Literature Review

Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................................3

Relation between Demographics and Crime..............................................................................3

Individual Characteristics and Crime.........................................................................................3

Age.........................................................................................................................................3

Sex..........................................................................................................................................4

Race........................................................................................................................................5

Socio-Cultural Factors...........................................................................................................6

Crime in Egypt...........................................................................................................................6

Civil Unrest............................................................................................................................6

Religious/Ethnic Violence.....................................................................................................7

Personal Identity Concerns....................................................................................................7

Summary....................................................................................................................................7

References..................................................................................................................................8
Introduction

Many theories of theory and the strong connection between criminal behavior place emphasis
on the personality traits and integrated processes of human beings. Recent research has
highlighted the importance of deviant or criminal behavior in defining the population and
health systems of most people. In both organized public and private sectors, we discuss
research that explores the many links and reconciling relationships between illegal and
human behavior. We highlight current debates about the effect of age, gender, and race on
criminal behavior, and distinguish between naming and the effects of genetic factors on the
levels of crime combined in our study of how people affect crime.

Relation between Demographics and Crime

At both personal and intensive research levels, demographic trends have a significant impact
on crime. We will start by looking at three human indicators of crime: age, gender, and race.
We are examining the correlation between human traits and crime, as well as major
controversies about how these relationships should be defined. Next, we explain the
differences between "compositional" and "contextual" concepts in the effects of population
dynamics on crime, and we use examples from research to illustrate our points.

Individual Characteristics and Crime

Age, gender, and race are in fact the three most important human factors that are one of the
most powerful and powerful aspects of perceived crime and abuse. Evidence shows time and
again that, at least in the case of recurring "street" crimes, young people, men, and
representatives of disadvantaged people are at an unparalleled risk of becoming criminals and
victims. It is no exaggeration to say that most social scientists are simply trying to explain the
well-documented facts about crime.

Age

Apart from the fact that the overall patterns related to these demographic changes and crime
are well documented, there is still disagreement about the specific type of patterns and how
they should be interpreted. Hirschi and Gottfredson (1993) suggested a "absence of age",
which sparked a heated argument. Hirschi and Gottfredson (1993) make no attempt to
challenge the conclusions that young people are involved in crime. Instead, they argue that
the criminal organization of the age is not affected by social differences (such as gender, race,
income, and marital status), so it cannot be explained by the common factors listed in the
social concept of crime. Instead, they argue that the “crime prevention” that is learned every
time people grow old is simply the result of the aging process.

The notion of age inequality by Hirschi and Gottfredson not only doubts social definitions of
the age-old link of crime. It also raises doubts about the “criminal work model” and raises
doubts about the importance of longer learning methods. If the communication of age crime
is inconsistent, all logical differences in resentment between people should therefore be
represented in a different way.

The idea of reaching adulthood is, in a sense, very contradictory. Steffensmeier et al (1989)
found, for example, that the age lines of crime do not necessarily mean "unchanging"; they
vary in different cases, and the major features of these curves have changed over time, based
on the details of the Uniform Crime Report arrest for two years on three occasions. Recent
research has also disputed the notion that the criminal link of the combined age accurately
reflects the patterns of crime in the general population. Many groups or types of criminals can
be classified according to their various destructive methods, according to many studies based
on data from a group of different sites.

Another important issue related to age is the persistence of inappropriate behavior during
one's lifetime. Child misbehavior is one of the strongest causes of adult deviation and crime,
according to a well-documented result. The changing latent perspective and the course of life
are two important explanations for this relationship. From a hidden point of view, criminal
tendencies grow at an early age and remain stable throughout human life. Consistency in
socially unacceptable behavior thus reflects human tendency to crime. The way of life, on the
other hand, emphasizes developmental processes. Misconduct from an early age creates
responses, events, and changes that nurture and strengthen early behavioral patterns, leading
to moral instability. The lifestyle, on the other hand, sees the relationship between old and
new behaviors as flawed. Behavioral trajectories may be altered and redirected due to periods
of change.

