Emotions Profile Index

Note: Test name created by PsycTESTS

PsycTESTS Citation:
Plutchik, R., & Kellerman, H. (N.D.). Emotions Profile Index [Database record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi:
https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t16667-000

Instrument Type:
Index/Indicator

Test Format:
The respondent selects which of two adjectives in each item describes him or her best.

Source:
This historic document is included through collaboration with The University of Akron, The Archives of the History of
American Psychology, University Libraries.

Permissions:
Test content may be reproduced and used for non-commercial research and educational purposes. APA believes
that this content is in the public domain.
EMOTIONS PROFILE INDEX

On the reverse side of this page you will find a list of

words which describe people; words such as adventur-
ous, obedient or cautious. These words will he presented
in pairs. From each pair, pick the word that describes you
best by putting an X in the parentheses next to it.

For example: If you believe you are more cautious

than adventurous, you would indicate
this in the following way.
Cautious (X)
Adventurous ( )

Sometimes it may he a little difficult to decide which word

in a pair fits you better, hut please make a choice from
every pair even if the difference is very slight.
There is no time limit.

This index was developed by Dr. Robert Plutchik, Hofstra University, Hempstead,
New York, and Dr. Henry Kellerman, Middletown State Hospital, Middletown,
New York.
Sociable ( ) Shy ( ) Adventurous ( ) Obedient ( )
Affectionate ( ) Cautious ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Sociable ( )

Affectionate ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Gloomy ( )

Adventurous ( ) Affectionate ( ) Shy ( ) Obedient ( )

Impulsive ( ) Obedient ( ) Impulsive ( ) Impulsive ( )

Adventurous ( ) Adventurous ( ) Sociable ( ) Gloomy ( )

Gloomy ( ) Impulsive ( ) Adventurous ( ) Resentful ( )

Resentful ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Cautious ( ) Impulsive ( )

Impulsive ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Shy ( ) Self-Conscious ( )

Cautious ( ) Gloomy ( ) Sullen ( ) Affectionate ( )

Sullen ( ) Sociable ( ) Sociable ( ) Affectionate ( )

Cautious ( ) Gloomy ( ) Cautious ( ) Sullen ( )

Adventurous ( ) Adventurous ( ) Resentful ( ) Shy ( )

Sociable ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Obedient ( ) Adventurous ( )

Affectionate ( ) Sullen ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Impulsive ( )

Impulsive ( ) Impulsive ( ) .. Obedient ( ) Quarrelsome ( )

Adventurous ( ) Obedient ( ) Cautious ( ) Gloomy ( )

Gloomy ( ) Sullen ( ) Affectionate ( ) Shy ( )

Cautious ( ) Sullen ( ) Sullen ( ) Shy ( )

Resentful ( ) Sociable ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Sociable ( )

Quarrelsome ( ) Sullen ( ) Affectionate ( ) Obedient ( )

Obedient ( ) Adventurous ( ) Shy ( ) Cautious ( )

Obedient ( ) Shy ( ) Gloomy ( ) Sociable ( )

Shy ( ) Impulsive ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Resentful ( )

Sociable ( ) Cautious ( ) Gloomy ( ) Quarrelsome ( )

Self-Conscious ( ) Gloomy ( ) Affectionate ( ) Sullen ( )

Adventurous ( ) Resentful ( ) Cautious ( ) Resentful ( )

Resentful ( ) Affectionate ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Sullen ( )

Self-Conscious ( ) Quarrelsome ( ) Affectionate ( ) Obedient ( )

Resentful ( ) Resentful ( ) Obedient ( ) Impulsive ( )

Self-Conscious ( ) Sullen ( ) Shy ( ) Cautious ( )

Quarrelsome ( ) Gloomy ( ) Self-Conscious ( ) Self-Conscious ( )

Sociable ( ) Resentful ( )
Quarrelsome ( ) Shy ( )
separator sheet
 MANUAL FOR

E M0 T I 0 N S P R0 F I L E I NDEX

Robert Plutchik Henry Kellerman

Hofstra University Middletown State Hospital
Hempstead, New York Middletown, New York

-.

