Lesson

Hydro- Meteorological Hazards

1 Phenomena

What I Need to Know

Many organizations around the world have different programs that addressed the
different studies concerning to the natural hazards of hydro-meteorological phenomena and
how to attenuate their effects. Among these hazards that results from the natural processes
or phenomena of atmospheric, hydrological or oceanographic nature - are floods, tropical
cyclones, drought and desertification. Climate change has a big impact of these natural
hazards expected to rise. So much more about climate change, let may ask you about this.”
Have you already encountered the words hydro-meteorological phenomena? What comes in
your mind if you heard that words? What are the effects or hazard of these phenomena in
our lives? Can you identify each hazard from one another? Before, we proceed to further
discussion on hydro-meteorological hazard. Let us find first where the words hydro-
meteorological come from?

Hydro means water. Meteorological is a phenomenon that are observable weather

events which illuminate and are explained by the science of meteorology.

Remember this!!!!!

Meteorology is a branch of science that deals with the study

of the atmosphere that focuses on weather processes
and forecasting.

Hydrology is the study of water on the surface of land, in soil

and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere,
particularly with respect to evaporation and
precipitation.

Hydrometeorology is the study of atmospheric water especially precipitation, as it

affects agriculture, water supply, food control, power generation, etc. It pertains to the
occurrence, motion, and changes of state of atmospheric water (Disaster Reduction
Resource Manual, 2008).

Before the lesson proper, we will first review and get oriented to the words and
terminologies commonly used related to hydro-meteorological hazard. How do we do this?

1
Let us Perform Activity 1: Find the WORD

Do It Cross It!!!

A C O L T N A S
T Y P H O O N T
E C T E L T D O
F L O O D H S R
R O L U O A L M
O N A G L E I P
M E L N I Ň O I

Typhoon Cyclone

Flood Storm

El Niño
Hydro-meteorological Phenomena

Cyclone, Typhoon or Hurricane

- The most prevailing type of hydro-meteorological hazards in the country is typhoon
and its sequential effects of rain and windstorms, as well as floods. What is typhoon? Have
you heard the word cyclone and hurricane? Are the terms cyclone, typhoon and hurricane
similar?

Aerial Image of Cyclone (Hurricane Ivan Sept. 2014)

HURRICANE? CYCLONE? TYPHOON? Those three words are similar they are all
tropical cyclone but they just use distinctive terms for a storm in different parts of the world.
A cyclone is an intense low pressure area which is characterized by strong spiral winds
towards the center, called the “Eye” in a counter-clockwise flow in the northern hemisphere.
Like tornadoes, typhoons happen when warm air mixes with cold air, creating intense wind,
rain and flooding. Typhoons and hurricanes are the same type of storm, but they happen in
different places. Typhoons occur in the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii and Asia (northwest
Pacific). Hurricanes occur on the eastern seaboard along the United States and Central
America (northeast Pacific)
Study the table below. It shows the Modified Public Storm Warning Signals (PSWS) in the
Philippines. Familiarize it.

2
1

As student and as citizen in the country you must be aware of the PSWS for you to
be prepared in times typhoon or strong typhoon comes. Each PSWS has its corresponding
wind speed, lead time and the impacts it brings. It is also the basis for the suspension of
classes in different levels. To the area with no storm signal, it is then the discretion of the
Local Government Units personnel to suspend or not to suspend the class. Below are the
automatic suspension guidelines released by the Department of Education on the
suspension of classes per reference to DepEd Order No. 43 series of 2012, stipulated in
Executive Order No 66 series of 2012.You should follow what the Local Government
ordered in times of disaster.

It is important to listen a news on to. or in radio. As PSWS is issued an information

regarding typhoon or cyclone, you should be aware on what are expected and Plan the
steps are you going to go through. Constant listening to the latest weather update is highly
advised. Color coding is usually uttered by the weather specialist. For you to have a clear
understanding about the color-coded rainfall advisories, stuffy.
Study the color-coded rainfall advisories

3
Hydro-meteorological Hazards

Tropical Cyclone

1. Strong Wind

Strong wind hit the Eastern Samar Province in

central Philippines last May 13,2020 lots uptooted
trees on the street, as Typhoon Vongfong battered
the country. Credit...Alren Beronio/Agence France-
Presse — Getty Images. Strong winds and heavy
rain have also battered the island of Bohol, which
was devastated by a 7.2-magnitude earthquake
three weeks ago. More than 270,000 people in the
area are already living under tarpaulins and in
makeshift shelters, and the extreme weather
threatens to intensify the humanitarian emergency
last November 2013.

