TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

1.1 ENTHAPHY CHANGES OF REACTIONS

1. Enthalpy change, ΔH, depends on
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92.4 kJ

a) Stoichiometry of the equation

2N2(g) + 6H2(g) → 4NH3(g) ΔH = -92.4 X 2 = - 184.8 kJ

b) The direction of reaction

2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = + 92.4 kJ

2. Formula of enthalpy change, ΔH

ΔH reaction = ∑ΔHproducts – ∑ΔH reactants

3. The standard enthalpy changes of reaction, ΔH○, is measured under the following standard
conditions.
a) Temperature = 25ᵒC
b) Pressure (gases) = 1 atm or 101 325 Pa
c) Concentration (solutions) = 1.0 mol dm-3
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

4. The table describe the difference between endothermic and exothermic processes.

PROCESS ENDOTHERMIC EXOTHERMIC

DEFINITION Process absorbs heat and results in a Process releases heat and results in a
increase in the enthalpy of the systems. decrease in the enthalpy of the systems.

ΔH
since ∑ΔHproducts > ∑ΔH reactants Since ∑ΔHproducts < ∑ΔH reactants

ENERGY
PROFILE
DIAGRAM

TEMPERTURE, Since heat is absorbed by system, the Since heat is released from system, the
Ɵ surrounding become cooler. surrounding become warmer.
T is decreased. T is increased.

EXAMPLES OF
PROCESS
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

5. Standard enthalpy changes

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHᵒf

 The enthalpy of formation of an element is zero

 (i) A negative ∆Hᵒf means the compound formed is energetically more stable than its elements
(ii) The more negative the ∆Hᵒf, the more stable the compound formed.
Na(s) + 1/2 F2(g) → NaF(s) ΔHᵒf = -573 kJ mol-1 (more negative), > stable compound
Na(s) + 1/2 Cl2(g) → NaCl(s) ΔHᵒf = -414 kJ mol-1

 Kinetic stability
Diamond is energetically less stable than graphite.
C (diamond) C (graphite) ΔHᵒf = -2 kJ mol-1
However, the rate of change of diamond to graphite is very low because the activation energy
required for the conversion is very high. Diamond is said to have kinetic stability.

Exercise 1
Write the equation for the standard enthalpy change of formation for the following
compounds

Solution:
Compounds Equation for enthalpy change of formation
(i) Al2O3(s)

(ii) NH3(g)

(iii) CuCO3(s)

(iv) C6H12O6(s)

(v) CO2(g) C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

(vi) H2O(l) H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → H2O(l)

Exercise 2
Given the enthalpy change formation for nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide are +46.0
kJ mol-1 and +33.0 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy change of the following
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

reaction

Solution:

Equation :

Enthalpy change, ΔHreaction = ∑ΔHproducts – ∑ΔH reactants

Exercise 3
One of the most important process in Ostwald process is described in the thermochemical
equation below:
4 NH3 (g) + 5 O2 (g) → 4 NO(g) + 6H2O (l) ΔH = -1090.0 kJ
Given the enthalpy change of formation of nitrogen monoxide and water are +46.0 kJ mol -1
and -286.0 kJ mol-1, calculate the enthalpy change of formation of ammonia, NH3 (g).

Solution:
Enthalpy change, ΔHreaction = ∑ΔHproducts – ∑ΔH reactants

Standard enthalpy change of combustion ΔHᵒc

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

1. Heat change 2. Mol of substance 3. ΔH of reaction :

q = mcƟ mol = mass / Mr @ ΔH = q / mol
-1 -1
(c=specific heat capacity, Jg °C ) mol = MV /1000 (if q = in J, then /1000)
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

= + x kJ mol-1
q = CƟ (C = heat capacity, , J°C-1)

Exercise 4
400.0 cm3 of distilled water is filled in a copper cup with the initial temperature taken is 28.0 ᵒC.
When a spirit burner filled with 3.42 g of pentan-1-ol, C5H11OH is used to heat up the copper cup,
maximum temperature recorded is 83.0ᵒC. Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion for
pentan-1-ol. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g -1K-1)

Solution:
1. Heat change,

2. Mol of pentan-1-ol

3. Enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHc = q / mol

Exercise 5
The combustion of 0.625 g of benzoic acid causes the temperature of water in the bomb calorimeter
to increase by 2.30 K, while the combustion of 1.25 g of ethane-1,2-diol, CH 2(OH)CH2(OH) causes as
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

increase of 1.80 K. Calculate the ΔHᵒc for ethane-1,2-diol.

