Flexible and Rigid Pavements

Flexible & Rigid Pavements
2
What is a Pavement?
• A multi layer system that distributes
the vehicular loads over a larger area
3
What is a Pavement?
OR
• Highway pavement is a structure consisting of
superimposed layers of selected and processed
materials whose primary function is to distribute
the applied vehicle load to the subgrade.
OR
• It can also be defined as “structure which
separates the tires of vehicles from the under
lying foundation.”
4
What is a Pavement?
• Pavement is the upper part of roadway,
airport or parking area structure
• It includes all layers resting on the original
ground
• It consists of all structural elements or
layers, including shoulders
5
Functions of the Pavement
• Reduce and distribute the traffic loading so as not to
damage the subgrade
• Provide vehicle access between two points under
all-weather conditions
• Provide safe, smooth and comfortable ride to road
users without undue delays and excessive wear &
tear
• Meet environmental and aesthetics requirement
• Limited noise and air pollution
• Reasonable economy
6
Requirements of Pavement Structure
• Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure

intensity tolerable by subgade
• Sufficiently strong to carry imposed stress due to traffic
load
• Sufficient thickness to prevent the effect of frost
susceptible subgade
• Pavement material should be impervious to penetration
of surface water which could weaken subgade and
subsequently pavement
• Pavement material should be non-frost susceptible
• Pavement surface should be skid resistant
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Classification of Pavements
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Types of Pavements
9
Types of Pavements
10
Types of Pavements
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Types of Pavements
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Types of Pavements
13
Types of Pavements
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Main Types of Pavement
PAVEMENTS
Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements
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FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT RIGID PAVEMENT
Types of Pavements
Flexible Pavement
• “A flexible pavement is a structure that maintains

intimate contact with and distributes load to the sub
grade and depends on aggregate interlock, particle
friction and cohesion for stability”
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Flexible Pavement
OR
• It is a structure which distributes the traffic
loading stresses to the soil (subgrade) at a
magnitude that will not shear or distort the soil
e.g., from 150 psi to 3 psi
OR
• Pavement which reflects deformation of
subgrade & the subsequent layers on to the
surface i.e., load is transmitted from grain to
grain through contact points of granular
material, i.e. in a compressive way.
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Wheel Load Distribution
Rigid Pavement
• Rigid pavements are those, which contain sufficient
beam strength to be able to bridge over the
localized subgrade failures and areas of in adequate
support.
OR
• Load is transmitted through beam action of slab in
rigid pavements.
OR
• Rigid pavements are those, which reduce the stress
concentration and distribute the reduced stresses
uniformly to the area under the slab.
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Rigid Pavement
• Rigidity – does not deform under stress
• Concrete – air entrained increases resistance to
frost damage and de-icing salt corrosion
• Reinforcement – may be bars or mesh. Continuous
rigid pavements have heavy reinforcement
• Joints – used in non-continuous pavements to allow
for thermal movement. Includes a ‘filler’ and surface
sealant
• Rigid pavements – laid as single layer by ‘concrete
paver’
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Rigid Pavements
• Because of its relative rigidity, the

pavement structure distributes loads over
a wide area with only one, or at most two,
structural layers.
• There are other types of surfaces also i.e.;
reinforced, continuously reinforced etc.
24
Basic Components of Concrete Pavement
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• Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement
(JPCP)
Flexible Rigid
Pavements Comparison
Flexible pavements:
• Multi layer construction
• Energy consumption due to transportation of materials
• Increasing cost of asphalt due to high oil prices
Rigid pavements
• Single layer
• Generally last longer
• May require asphalt topping due to noise / comfort
issues
29
Pavements Comparison
• Heavy vehicles consume less fuel on rigid
pavements
• Rigid pavements more economic when

considering environmental / life-cycle costing30
Properties Flexible Rigid
Design Empirical method Designed and analyzed by using the elastic
Principle Based on load distribution theory
characteristics of the
components
Material Granular material Made of Cement Concrete either plan,
reinforced or prestressed concrete
Flexural Low or negligible flexible Associated with rigidity or flexural strength
Strength strength or slab action so the load is distributed over
a wide area of subgrade soil.
Normal Elastic deformation Acts as beam or cantilever
Loading
Excessive Local depression Causes Cracks
Loading
Stress Transmits vertical and Tensile Stress and Temperature Increases
compressive stresses to the
lower layers
Design Constructed in number of Laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.

Practice layers.
Temperature No stress is produced Stress is produced

Force of Less. Deformation in the Friction force is High
Friction sub grade is not transferred
to the upper layers.
Opening to Road can be used for traffic Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
Traffic within 24 hours
Surfacing Rolling of the surfacing is Rolling of the surfacing in not needed.
needed
Function and Significance of Subgrade Properties
• Basement soil of road

bed.
• Important for
structural and
pavement life.
• Should not deflect
excessively due to
dynamic loading.
• May be in fill or
embankment.
Cut and Fill Sections
(Cut & Fill)
Desirable Properties of Soil as
Subgrade Material
• Stability
• Incompressibility
• Permanency of strength
• Minimum changes in volume and stability
under adverse condition of weather and
ground water
• Good drainage
• Ease of compaction
Subgrade Performance
• Load bearing capacity:

Affected by degree of compaction, moisture content,
and soil type.
• Moisture content:
Affects subgrade properties like load bearing capacity,
shrinkage and swelling.
Influenced by drainage, groundwater table elevation,
infiltration, or pavement porosity (which can be assisted
by cracks in the pavement).
• Shrinkage and/or swelling:
Shrinkage, swelling and frost heave will tend to deform
and crack any pavement type constructed over them.
Subgrade Soil Strength
Assessed in terms of CBR of subgrade
soil for most critical moisture conditions.
• Soil type
• Moisture Content
• Dry Density
• Internal Structure of the soil
• Type and Mode of Stress Application.
Pavement Responses Under Load
Axle
Load
Surface  SUR d SUR

Base/Subbase  SUB
Subgrade Soil

Flexible and Rigid Pavements

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Flexible & Rigid Pavements

• Sufficient thickness to spread loading to a pressure

Flexible Pavements Rigid Pavements

• “A flexible pavement is a structure that maintains

• Because of its relative rigidity, the

• Rigid pavements more economic when

Design Constructed in number of Laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.

Temperature No stress is produced Stress is produced

• Basement soil of road

• Load bearing capacity:

Surface  SUR d SUR

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