4
1. Excessive Rainfall/ Flood
Kinds of Flooding base upon:

a. Location

a.1 . River Flooding - when the water normally flowing in the channel overflows its banks
and spreads out onto the surrounding land. This causes major problems for people living
close to the river.

a.2 Coastal Flooding- occurs when normally dry, low-lying land is flooded by seawater.
The extent of coastal flooding is a function of the elevation inland flood waters penetrate
which is controlled by the topography of the coastal land exposed to flooding.

5
a.3 Urban Flooding - is the inundation of land or property in a built environment,
particularly in more densely populated areas, caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity
of drainage systems, such as storm sewers.

Look like what happened to Cagayan de Oro City when there is heavy rain.

b. Duration
b.1 Flash Flooding - is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes and
depressions. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm,
hurricane, tropical storm, or melt water from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or
snowfields.

b.2 Sheet Flooding - an expanse of moving water into which the transient streams of arid
regions spread out as they issue from the mountains upon the plains.

6
2. Storm Surge in Coastal Areas- a rising of the sea as a result of atmospheric
pressure changes and wind associated with a storm.

3. Landslide- it is the movement of rock, earth or debris down a sloped section of land.
It caused by rain, earthquakes, volcanoes, or other factor that make the slope unstable.

7
5 . Thunderstorm - is a weather condition that produces lightning and thunder, heavy
rainfall from cumulonimbus clouds and possibly a tornado. It is a violent local atmospheric
disturbance accompanied by lightning, thunder, and heavy rain.

6 . La Niña / El Niñ0- La Niña is the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperatures that
cause heavy rainfall while El Niño refers to the abnormal warming of sea surface
temperatures in the Pacific, which causes droughts and below-normal rainfall. It has brought
losses to Philippine agriculture. Approximately, La Nina is the
opposite of El Nino. Each El Nino or La Nina episode usually lasts for several seasons
(Disaster Reduction Resource Manual, 2008)

Activity 1

Reflection Time!!!!!
Instruction; Write a short paragraph on your reflection to the following questions.

1. What can I do to prepare for a disaster in my community?

2. How can I help others affected by disasters?

Activity 2
Instruction:

Student should create a disaster preparedness resource or do a project to respond to

a disaster that’s already happened. Encourage students to think about how they can use
their skills and learnings on the topic.

8
 Lesson
Different Hydro-meteorological
2 Hazard Maps

Have you heard about hazard map? Have you seen one? If not, then it is time for you
to see and locate your place and try to check if you are located in a hazardous area or not. It
is important to know the location where you are living for the safety of your family.

a. Here is the Geohazard map of the Province of Bukdinon (Landslide and Flood)
b.

A map shown on is a Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of Bukidnon Province.

For you to understand the hazard map better, have it enlarged and use the legend. Places
highlighted with YELLOW and WHITE color means Low susceptibility on flooding and debris
flow. GREEN and VIOLET is MODERATE susceptibility to landslide while RED and BLUE
color is HIGH susceptibility to landslide and flooding and ORANGE and DARK BLUE is very
high susceptibility to landslide and flooding.

9
a. A map shown on the next page is a Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map of
Misamis Oriental where Cagayan de Oro is located and Bukidnon Province. Can you
locate Cagayan de Oro City? For you to understand the hazard map better, have it
enlarged and use the legend.

10
 Any site in our place has different kind of soil. Soil has a vital role to point out the
place where prone to disaster especially the landslide . The next map shown the different
type of soil located to the different places of Bukidnon Province, Misamis Oriental and in
Cagayan de Oro. Look at the figure below and try to identify what kind of soil is the place
where your house is built. Use the legend below the map.

What I Can Do

1. Using the map above (You may ask the students to have the map enlarged).
2. Ask the students to interpret the hazard maps of Cagayan de Oro City and:
a. locates the landslide prone and flood-prone barangays in Cagayan de Oro City; &
b. list or group the barangays according to the kind of soil.
3. Let the students write their Reflection in their reflective journal.