First edition
June, 1964
 ID~OTIONS PROFILE INDEX

Robert Plutchik Henry Kellerman

Hofstra University and Middletown State Hospital
Hempstead, New York Middletown, New York

Purpose of Index
The Emotion Profile Index is a forced choice personality
test designed to evaluate the relative importance of certain basic
emotions in the life of an individual. The categories of analysis
of the test are based upon a theory of emotion which postulates
that personality traits may be conceptualized as mixtures of two
or more of eight basic emotions. The trait choices are scored in
terms of the underlying emotions, thus producing a profile based
upon eight emotion categories.

Background
A series of ~apers (Plutchik, 1955, 1958, 1960) and a
book (Plutchik, 1962) provide the background for the present test.
A dissertation by Kellerman (1964) gives the details of the
construction of the test, and a paper by Schaefer and Plutchik
(1964) more fully describes the trait and emotion universes used
in the test.
In brief the theory assumes a model in which eight primary
emotions are arranged in a circular order. The introduction of
an intensity variable makes the model three-dimensional. A
detailed rationale for the choice of the eight primaries, as well
as for the sequences of primaries around the circle is given in
Plutchik (1962).
In order to make the theory of maximum generality, each
primary emotion is related to a basic prototype pattern of behavior.
These prototype patterns are briefly defined and illustrated below:

~rotectibn: This is indicated by tendencies to withdraw

from a stimulus by flight, by reference to painful events,
and by reference to feelings of fear, anxiety, panic, or
apprehension.
Destruction: This is indicated by tendencies to attack
and to destroy. References to barriers and to feelings of
frustration are a partial indicator. So too are references
to feelings of anger, rage, irritation or annoyance.
 -2-
Rej~~: This is indicated by tendencies to reject
people, situations, or events. Avoidance of new exper-
iences and tendencies to prejudge individuals or events
in negative ways all are partial indicators as are feel-
ings of disgust, loathing, boredom, or revulsion.
Incorporation: This is indicated by tendencies to
accept people or things. References to oral intake of
food and to liking things and people are also indicators
as are feelings of receptivity.
Deprivation: This is indicated by behavior that results
from loss of desired objects or people. It is indicated
by a person expressing feelings that he has been deprived
of something he wanted, and also by feelings of sadness,
grief, or melancholy.
Reproduction: This is indicated by desires for sexual
contact and by desires for warm, close ties to another
person. It is also indicated by feelings of joy, passion,
and ecstasy.
Exploration: This is indicated by anticipatory or watch-
ful behavior. This may involve any sensory activity such
as looking, listening, touching, sniffing, etc.; also
feelings of expectation and attentiveness. At higher
intensities it may be represented by vigilant behavior.
Orienta~~~: This is indicated by expressions of surprise.
It is the behavior resulting from an unexpected experience
or unexpected contact with an object. In addition, it
implies a desire for novel experiences.

The Emotions Profile Index described here uses these eight

prototype patterns, or dimensions, to describe each individual.

Development of the Emotions Profile Index

After considerable preliminary screening (Kellerman, 1964),
twelve trait terms were chosen to re~resent all four quadrants of
the trait universe based on Schaefers (1959, 1961) circumplex
analyses. The twelve traits were then paired in all possible
combinations, yeilding 66 pairs. The forced•choice test consisted
of these 66 pairs.
Each of the twelve traits were presented to ten judges who
were psychologists. They were to choose two primary emotions as
components of each of the traits. The agree~ent between judges as
to the emotion components of any trait ranged from 60 to 100 percent.
 -3-
The mean agreement for the first component for all traits was 93
percent and for second component was 79 percent. Table 1 lists the
definitions of the trait terms used in the Emotions Profile Index,
and Table 4 indicates the emotion components of each trait. For a
more compreher.sive listing of personality traits and their component
emotions see Plutchik (1962).