(Given ΔHᵒc for benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is 3239 kJ mol-1)

Solution:
1. Mol of benzoic acid

2. Heat change by benzoic acid,

3. Heat capacity of calorimeter, C

q = CƟ

4. Heat change of ethane-1,2-diol,

5. Mol of ethane-1,2-diol

6. Enthalpy change of combustion, ΔHc = q / mol

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 6
Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion for liquid butanone, C4H8O, given the enthalpy change
of formation for butanone, carbon dioxide and water are -670.0, -393.0 and -286.0 kJ mol -1
respectively.

Solution:
Equation :

Enthalpy change of combustion, , C4H8O

Standard enthalpy of neutralisation, ΔHneut

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Reaction between weak CH3COO-H (aq) + NaOH(aq) →CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)

acid and strong alkali (or ΔHneut = -55.2 kJ mol-1
strong acid – weak alkali) Reason :
ΔHneut < -57.3 kJ mol-1 Some heat is absorbed by weak acid molecules to break the O-H bond
strong acid in CH3COOH and break free H+ to react with OH-.
HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 Overall reaction is less expected exothermic than expected.

Reaction between H2SO4(aq) + 2KOH(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

polyprotic acid (more ΔHneut = --58.2 + (-54.6) kJ
ionisable H+ ions) and = -112.8 kJ
strong alkali
ΔHneut ≈ 2 X -57.3 kJ mol-1
(for diprotic acid) H3PO4 (aq) + 3KOH(aq) → K3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)

ΔHneut ≈ 3 X -57.3 kJ mol-1

(for triprotic acid)

Reaction between HF (aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaF(aq) + H2O(l) ΔHneut = -102 kJ mol-1

hydrofluoric acid, HF and
sodium hydroxide, NaOH Reason:
HF is a weak acid. But the reaction become more exothermic than
expected.
When HF is dissolved in water, H-F dissociate in water to form H+ and
F-. The enthalpy of hydration of the small fluoride ion is very
exothermic.
F-(g) + water →F-(aq) ΔH = -ve
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 7
50.0 cm3 of 2.00 M sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH is added to 50.0 cm 3 of 2.00 M of sulphuric acid
solution, H2SO4 in plastic cup at 29.0ᵒC. The temperature of the reaction raised to 42ᵒC. Calculate the
ΔHneut for the reaction above.
[Assume the density of water = 1 gcm-3; Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 Jg-1 ᵒC-1]

Solution:
Equation :

Step 1 :

= 5434 J = 5.434kJ

= - 54.3 kJ mol-1
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 8

A quantity of 100.0 cm3 of 0.500 M hydrochloric acid, HCl was mixed with 100.0 cm 3 of 0.500 M of
potassium hydroxide solution, KOH in a constant pressure calorimeter of negligible heat capacity. The
initial temperature of the HCl and KOH solutions was same, 22.50ᵒC, and the final temperature of the
mixture solutions was 25.86C. Calculate the enthalpy change for the neutralization, ΔHneut for the
reaction above.
[Assume the density of water = 1 gcm-3; Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 Jg-1 ᵒC-1]

Solution:
Equation :

Step 1 :
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Standard enthalpy of atomisation, ΔHatom

 Endothermic process since heat is absorbed to overcome the inter-atomic forces that hold
between each atoms. For example, metals – strong metallic bond, non-metals – covalent bond
 ΔHatom for noble gas (He, Ne, Kr, Xe) = O because already in monoatomic gas.

Equation to represent Standard enthalpy of atomisation, ΔHatom

Element Molecular compound
Heat absorbed when 1 mol of gaseous atom Heat absorbed when 1 mol of compound in
is formed from its element under standard the gaseous state is atomised to form
condition. individual gaseous elements.
(i) Magnesium, Mg(s) (i) Methane, CH4(g)
Mg(s) → Mg(g) CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g)
ΔHᵒatom = +166.8 kJ mol-1 ΔHᵒatom = +1664 kJ mol-1

(ii)Oxygen gas, O2(g)

½ O2(g) → O(g)
ΔHᵒatom = +249 kJ mol-1

 Enthalpy change of atomisation, for metals mostly solid such as Mg atom are the summation of
enthalpy change of fusion and enthalpy change of vapourisation.
Enthalpy change of fusion : Mg(s) → Mg(l) ΔHᵒfusion = +65.3 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy change of vapourisation : Mg(l) → Mg(g) ΔHᵒvap = +101.5 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy change of atomisation : Mg(s) → Mg(g) ΔHᵒatom = +166.8 kJ mol-1

 Bond energy / bond dissociation energy

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Definition : heat absorbed to break a covalent bond between a covalent compound.