Sex

Gender as a human factor has also been the subject of important criminal research. As with
age, almost everyone agrees with the basic pattern: men choose to get involved in criminal
activities as victims and perpetrators, especially in the most serious cases, and with violence.
However, there are still debates and unanswered questions about the origin and view of
gender inequality in crime. Consistency or the emergence of gender inequalities in irritability
is the subject of ongoing discussion. Criminal experts have debated the effects of gender
inequality on men's and women's equality in criminal activity for decades. The so-called
"negative side of women's liberation," which has attracted a large number of media outlets,
links the rise in feminism and gender equality. Steffensmeier and Allan (1996) examined
incarceration rates to see if the gender gap was significantly reduced over time as gender
roles changed. The number of women arrested remains constant, with the exception of minor
offenses.

Another important aspect of gender-based relationships is the impact of gender inequality on

violence against women. Women are more likely to be constitutionally protected when their
status is high, whether entirely or relative, while men are not "free" to use violence against
women. They tested these ideas using data from 138 US cities since 1980. Researchers do not
find evidence of end-of-life theory, but report that various indications of female involvement
compared to men have an expected impact on violence against women. In contrast, Brewer &
Smith (1995), who also used data from US cities, found that measures of gender inequality
had little effect on the levels of violence against women after controlling the effects of
structural diversity. Gartner et al., (1990) looked at the impact of women's status on the
distinction between gender-based violence in society. They found that as women's resources
increased, the "gender gap" in exploitation widened as violence against women fell after male
abuse.

Race

The "racial" condition is what separates people from crime. African Americans have long
been represented in many forms of serious crime, according to official arrests. Although part
of the racial differences in government statistics may be due to different responses to the
criminal justice system, crime experts generally believe that there is a real difference in
behavior as well (Sampson and Lauritsen, 1997). As a result, racing is often used as a variety
of scale controls in the investigation of criminal activities. Moreover, as Sampson (1997)
points out, there has been a growing reluctance to “speak freely about racial and criminal
ties,” and as a result, the ideological mechanisms underpinning the racist crime link are not
well understood.

Historically, structural and social reasons have been used to describe racial differences in
crime. According to cultural views, African Americans have a “less violent culture”
(Wolfgang et al., 1967) or the “violent fighting process” (Curtis 1975). Economic pressures
and racial instability, on the other hand, have been seen as a major force in establishing racial
diversity in crime in the most prominent forms of construction. The cultural / structural
debate has sparked a lot of research, the results of which are very controversial.

Socio-Cultural Factors

The acceptance of links between structural and cultural elements is another defining feature
of current efforts to understand racial and criminal relations. Ethnographic research has
documented how black people's backgrounds produce cultural resilience that leads to
widespread violence and crime. Anderson (1994), for example, explains how the complexity
and social fragmentation of modern urban ghetto lead to a "road code" with standards that
contradict those of ordinary society. Similar problems are being investigated by Rose and
McClain (1998), who argued that the increase in black violence between 1985 and 1993
could be explained by an increase in segregation and common values and the formation of an
"opposition culture" among young black men. Finally, within the field of crime, academics
have become increasingly aware of the need to go beyond the norm of black / white
dichotomy. Hawkins (1999) points out that African American homicide rates are declining
sharply over time and compared to other racial / ethnic groups. Martinez and Lee (2009),
with a strong focus on Latinos, point out significant differences in levels of lethal violence
between and between racial groups. In the years to come, further research into the complexity
and diversity of cases involving race / ethnicity is being considered.

Crime in Egypt

Communities must be able to receive and use tools that were accessible to the Egyptian state.
People wanted to expose wrongdoing and wanted to create ways to keep their lives under
control (Ismail, 2012). Those who disclose their knowledge of crime, on the other hand, will
have expectations, making it necessary to seek legal redress.