Application of the Emotions Profile Index

The test has proven useful in a study of tr~ee groups of
hospitalized female patients (Kellerman, 1964). A moderately and a
severely disturbed group (20 patients each) was chosen from a state
mental hospital. A matched normal group was chosen from a general
hospital. Severity of disturbance ratings were made by the ward
psychiatrist and ward nurse, and all groups were equated on age, I.Q.
and socio-economic status. Each patient was asked to indicate which
item of each pair was more like herself. The results were scored in
terms of the underlying emotions for each trait. This produced an
average profile for each of the three groups on all eight of the
primary emotions (or prototype patterns). See Table 3.
Results: Analysis of variance indicated that seven of the eight
prototype emotion dimensions differed significantly as a function of
severity of disturbance. Indications of conflict increased in the
severly disturbed group relative to the others. Factor analyses of
the data of each group were performed for both traits and emotions.
Circular organizations of the trait and emotion universes were obtain-
ed. Results generally supported the theoretical model.
Bias and Social Desirability: In the development of the Emotions
Profile Index the normal group was also required to rate each of the
twelve traits in terms of its social desirability. An analysis of
items based on only those pairs that were closely matched for social
desirability, and the development of a 11 bias 11 score, indicated that
the· results remained essentially unchanged when the social desirability
of the items was equated.

Reliability of the Emotions Profile Ind~

The test was readministered to all the patients after a three

day interval and test-retest reliability was determined. The product
moment correlation coefficients for the different scales ranged from
+0.94 to +0.98.

ValiditY of the ~notions Profile Index

The test has both content and construct validity within the
theoretical network used in its construction (Cronbach and Meehl,
 -4-
1955). The results generally supported the hypotheses generated
by the theory.

Scoril1,3
Two scoring steucils which are color coded are provided in
order to obtain a score on each of the eight emotion dimensions.
Four dimensions are scored on one stencil and four on the other.
The raw score for each dimension is simply the number of
items checltad which corre.s:po:ad to the <..olor code for each dimension.
These raw scores may range ~rom 0 to 35 depending on the particular
dimension examined. The raw scores may be conveniently converted
into percent scores by use of Table 2. This percentage is simply a
measure of the number of items chosen for a given dimension relative
to the maximum number of items possible for that dimension.
These percentages are then plotted on a standard circular
form (see appended EPI scoring sheet) to provide a profile for each
subject. The center of the circle represents zero percent, and each
succeeding ring in the circle represents a ten percent increment for
ease in plotting the percentages for each dimension.
This emotion profile indicates at a glance the relative
strengths of each primary emotion dimension and the degrees of
conflict bet1·reen various emotions. Very lm·r scores in any sector
would suggest little tendency to show that given pattern of behavior,
while high scores in a given sector would indicate high potential for
exhibiting that pattern of behavior. High percentage scores in
opposite sectors of the circle would suggest strong conflicts between
the two emotions represented.
The profile should be examined both quantitatively and
qualitatively. In the former case, the individual percentage scores
are compared against whatever norms are available. In the latter
case the particular patterns of highs and lows and opposites suggest
certain interrelationships and conflicts which are present.