 Calculation of enthalpy change of reactions using bond energy. Cannot use the formula
ΔH reaction = ∑ΔHfproducts – ∑ΔHf reactants

Exercise 9 Exercise 10

Silicon tetrachloride, SICl4 Chloroethane, CH3CH2Cl

2C(g) + 5H(g)

+ Cl (g)

Bond energy of Si-Cl is +359.0 kJ mol-1 Bond energy of

C-H is +410.0 kJ mol-1
Since SICl4 contains 4 Si-Cl, enthalpy change C-C is +350.0 kJ mol-1
reactions, ΔH reaction C-Cl is +340.0 kJ mol-1

Since CH3CH2Cl contain 5 C-H, 1 C-C and 1 C-Cl,

enthalpy change reactions, ΔH reaction

Ionisation energy, ΔHIE

First ionisation energy, 1st ΔHIE

Equation : Na(g) → Na+(g) + e- 1st ΔHIE Na = +494 kJ mol-1

F(g) → F+(g) + e- 1st ΔHIE F = +1680 kJ mol-1

Endothermic reaction because energy is required to overcome the electrostatic attraction forces
between outermost electron and nucleus of the atom.
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Second ionisation energy, 2nd ΔHIE

Equation : Na+(g) → Na2+(g) + e- 2nd ΔHIE Na = +4560 kJ mol-1

F+(g) → F2+(g) + e- 2nd ΔHIE F = +3370 kJ mol-1

The value of 2nd ΔHIE for all substance is higher than the 1st ΔHIE because more electrons are
removed, the effective nuclear charge increased gradually. More energies are required to remove
another mole of electron.

Unit for the summation of

1st ΔHIE and 2nd ΔHIE (also
known as successive I.E)
= kJ.
The per mol unit is NOT
applied as the number of
electrons removed is NOT
at ONE MOLE
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Enthalpy change of electron affinity, ΔHEA

First electron affinity, ΔHEA

Equation : O (g) + e- → O-(g)

1st ΔHEA O = -142 kJ mol-1

K (g) + e- → K-(g)
1st ΔHEA K= -48 kJ mol-1

Exothermic reaction because energy is released because

there are electrostatic attraction forces between electron
accepted and the nucleus of the atom.

Second electron affinity, ΔHEA

Equation : O-(g) + e- → O2-(g)

2nd ΔHEA O = +844 kJ mol-1

The value of 2nd ΔHEA and successive of ΔHEA always

positive because energy is absorbed to overcome the
repulsion force between the negative ion and incoming
electron.
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Enthalpy change of lattice energy, ΔHLE

Compounds Thermochemical equation for lattice energy, ΔHLE

NaCl (s)
Na+(g) + Cl-(g) → NaCl(s)
ΔHLE = -770.0 kJ mol-1

MgO (s)
Mg2+(g) + O2-(g) → MgO(s)
ΔHLE = -3940.0 kJ mol-1

CaCl2 (s)
Ca2+(g) + 2Cl-(g) → CaCl2(s)
ΔHLE = -2480.0 kJ mol-1
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 11
Which compound has the highest lattice enthalpy?
A. CaO √
B. CaS
C. LiF
D. LiI

Exercise 12
Arrange the following ionic compounds in ascending order of their lattice energy:
NaF, NaBr, Na2O, MgO, Al2O3

Given the ionic radius of the ions involved are:

Ion Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ F- Br- O2-
Ionic 0.095 0.065 0.050 0.136 0.195 0.140
radius/nm

Solution:

Answer :

Exercise 13
The table below shows the lattice energy of sodium chloride, NaCl and sodium bromide, NaBr.