11
 Lesson
Available Tools for Monitoring
3 Hydro-meteorological Hazards

Natural hazards cannot be prevented but its impacts can be reduced and mitigated if
the capacity of the community is increased. One way of increasing the community’s capacity
is by constant monitoring. Hydro-meteorological monitoring can only be done if there are
experts who will do the monitoring and of course with the use of monitoring tools. Now, what
are the available tools used in monitoring hydro-meteorological hazards? That is one of the
roles of the local government to provide a necessary tool for disasters.

Flash Flood Early Warning System (EWS)

1. RAIN GAUGE

Automatic Rain Gauge is an early warning device used in monitoring hydro-meteorological

hazards.

2. STREAM GAUGE

Water level stream gauge.

12
3. SIREN

4. INTERNET ACCESS
Aside from these devices hydro-meteorological, mentioned monitoring can also be done by
surfing at the internet. Some of these are:
1. asti predict
2. noah.dost.gov.ph

The above monitoring tools are the basis for the CDRRMC EVACUATION PROTOCOLS
together with the use of weather website. The next figures show the warning protocols, the
meaning of alert levels through color coding. Study each figure for you to be aware on
evacuation protocols. Once you internalize its meaning and application, there is no need for
you to ask somebody when the weather specialist or any authorized personnel mentions
these terms especially when there is a natural hazard.

Alert levels through color coding have been used by the CDRRMC in giving
information to the public on the updates of the situation in times of hazards. This is to
standardize the system and procedures of alerting at the City Disaster Risk Reduction and
Management Council (CDRRMC) and the BDRRMC. This is also to have unification on the
systems and procedures in giving alert that can be replicated at the level of BDRRMC as
well as to resolve discrepancies in alerting procedures. Study the Alert Levels below.

13
14
 The color coded alert is very easy to memorize just like the traffic lights. When the
weather specialist will give the advisory that the alert level is YELLOW, it signifies that
residents should be on the ‘READY’ status. When the Orange alert level is issued, the 39
residents should be on the “Get Set” status. Residents should move when the RED alert
level is issued.

15
 Other colors are also used by the CDRRMC for alert levels as signal for the public
and these are WHITE, BLUE and RED. For its corresponding meaning, refer to the table
below.

Activity 4: Apply and Do What You Know.

Instruction: Identify and discuss the use of the available monitoring tools for hydro-
meteorological in your community. Tell the location where the tools located.

16
SUMMARY
1. Hydrology is the study of water on the surface of land, in soil and underlying rocks, and in
the atmosphere, particularly with respect to evaporation and precipitation.
2. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and physical processes of interaction with the
Earth's crust, oceans and outer space. (Disaster Resource Manual, 2008).
3. Hydrometeorology is the study of atmospheric water especially precipitation, as it affects
agriculture, water supply, food control, power generation, etc. It pertains to the
occurrence, motion, and changes of state of atmospheric water (Disaster Reduction
Resource Manual, 2008).
4. Cyclone is an intense low pressure area which is characterized by strong spiral winds
towards the center, called the “Eye” in a counter-clockwise flow in the northern
hemisphere.
5. Like tornadoes, typhoons happen when warm air mixes with cold air, creating intense
wind, rain and flooding. Typhoons and hurricanes are the same type of storm, but they
happen in different places. Typhoons occur in the Pacific Ocean around Hawaii and Asia.
Hurricanes occur on the eastern seaboard along the United States and Central America.
6. Hazards associated with Tropical Cyclones: 1. Strong Wind 2. Excessive Rainfall/Flood 3.
Storm surges in coastal areas 4. Landslide 5. Thunderstorm
7. La Niña is the abnormal cooling of sea surface temperatures that cause heavy rainfall
while El Niño refers to the abnormal warming of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific,
which causes droughts and below-normal rainfall. It has brought losses to Philippine
agriculture. Approximately, La Nina is the opposite of El Nino. Each El Nino or La Nina
episode usually lasts for several seasons (Disaster Reduction Resource Manual, 2008)
8. Natural hazards cannot be prevented but its impacts can be reduced and mitigated if the
capacity of the community is increased. One way of increasing the community’s capacity
is by constant monitoring. Hydro-meteorological monitoring can only be done if there are
experts who will do the monitoring and of course with the use of monitoring tools.
9. The following tools for monitoring the hydro-meteorological hazard:1. Rain Gauge 2.
Stream Gauge.

ASSESSMENT (POST TEST)

Direction: Read each question carefully and write the letter of the best answer in a separate
sheet of paper.
1. What do you call the inundation of land areas which are not normally covered with water?
A. Canal C. Stream B. Flood D. Overflow
2. What will you do if it has been raining hard for several hours, or steadily raining for several
days?
A. Stay calm and relax. B. Prepare your emergency kit.
C. Be alert to the possibility of a flood.
D. Get your evacuation supply kit and evacuate immediately.
3. When you are in or along stream channels, you must be
A. calm and relaxed for you to enjoy your trip.
B. always bringing the emergency kit with you.
C. aware of distant events
D. go back home and prepare for evacuation
4. It indicates that a hazardous event is occurring or is imminent in about 30 minutes to an
hour.
A. NEWS C. FORECAST B. WATCH D. WARNING
5. What should the persons in authority do for areas prone to flooding?
I. Publish evacuation routes.
II. Periodically inform the community of local public warning system.
III. Contact the local/national weather service office or emergency management
agency for information on local flood warning system.
A. I only C. I & II only B. II only D. I, II & III

17
6. Why is it important for a community to be prepared in all hazards and calamities?
A. To extend support to all the victims
B. To save lives and prevent further damage to property.
C. To help ourselves from all the hazards brought about by any disaster.
D. To take the opportunity of receiving aid and support from the LGUs, NGOs and
other agencies. 44
7. What will you do if you are driving during a flood?
I. Just continue driving.
II. Avoid already flooded areas and areas subject to sudden flooding.
III. Turn around and find another route that will lead you to higher ground
IV. Abandon your vehicle immediately and climb to higher ground if your vehicle
becomes surrounded by water or the engine stalls.
A. I, II &III B. II,III&IV C. I,II,&IV D. I, III & IV
8. Flood-specific supplies should include the following:
I. Television
II. Disaster Supply kit
III. Evacuation Supply Kit
IV. Stockpile emergency building materials
A. I & III B. II, III & IV C.. I, II, & III D. I,II, &IV
9. It is the first sign a flood or any calamities may occur, and when it is issued, you should be
aware of potential flood hazards.
A. NEWS C. FORCAST B. WATCH D. WARNING
10. What should be done when a flood or flash flood WATCH is issued?
I. Pay attention to your neighbors.
II. Be alert to signs of flooding. Be ready to evacuate at a moment’s notice.
III. Everyone in a WATCH area should be ready to respond and act quickly.
IV. Listen continuously to a radio or television for updated emergency information .
A. I, II, & IV B. II, III & IV` C. I, III & IV D. III & IV

ANSWER KEY

PRE-TEST POST-TEST

18
 References

 https://carmelaochea.wordpress.com/2018/01/24/signs-of-hydrometeorological-hazards/
 https://study.com/academy/exam/topic/hydro-meteorological-hazards.html :
 http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/special-themes/disaster-risk-
reduction/natural-hazards/hydro-meteorological-hazards/#
 https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03DEQ8CSXeWt2JmhhfC8njcUUjqXA
%3A1592470355709&ei=UyvrXqX2KsjXhwPaybOYCQ&q=hydro+means&oq=hydro+means&g
s_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzICCAAyBAgAEAoyBAgAEAoyBAgAEAoyBAgAEAoyAggAMgIIADIECAA
QCjIECAAQCjIECAAQCjoHCAAQsAMQQzoECCMQJzoHCAAQsQMQQzoECAAQQzoHCCMQ6gI
QJzoFCAAQsQM6BQgAEJECOgoIABCRAhBGEPkBUM74Dljzxg9g_MkPaAFwAHgEgAG7BIgBkiK
SAQswLjguNi4wLjIuMZgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXqwAQo&sclient=psyab&ved=0ahUKEwjl6_e
u_orqAhXI62EKHdrkDJMQ4dUDCAw&uact=5
 https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/meteorology.htm
 https://www.google.com/search?
q=aerial+view+of+cyclone&sxsrf=ALeKk03tVGN_dyYHq0NSioE6gzoyQrjEkA:1592488306067
&tbm=isch&source=iu
 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/typhoon-hurricane-cyclone-heres-the-difference/
 https://www.google.com/search?q=modified+public+storm+warning+signals+(psws)
+in+the+philippines+with+level+class+suspension&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjdw-
TIyIvqAhVI7JQKHfodCWMQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=modified+public+storm+warning+signals+
(psws)+in+the+philippines+with+level+class+suspension&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQA1CezgJY-
6IDYLqlA2gCcAB4AIABlgOIAcowkgEKMC4yMi42LjAuMpgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1n&sc
lient=img&ei=InnrXt2qCMjY0wT6u6SYBg&bih=486&biw=1093
 https://www.google.com/search?q=color-
coded+rainfall+warning+system+in+the+philippines&sxsrf=ALeKk023jVUZeHPsb8uv8ztc0ma
reHb4fw:1592492075865&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=HB7rvSNEIoYM%253A
%252Ce4A2q1mS2bHMCM
%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4kT2fUUUt5sYYbeggVgjZeIfvekKxA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj82PSjz4vqA
hXbdd4KHQJLBPMQ_h0wAHoECAQQBA&biw=1093&bih=486#imgrc=HB7-rv-SNEIoYM:
 https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00ej_wFFoagn8B6UQCEXpOkLLTGw
%3A1592492410013&source=hp&ei=eYHrXtmBO4SlQaetrqoDQ&q=hazard+on+tropical+cycl
one&oq=hazard+on+tropical+cyclone&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQAzIGCAAQFhAeOgQIIxAnOgUI
ABCRAjoFCAAQsQM6BQgAEIMBOgIIADoECAAQQzoHCAAQsQMQQzoICAAQsQMQkQI6BwgA
EIMBEEM6BwgAEBQQhwI6BAgAEAo6CAgAEBYQChAeOggIIRAWEB0QHlCxCVjoV2DDWWgCc
AB4AIABrAKIAd0tkgEJMC4xMi4xNS4xmAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdpeg&sclient=psyab&ved=0ah
UKEwiZop3D0IvqAhWEUt4KHR6bDtUQ4dUDCAc&uact=5
 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/13/world/asia/philippinestyphoonvongfong.html#:~:tex
t=MANILA%20%E2%80%94%20A%20typhoon%20packing%20winds,still%20lie%20in%20its
%20path.
 https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zgycwmn/revision/1#:~:text=A%20river%20floods
%20when%20the,living%20close%20to%20the%20river.
 https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk01Nc1hkG8_7PlRcc4UuOiX7Qg9iiw
%3A1592495840300&ei=4I7rXrTgEZmSr7wPn_q1kAY&q=coastal+flooding&oq=coastafloodin
g&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgQIABANMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABA
HEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeMgYIABAHEB4yBggAEAcQHjIGCAAQBxAeOgcIABCwAxBDOg
UIABCRAjoHCAAQsQMQQzoGCAAQDRAeOgoIABANEAUQChAeOggIABAIEA0QHlDSTljszQFgh
t0BaAZwAHgAgAHBRIgB61-SAQswLjYuOS4xLjktMZgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aXo&sclient=psy-
ab

19
 https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00v6F4y9wZ4cH6AoNYpzELhGu1rpA
%3A1592496582427&ei=xpHrXt2_GYWUmAWbv7HwCQ&q=urban+flooding&oq=urban+floo
ding&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgUIABCRAjIHCAAQFBCHAjICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAg
gAMgIIADICCAAyAggAOgcIABCwAxBDOgQIIxAnOgQIABBDOgcIIxDqAhAnOgUIABCxAzoFCAA
QgwE6BwgAELEDEEM6BAgAEApQxe4bWLaWHGD0ohxoAXAAeASAAbUFiAHlMpIBCzAuNS44
LjEuMi40mAEAoAEBqgEHZ3dzLXdperABCg&sclient=psy-ab

 https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk03K4SpnQLZxEBiR9o7NSeUElEIKFA
%3A1592497048051&ei=mJPrXvvbApXWmAWpgLu4DQ&q=flash+flooding&oq=flash+
+flooding&gs_lcp=CgZwc3ktYWIQARgAMgUIABCRAjICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADI
CCAAyAggAMgIIADoHCAAQsAMQQzoHCCMQsAIQJzoGCAAQBxAeOgcIABCxAxBDOgQIABBD
UKOMIVifoSFgl7ohaABwAHgBgAHtBIgBlBqSAQswLjMuNS4yLjEuMZgBAKABAaoBB2d3cy13aX
o&sclient=psy-ab
 file:///C:/Users/robert/Downloads/Binded%20DRRR%20Modules%20final.pdf
 https://cdn.kqed.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/26/2017/10/When-disaster-strikes-lesson-
plan.pdf
 http://www.penrobuk.com.ph/thematic-maps

20
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education –Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph

21
22