Civil Unrest

In Cairo, civil unrest is a major threat. Political protests are rare in Egypt, though they can
occur at any time. In the event of a protest, it may end up in conflict with law enforcement
and security personnel (Eyre, 1984). The size and frequency of protests has dropped
dramatically in recent years. Egyptian exhibition law prohibits the gathering of more than ten
people unless the Interior Ministry gives prior approval. Protests there in the past have led to
deadly wars between police and protesters, resulting in deaths, injuries and property damage.
By participating in or being in the vicinity of unauthorized protests, peaceful protesters and
those present may be questioned, arrested, detained and prosecuted. While there may be times
when crowds seem happy or intimidated, criminal suspicions may occur behind the veil of
anonymity given to a large crowd.

Religious/Ethnic Violence

There has been sectarian violence from time to time, but still no Westerners have been
attacked. Another attack on religious institutions is aimed at escalating tensions between
religious groups and eroding public confidence in Egypt's military power to protect them.
Visit the website for more information on religious freedom and the annual Egyptian survey.
Website of the Commission on International Religious Freedom. Sinai has claimed
responsibility for the attack on a mosque in Sinai in Egypt in a sermon on Friday, November
2017, detonating explosives and shooting dead worshipers, killing more than 230 people and
injuring 130 more in an ISIS strike that killed Egyptian people (Alexander and Pector, 2017) .

Personal Identity Concerns

People with disabilities can expect access and accommodation in Egypt is very different from
what they will find there in the United States. In general, Egyptian companies and
organizations do not provide special funding for people with disabilities, and Officials do not
apply laws that require people with disabilities to be able to access public transportation,
communications and public facilities. Pedestrian crossings and sidewalks are restricted,
uneven, and high, and occasionally cars and motorcycles use them. There are no facilities for
the elderly or people with disabilities in public transportation. There are roads that cross
people, but cars have the right to use the road; pedestrians should be careful. Although
Egyptian law does not explicitly prohibit homosexual conduct, police have arrested LGBTI
people on charges such as "loose conduct," "prostitution," and "violation of religious
teachings," which carry prison sentences for up to ten years. In more recent times, there have
been reports of this type of arrest. In society, gay men and lesbians were the most
discriminated against in society. Sexual abuse is often reported by women. From obscene
statements and actions to elaborate exposure, unwanted physical contact, and sexual
harassment, these situations become more prevalent. Many women, including immigrants,
have complained of sexual harassment and harassment in the kitchen, on the street, and while
walking through protest-ridden areas. Incidents may occur on the street, but also in the homes
of victims, as a result of maintenance or service personnel. Various religious and cultural
meetings may also be attended by women. In public, foreign women should dress modestly.
Young women and girls should be especially careful at night and avoid traveling alone. In
crowds, in public transportation, especially in remote and isolated areas, women, especially
those traveling alone, should be especially careful.

Summary

At various levels, crime zones and demographics come together and inform each other. In
many forms of deviant or criminal behavior, demographic variations such as age, gender, and
nationality are important descriptive factors, and human methods, especially for general
purposes, are widely used in criminal research. A growing body of research suggests that
deviant and criminal behaviors may have repetitive effects on the population, highlighting the
importance of criminal and deviant behaviors in the changing course of life and integrated
human processes.

References

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Anderson, M.L.C., 1994. The high juvenile crime rate: A look at mentoring as a preventive
strategy. Criminal Law Bulletin, 30(1), pp.54-75.

Lee, M.T. and Martinez, R., 2009. Immigration reduces crime: An emerging scholarly
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Ismail, S., 2012. The Egyptian revolution against the police. social research, 79(2), pp.435-
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Brewer, V.E. and Smith, M.D., 1995. Gender inequality and rates of female homicide
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Gartner, R., Baker, K. and Pampel, F.C., 1990. Gender stratification and the gender gap in
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Rose, H.M. and McClain, P.D., 1998. Race, place, and risk revisited: A perspective on the
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Sampson, R.J. and Lauritsen, J.L., 1997. Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal
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Curtis, L.A., 1975. Violence, race, and culture. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Wolfgang, M.E., Ferracuti, F. and Mannheim, H., 1967. The subculture of violence: Towards
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Eyre, C.J., 1984. Crime and adultery in ancient Egypt. The Journal of Egyptian
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