Compound NaCl NaBr

Lattice energy (kJ mol-1) -776.0 -747.1

State which has higher lattice energy and explain your answers.
Sodium chloride has a higher lattice energy (more exothermic) than sodium bromide.
This is because the chloride ion is smaller than the bromide ion.
Thus, the electrostatic force of attraction between Na+ and Cl- is stronger than that between Na+
and Br-.
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Enthalpy change of hydration energy, ΔHhyd

ΔHhyd equation for cation ΔHhyd equation for anion

H+(g) + water → H+(aq) F-(g) + water → F-(aq)

ΔHhyd H = -570.0 kJ mol
+ -1
ΔHhyd F-= -431.0 kJ mol-1

Na+(g) + water → Na+(aq) O2-(g) + water → O2-(aq)

ΔHhyd Na+= -410.0 kJ mol-1 ΔHhyd O2-= -1580.0 kJ mol-1

Exothermic process because when water interact with ions,

it forms an ion-dipole interaction, which are very stable
(more stable than dipole-dipole interaction / Van der Waals forces)

directly proportional to the charge of the ion and inversely proportional to the size of the ion

q+ q-
Hydration energy r+ ⴕ r-
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

1.2 Hess Law

Definition: When the reactants are converted to products, the enthalpy change of a reaction is the
same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a several/ series of steps.

Hess cycle / Energy cycle diagram to calculate the enthalpy change of reaction

Exercise 14
Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction Construct Hess cycle of the reaction
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = ? 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = ?

½ N2(g) + ½O2(g) → NO(g) ΔHf = +46.0 kJ mol-1 1 Energy / kJ

½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔHf = +33.0 kJ mol-1 2

Equation 1 reversed and X2 -46.0 X

2

Equation 2 X2
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 15
Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction Construct Hess cycle of the reaction
2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HCl(g) + O2(g) ΔH = ? 2Cl2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 4HCl(g) + O2(g)
ΔH = ?
ΔHf for water, H2O= -286 kJ mol-1
ΔHf for hydrogen chloride gas, HCl= -384 kJ mol-1 Energy / kJ
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 16
Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction Construct Hess cycle of the reaction
CH3Cl(g) + Cl● (g) → ●CH3 (g) + Cl2(g) ΔH = ? CH3Cl(g) + Cl● (g) → ●CH3 (g) + Cl2(g)
ΔH = ?
By writing the equation for
CH3Cl(g) → C(g) + 3H(g) + Cl(g) ΔH°atom = +461 kJ (1)
CH3(g) → C(g) + 3H(g) + ΔH°atom = +306 kJ (2)
½Cl2(g) → Cl(g) ΔH°atom = +121 kJ (3)

Based on the equation desired, a few changes on the

equations are done, eq(2) is reversed; eq(3) X 2 and
reversed

Exercise 17

Given the enthalpy change of formation of hexane (C6H14), Construct Hess cycle of the reaction
carbon dioxide and water are -199.0, -393.0 and -286.0 kJ
mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy change of
combustion for hexane under standard condition.

Solution:
By writing the equation for formation of
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 18 Construct Hess cycle of the reaction

The enthalpy changes of combustion for pentan-1-ol 5C(s) + 6H2(g) + ½ O2(g) → C5H11OH ΔHf = ?
(C5H11OH), carbon and hydrogen are -3320, -393 and
-286 kJ mol-1 respectively. Calculate the enthalpy change of
formation for pentan-1-ol under standard condition.

Solution:
By writing the equation for combustion of
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Standard enthalpy of solution, ΔHsoln

Ionic
NaCl(s) + water → NaCl(aq)
ΔHsoln NaCl= +5.0 kJ mol-1

MgF2(s) + water → MgF2(aq)

ΔHsoln MgF2= -144.0 kJ mol-1

Covalent
C6H5OH(s) + water → C6H5OH(aq)
ΔHsoln C6H5OH = -28.0 kJ mol-1

lattice ∆H(hyd)
energy
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

ΔHsoln
ΔHsoln = endothermic (+ve) ΔHsoln = exothermic (-ve)

Occur When ΔHLE is greater than ΔHhyd When ΔHhyd is greater than ΔHLE
ΔHsoln = -y (smaller) -(-LE) (greater) ΔHsoln = -y (greater) + (+x) (smaller)
= +z kJ mol-1 = -z kJ mol-1

Solubility Most of the solutes are sparingly soluble Most of the solutes are soluble in water
in water (except Na+, K+ and NH4+ salts)