Bias Score
A third stencil provides an overall 11 bias 11 score which is
based simply on the number of items chosen from t~e pairs where
social desirability was~ matched. The percent score indicates a
tendency to pick the more socially desirable of the two items in a
pair. This score might suggest that the subject was trying to pre-
sent himself in the best light possible, and hence might represent
the operation of a bias. The mean bias score for the normal female
subjects was 77% For the moderately disturbed group it was 55%
and for the severiy disturbed group it was 66!•
 -5-
§ample Scored Protocol
Figure 1 sho"t'l'S a :profile based upon the choices obtained
from one of the severeJ.y disturbed :patients. She is a 26 year old
Catholic female who is married and has one child. She was first
admitted to a private hospital because of severe depression, agita-
tion, and suicidal thoughts. Her diagnosis was: Psychoneurosis
Reactive Depression. After 15 months she was released. The director
of the hospital in :private correspondence said he felt her general
behavior and sjrmptomatology warranted a more severe diagnosis in
terms of disturbance. The diagnosis, however, was not altered.
Co~ent 1: It should be noted here, that Reactive Depression
usually represents behavior in which the anxiety is allayed and
relieved by the depression. The onset of the reaction is acute,
and precipitated by a recent deprivation or loss. It is often
associated with past actions and feelings of guilt. The intensity
of the reaction often depends on the intensity of the patient's
ambivalent feelings toward the loss.*
Several months after her release, she was admitted to a state
hospital with the same symptoms, and i-ras released after 10 months of
treatment. The diagnosis of Reactive Depression was also carried
through here. A year later she returned to the state hospital with
the same complaints and symptomatology, and was again diagnosed as:
Reactive Depression.
On the ward she was described in the following way: She
appears withdrawn and preoccupied. She is sad and cries easily.
She is a tense, shaky young woman who presents a very worried,
depressed appearance. She is frightened often and trembles."
Comment 2: There seems to be much too much anxiety for a Reactive
Depression diagnosis to be made. Also, there is notr~ng in the
history to suggest a recent loss or deprivation.
During psychotherapy, the patient revealed that she had tried
suicide a number of times to no avail. She had thoughts which terri-
fied her, of killing her baby. She states that she has always been
a frightened person. Her strong feelings of guilt are related to the
fact that her father and brother had sexually attacked her and had
sexual relations with her a number of times during her adolescence.
She described these experiences as the root of her problem.
Comment 3: Examination of the Emotion Profile Index reveals high
Exploration and Protectiveness which suggests a strong anxiety
picture. This anxiety picture is consistent with her clinical
behavior and contraindicates the diagnosis of Reactive Depression.

*This description.is taken partly from the American Psychia-

tric Association diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders. 1952.
 -6-
In addition, the Deprivation dimension is not strongly represented.
This suggests that loss experiences are not dominant elements in her
background. The high Reproduction and Incorporation scores combined
with the high Protection score imply a guilt pattern and strong
conflict. The low Destruction score implies great timidity and is
very consistent with her fearful, tremulous behavior on the ward.
The central conflict suggested by her Emotions Profile
concerns fearfulness in connection with pleasure (sexuality), as
well as a strong anxiety pattern. The low Destruction, high
Protection scores also suggests a passive-obedient person.
The clinical picture implied by the Emotions Profile Index
scores seems to be in good agreement with the patient's observed
clinical behavior as well as her history.

Further Research vri th the Emotions Profile Index

Research using this test instrument has just begun. Hope-
fully many defined populations will be studied and their typical
profiles established. In addition, the Emotions Profile Index will
be tried in connection with individual clinical prediction and
results coorelated against case material
It would be greatly appreciated if copies of these findings
l'TOuld be sent to the authors of the Emotions Profile Index to be
used eventually in the establishment of various norms.
 EMOTIONS PROFILE INDEX SCORING SHEET

NAME: :r.rary s.
RAW
DIM. SCORE SCORE
DATE: AGE: 27 SEX: F
Inc. 20 74
1-u.RIT.AL STATUS: Harried Re • 15 75
EDUCATION Des. 2 6
COl"iPLETED: High school
E 26 81

OCCUPATION: Houselfife Re . 12 44
De . 6 30
Pro. 20 74
~')_0~ J'.l:J.o 4 20
Q.'J.c 0~ Ori.
~e"9~o o~~t:t.
OJ:J. Bias Score: 68

/( ~\

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C0 IvlM b"N TS :
 Table 1
Trait Terms as Used in the Emotions Profile Index

~9IABL~: A person who likes to be in the company of

others. For example, this person may like
to go to parties, picnics, dances, etc.
AFFECTIONATE: A person who often expresses his warmth
and love for others.
ADVENTUROUS: A person who often engages in new
activities for excitement.
RESENTFUL: A person who feels someone was unjust or
unfair to him, is hurt by this, but is
unable to immediately and openly express
his feelings, so he harbors them.
IMPULSIVE: A person who does things because of an
urge to do them, without thinking of the
consequences. He feels compelled to act
on the spur ·of the moment and cannot stop.
QUARRELSm~E: A person who often becomes involved in
arguments or disputes or one who looks
for arguments.
SULLEN: A person who silently broods and does not
express hostility directly.
GLOOHY: A person who mopes around and feels in a
sad and dark kind of mood.
§HI: A person who feels a little uneasy or
afraid in the presence of others.
SELF CONSCIOUS: A person who is highly aware of himself
in the presence of others, and this makes
him feel uncomfortable.
OBEDIENT: A person who 1ivill do what he is told,
without contradicting.
CAUTIOUS: A person who is usually careful because
he thinks something might happen.
 Table 2

