtures, e) a worker cutting the slab concrete, and f) fitting of bathroom fixtures.

III. Challenges encountered:

 Problems were encountered concerning with the plan of the house. It was stated
there will be no dirty kitchen/storage room in the house. Since then they were never
given occupational permit due to the reasons of alteration in the plan.
 Week 7

Date: July 26 – 31, 2021

I. Scope of the day/ Week:

House remodelling of Robertson Builders and Construction Supply’s Staff House

II. Activities:

Figure 9:
 Week 8

Date: August 2-7, 2021

I. Scope of the day/ Week:

House Remodelling of Robertson Builders and Construction Supply’s Staff House

II. Activities:

Figure 10: From top-left to bottom-right, a) Pre-assembled truss, b) Window, c) Painting, d) Door installation, e)
Kitchen modular , and f) slabbing of building setback.
 Week 9

Date: August 9-13, 2021

III. Scope of the day/ Week:

IV. Activities: