Sequences and Series: (Barisan Dan Deret)

Sequences and Series (Barisan dan Deret)
1. Sequence
A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. The number of this ordered list are
called the elements or the terms of the sequences.
A sequence may be named or referred to by an upper-case letter, such as “A” or

“S”. The terms of a sequence are usually named something like “ai” or “an”, with the
subscripted letter “i” or “n” being the index or the counter. So the second term of a
sequence might be named “a2”
The two simplest sequences to work with are arithmetic and geometric sequences.
a. Arithmetic sequence
An arithmetic sequence goes from one term to the next by always adding or
substracting the same value. For instance, 3, 8, 13, 18, 23, ... is arithmetic sequence
because each step adds five; and 18, 13, 8, 3, -2, ... is arithmetic because each step
substracts five.
The number addded or substracted at each stage of an arithmetic sequence is
called the common difference (d), and the first term a1 is often referred to simply as
“a”. Since we get the next term by adding d, the value of a2 is :
a2 = a + d
Continuing, the third term is:
a3 = a + d + d = a + 2d
At each stage, the common difference was multiplied by a value that one less
than the index. Following this pattern, the n-th term, an, will have the form :
an = a + (n - 1) d
b. Geometric sequence
A geometric sequence goes from one term to the next term by always
multiplying r dividing by the same value. So 3, 6, 12, 24, ... is geometric because
1
each step multipies by two; and 27, 9, 3, , ... is geometric because each step divides
3
by three.
The number multipied or divided at each stage of a geometric sequence is
called the common ratio (r), and the first term a1 is often referred to simply as “a”.
Since we get the next term by multiplying r, the value of a2 is:
a2 = a.r
Continuing, the third term is:
a3 = (a.r)r = a.r2
At each stage, the common ratio was raised to a power that one less than the
index. So, the n-th term, an, will have the form :
an = a.r(n – 1)
2. Series
A series is what you get when you add up all the terms of the sequence. The
addition, and also the resulting value, are called the sum or summation.
For example, “1, 2, 3, 4” is the sequence, with terms “1”, “2”, “3”, and “4”; the
corresponding series is the sum “1 + 2 + 3 + 4”, and the value of the series is 10.
a. Arithmetic series
An arithmetic series is the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence. You
can only take the partial sum of an arithmetical sequence. The partial sum is the sum
of a limited number of a terms, like the first terms, or the fifth through the hundredth
times.
The formula for the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence, starting with i=1
is:
n
∑ ai=( n2 )(a 1+ an)

i=1
The sum of the first n terms of the series if often denoted as Sn.
b. Geometric series
A geometric series is the sum of the terms of a geometric sequence. There are
two types of geometric series:
1. Geometric series with finite number of terms
For a geometric sequence with a first term a 1=a and r > 1, the sum of
the first n terms is given by:
n
a(r n−1)
∑ ai= r−1
i=1
Whereas if r < 1, then the sum of the first n terms if given by:
n
a(1−r n )
∑ ai= 1−r
i=1
2. Geometric series with infinite number of terms

You can also take the sum of a geometric sequence, but only in tje
special circumstance that the common ratio (r) is between -1 and 1;
that is you have to have |r| < 1. In that special case, the infinite sum
has the following value:
∞
a
∑ ai= 1−r
i=1
Economic Application: Interest Rates, Savings and Loans
Suppose that you invest Rp 50.000.000 at the bank, at a fixed interest rate of 6% (that
is, 0.06) per annum, and the interest is paid at the end of each year. At the end of one year
you receive an interest payment of 0.06 × 50.000.000 = Rp3.000.000, which is added to your
account, so you have Rp53.000.000.
After two years, you receive an interest payment of 0.06 × 53.000.000 = Rp3.180.000,
so that you have Rp56.180.000 in total, and so on.
More generally, if you invest an amount P (the “principal”) and interest is paid
annually at interest rate i, then after one year you have a total amount y1:
y1 = P(1 + i)
after two years:
y2 = (P(1 + i)) (1 + i) = P(1 + i)2
and after t years:
yt = P(1 + i)t
This is a geometric sequence with common ratio (1 + i).
1. Interval of Compounding
In the previous section we assumed that interest was paid annually. However, in
practice, financial institutions often pay interest more frequently, perhaps quarterly or
even monthly. We call the time period between interest payments the interval of
compounding.
Suppose the bank has a nominal (that is, stated) interest rate i, but pays interest m
i
times a year at a rate of . After 1 year you would have:
m
m
1
( )
P 1+
m
and after t years:

1 mt
( )
P 1+
m

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Sequences and Series (Barisan dan Deret)

A sequence may be named or referred to by an upper-case letter, such as “A” or

∑ ai=( n2 )(a 1+ an)

2. Geometric series with infinite number of terms

after two years:

y2 = (P(1 + i)) (1 + i) = P(1 + i)2

and after t years:

This is a geometric sequence with common ratio (1 + i).

and after t years:

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