Conversion Table of Raw Scores to Percentages for the

Eight Prototype Dimensions Plus the Bias Score
 Table 3

Mean percent score for each dimension for three matched groups
of female subjects (mean I.Q.=100, mean age =30 years,
middle income). Group 1 is normal, Group 2 is
reoderately disturbed (hospitalized), Group 3
is severely disturbed (hospitalized).
H = 20 per group.

Mean Percent Score for each

Dimension
Dimensions Groups*
1 2 3
Incorporation 80 62 63
Reproduction 81 65 56
Destruction 14 41 25
Exploration 63 50 67
Rejection 32 50 38
Deprivation 25 44 36
Protection 69 46 75
Orientation 44 44 42

~~Themeans of the standard devia tiona are:

Group 1 = 13; Group 2 = 23; an.d Group 3 = 21.
 Table 4

The Basic Emotions Judged to Be Components of

the 12 Traits Used in the Index.

Emotion Comnonents
Trait 1st 2nd
Sociable Incorporation Reproduction
Affectio~te Incorporation Reproduction
Adventurous Orientation Exploration
Resentful Destruction Rejection
Impulsive Orientation Destruction
Quarrelsome Destruction Rejection
Sullen Destruction Deprivation
Shy Protection Exploration
Gloomy Deprivation Destruction
Cautious Exploration Protection
Self-Conscious Exploration Rejection
Obedient Incorporation Protection
 References

Cronbach, L. J. and Meehl, P. E. Construct validity in psycholog-

ical tests. Psychol. ~., 1955, 52, 281-302.
Kellerman, H. The development of a forced-choice personality index
and its relation to degree of maladjustment. Ph. D.
Dissertation. Yeshiva University, 1964.
Plutchik, R. Some problems for a theory of emotion. Psychosom.
~., 1955, 17, 306-310.
Plutchik, R. Outlines of a new theory of emotion. Trans. ~
~· ~., 1958, 20, 394-403.
Plutchik, R. The multifactor-analytic theory of emotion. l•
Psychol., 1960, 50, 153-171.
Plutchik, R. The emotions: facts, theories, and a new model.
New York: Random House, 1962.
Schaefer, E. s. and Plutchik, R. A statistical analysis of the
semantic configuration of emotions, traits and diagnostic
constructs. Paper presented at Eastern Psychological
Association meeting in Philadelphia, April, 1964.
Schaefer, E. s. A circumplex model for maternal behavior. i·
abnorm. ~· Psychol., 1959, 59, 226-235.
Schaefer, E. s. Converging conceptual models for maternal behavior
and for child behavior. In: Parental attitudes and child
behavior. J. Glidewell (Ed.). Springfield, Ill:-c7 c.
Thomas, 1961.
separator sheet
 !MOTIONS PROFILE INDEX SCORING SHEET
NAME: _____________________________

DIM. SCORE SCORE

DATE: ______ AGE: _ _ __ SEX: _ _
I o.
M.A.RITAL STATUS=------------- Re •
EDUOATIO;N ________________________
COMPLETED: Des.
E •
OCCUPATION: ____________________ Re •
De •
Pro.
Ori.
Bias Score:

COMMENTS:
separator sheet
 I

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Sociable Shy ) Adventurous ( Obedient (

Affectionate Cautious ) Self-Conscious ( Sociable ( '
Affectionate Quarrelsome Quarrelsome Gloomy
Adventurous Affectionate Shy Obedient (

Impulsive
Adventurous
)
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Adventurous
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Sociable (
Impulsive
Gloomy
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Gloomy
Resentful
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