Relating High lattice energy of salt caused the High hydration energy indicate ions are
ΔHLE and electrostatic attraction forces between strongly attracted to water, while low
ΔHhyd cations and anions to be strong and hard lattice energy means attraction forces
to be separate / attracted to water between cations and anions are not strong

Hess cycle
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Exercise 19 Construct Hess cycle of the reaction

Using the following information below to PbBr2 (s) + water → Pb2+ (aq) + Br- (aq)
calculate the enthalpy change of solution, ΔHsoln ΔHsoln = ?
for lead(II) bromide, PbBr2.
ΔHhyd Pb2+= -742 kJ mol-1 Energy / kJ
ΔHhyd Br- = -165 kJ mol-1
ΔH L.E. PbBr2= -1242 kJ mol-1

Solution:
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

Solubility of Group 2 Sulphate (BeSO4 to BaSO4)

State and explain the solubility of Group 2 sulphate when going down Group 2.
State: Solubility of Group 2 sulphate decreased when going down Group 2

Explanation:
1. ΔHsoln = ΔHhyd – ΔHL.E. (The enthalpy change of solution becoming from less negative to more
positive)
2. The more exothermic/negative the ΔHsoln, the more soluble the solution.
3. Size of Group 2 ion increases from beryllium to barium causes both enthalpy of hydration and
lattice energy decreases down Group 2 sulphate.
4. However, the rate of decreasing in enthalpy change of hydration is more significant than rate
of decreasing in lattice energy.
5. Since the size of sulphate, SO4 2- ion is larger than the size of metal ions, (even though the size
of cation increases, the increase of (r+ + r-) is very small and insignificant)lattice energy
changes become less significant when going down to Group 2.
6. Meanwhile in hydration energy it depends of both cation and anion. ΔHhyd is mainly depend on
the size of cation. When going down Group 2, the metal ions size increase which caused the
become less exothermic//more endothermic.
7. BeSO4 and MgSO4 soluble in water while CaSO4, SrSO4 and BaSO4 are sparingly soluble in water.
TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

1.3 Born Haber cycle

Definition : an energy level diagram use to deduce lattice energy of a substance.

1. MX (Sodium chloride, NaCl)

Atomisation of sodium +108 kJ mol-1 Atomisation of chlorine +121 kJ mol-1

First ionisation energy of Na +494 kJ mol-1 First electron affinity of Cl -364 kJ mol-1

Enthalpy of formation of NaCl -411 kJ mol-1 Lattice energy ?

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

2. MX2 (Calcium chloride, CaCl2)

Atomisation of calcium +132 kJ mol-1 Atomisation of chlorine +121 kJ mol-1

First ionisation energy of Ca +590 kJ mol-1 First electron affinity of Cl -364 kJ mol-1

Second ionisation energy of Ca +1150 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy ? Enthalpy of formation of CaCl2 -795 kJ mol-1

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

3. M2X (Potassium oxide, K2O)

Atomisation of potassium +129 kJ mol-1 Atomisation of oxygen gas +249 kJ mol-1

First ionisation energy of K +418 kJ mol-1 First electron affinity of O -141 kJ mol-1

Second electron affinity of O +844 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy ? Enthalpy of formation of K2O -362 kJ mol-1

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

4. MX (Magnesium oxide, MgO)

Atomisation of magnesium +146 kJ mol-1 Atomisation of oxygen gas +249 kJ mol-1

First ionisation energy of Mg +736 kJ mol-1 First electron affinity of O -141 kJ mol-1

Second ionisation energy of Mg +1450 kJ mol-1 Second electron affinity of O +844 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy ? Enthalpy of formation of MgO -612 kJ mol-1

TERM 2 CHEMISTRY CHAPTER 1 : THERMOCHEMISTRY TEACHER ESTHER NGIENG

5. M2X3 (Chromium (III) oxide, Cr2O3)

Atomisation of chromium +438 kJ mol-1 Atomisation of oxygen gas +249 kJ mol-1

First ionisation energy of Cr +653 kJ mol-1 First electron affinity of O -141 kJ mol-1

Second ionisation energy of Cr +1590 kJ mol-1 Second electron affinity of O +844 kJ mol-1

Third ionisation energy of Cr +2990 kJ mol-1

Lattice energy ? Enthalpy of formation of Cr2O3 -2210 kJ mol-1