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Linear Algebra and Differential Equations: Sartaj Ul Hasan

This document discusses vector spaces and provides several examples. It defines a vector space as a non-empty set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, satisfying certain axioms. Some key examples mentioned include the space Rn of n-tuples, the space of matrices Rm×n, function spaces like continuous functions on an interval, and polynomial spaces. It also provides an example of a set that is not a vector space by violating one of the axioms.

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45 views

Linear Algebra and Differential Equations: Sartaj Ul Hasan

This document discusses vector spaces and provides several examples. It defines a vector space as a non-empty set of objects called vectors that can be added together and multiplied by scalars, satisfying certain axioms. Some key examples mentioned include the space Rn of n-tuples, the space of matrices Rm×n, function spaces like continuous functions on an interval, and polynomial spaces. It also provides an example of a set that is not a vector space by violating one of the axioms.

Uploaded by

Vijay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Linear Algebra and Differential Equations

Sartaj Ul Hasan

Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Jammu
Jammu, India - 181221

Email: sartaj.hasan@iitjammu.ac.in

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 0/9


Lecture 07
(March 22, 2021)

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 1/9


Vector Space
Motivation: Think about the properties of usual vectors in 2-dimensional
or 3-dimensional space.
Definition: A vector space consists of a non-empty set V of objects
(called vectors) that can be added, that can be multiplied by an element
of a field F (called a scalar in this context), and for which certain axioms
hold. If u and v are two vectors in V , their sum is expressed as u + v and
the scalar product of u by an element a in F is denoted as au. These
operations are called vector addition and scalar multiplication,
respectively, and the following axioms (there are total 10) are assumed to
hold.
Axioms for vector addition:
(i) If u and v are in V , then u + v is in V .
(ii) u + v + w= (u + v) + w for all u, v and w in V .
(iii) An element 0 in V exists such that u + 0 = u = 0 + u for all u ∈ V .
(iv) For each u ∈ V , an element −u in V exists such that
u + (−u) = 0 = (−u) + u.
(v) u + v = v + u for all u and v in V
Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 2/9
Vector Space (Conti . . . )

Axioms for scalar multiplication:


(vi) If u is in V , then au is in V for all a in F.
(vii) a(u + v)= au + av for all u and v in V and all a in F.
(viii) (a + b)u= au + bu for all u in V and all a and b in F.
(viv) a(bu)= (ab)u for all u in V and all a and b in F.
(vv) 1u= u for all u in V . Here 1 is the multiplicative identity of F.
With these 10 properties, V is a vector space over F, some times
denoted by VF or just by V if the field F is clear from the context.

Most often, we will be dealing with the field R of real numbers throughout
this course.

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 3/9


Vector Space (Conti . . . )
Example 1: Let V consists of a single object, which we denote by 0
and define
0 + 0 = 0 and a0 = 0 for all a ∈ F.
Then V is a vector space.
Example 2: The space V = Rn of n-tuples (for any n ≥ 1). There
are often
 referred
 to as(column)
 vectors. The base field is F = R.
X1 Y1
X2  Y2 
If u =  .  and v =  .  are any two vectors in Rn , then
   
.
 .   .. 
Xn Yn
   
X1 + Y1 aX1
X2 + Y2  aX2 
u+v =  and au =  ..  for any scalar a ∈ R.
   
..
 .   . 
Xn + Yn aXn
Note: Rn is usually referred as Euclidean space.
Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 4/9
Vector Space (Conti . . . )

Example 3: The space Rm×n of m × n matrices with real entries.


Again, the base field is R. Rm×n is a vector space over R

Remark: If we consider an image, it can be regarded as a rectangular


array of numbers corresponding to the light intensity at each pixel.
Usually, we restrict the values to be positive integers or even just
0 − 1. However, while doing the computations in image processing,
we treat them as real numbers. So these vector spaces play a major
role in image processing.

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 5/9


Vector Space (Conti . . . )

Example 4: The space C [0, 1] of continuous functions from the


closed interval [0, 1] on the real line to R, i.e.

C [0, 1] = {f : f is a continuous function, f : [0, 1] −→ R}.

Remark: This space and related spaces play a major role in signals
and systems, since an analogue signal is usually thought of as a
continuous function of time. In other words, a signal is nothing but a
“vector” in such a vector space.
Note: The above is an example of a “function” space.

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 6/9


Vector Space (Conti . . . )

Example 5: The space R∞ of real sequences is a vector space over


R, i.e.

R∞ = {< an > : < an > is a sequence with real number terms}.

Of more interest than R∞ itself, is c, the subset of convergent


sequences. It is also a vector space.
Note: the above are examples of “sequence” spaces. Sequence
spaces also play a major role in the study of signals, specifically
discrete or digital signals

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 7/9


Vector Space (Conti . . . )
Example 6: The space Rn [t] of polynomials of degree ≤ n with real
coefficients.
Note: The zero polynomial, which technically does not have any
degree, is regarded as an element of Rn [t] for all n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
Example 7: The space R[t] of all polynomials with real coefficients.
Note: These two examples are closely related to each other. We can
see that Rn [t] is actually a subset of R[t] (for all n).
Example 8: A set that is NOT a vector space
Take V = R2 , F = R. Define “vector addition”and “scalar
multiplication” as follows:
If u = (u1 , u2 ), v = (v1 , v2 ), then u + v = (u1 + v1 , u2 + v2 ) and
au = (au1 , 0) for a ∈ R.
Since 1(−2, 3) = (−2, 0) 6= (−2, 3), V is NOT vector space over F.
Note that except this property, the remaining 9 properties are
satisfied.

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 8/9


Vector Space (Conti . . . )

Example 9: Let V = R+ , the set of all positive real numbers. For


u, v ∈ R+ and t ∈ R, define:
u + v = uv [Vector addition is numerical multiplication]
tu = u t [Scalar multiplication is numerical exponentiation]
Then V is vector space over R.
Here 0 = 1, −u = u1 .
Example 10: RR , QQ , CC are vector spaces. More generally, for any
field F, FF is a vector space.
Example 11: RQ and CR are vector spaces.
Example 12: If F is a field, then for n ≥ 1, Fn is a vector space over
F. In this example, replace F by Zp , R, Q and C and then verify all
the vector space properties.

Sartaj Ul Hasan (IIT Jammu) SMD002U1M 9/9

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