JMJ

NOTRE DAME OF DADIANGAS UNIVERSITY

Marist Avenue, General Santos City

A Case Study on the Improper Waste Disposal in

General Santos City

In partial fulfillment of the requirements in NSTP-2

School year: 2020-2021

Bolando, Kier Jino T.

Dela Torre, Erica D.
Pilipas, Clarence J.
Plana, Jesell France K.
Salipoden, Esmail A.

Agnes S. Elegino
NSTP Adviser
 I. Presentation of the Problem:

Improper waste disposal is one of the existing problems that the world is facing

right now with difficulty as humans are the root of this problem. There are several studies

conducted throughout the past years that deduced the importance of proper waste disposal in the

community and the effects of improper disposal of the waste to the community, environment,

and the health of the residents.

According to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) from her study in the effects of improper

waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental

issues here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems that affect not only the environment but

also the health and life of the people. This problem may be resolve or it will remain problem to

the country in the next few years”. A law in the Philippines approved by the Office on the

President on January 26, 2001 was created in response to the rapidly growing rate of garbage

problems in the country caused by improper waste disposal. Unfortunately, even though there is

a law, improper waste disposal in the Philippines was ranked 3rd as top source of water

contamination in a study on February 2015.

The Philippines generates an estimated 43,684 tons of garbage daily, including 4,609 tons

of plastic waste, according to government data, and proper disposal facilities are lacking for

much of it. The trash is piling up on land, clogging coastlines, spilling into the sea, and traveling

to remote corners of the globe as the country fails to meet targets for improved waste

management that it signed into law 18 years ago. The central government claims it’s done all it

can, and that the onus is on local governments to get their trash in order and on the Philippine

people to dispose of their garbage more responsibly. But environmental advocates disagree,
saying the government could do more, including pressuring multinational corporations to change

their products.

Unsurprisingly, the Philippines generates more solid waste as population increases, living

standards are enhanced, and urban and rural areas are being developed. According to a report by

the Senate Economic Planning Office (SEPO), the country’s waste generation steadily increased

from 37,427.46 tons per day in 2012 to 40,087.45 tons in 2016. Meanwhile, solid wastes

produced by Philippine cities are expected to increase by 165 percent to 77,776 tons by 2025.

Additionally, lack of discipline and knowledge about waste disposal and management

greatly affects the respondents’ view of the importance of practicing waste disposal and

management. From a case study on the “Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness Status and Behavior

Concerning Solid Waste Management” (Desa, Kadir & Yusoof, 2010), explained that the lack of

awareness and knowledge among the community about solid waste management (SWM) issues,

and being ignorant about the effect of that improper SWM has definitely worsened the problem.

People should be aware, disciplined, and knowledgeable about the problems existing within their

area to be able to formulate a solution or alternative regarding their problem and to prevent the

situation from getting worse.

In the study of Mamady (March 8, 2016), improper waste disposal happens due to the

community residents who had poor knowledge and unsafe behavior in relation to waste

management. The answers of the respondents about the reasons and factors that causes improper

waste disposal mainly focused on three themes: insufficient funds, absence of garbage trucks,

lack of awareness and knowledge, and lack of discipline.

 Insufficient funds caused by “wala masyadong nabibigay na pondo ang barangay sa

pangangailangan ng mga tao” and “walang sapat na budget ang barangay” is the most

affecting factor as to why the barangay is having difficulty to create and implement projects that

will solve the issues in the barangay. Poor cash flow management is the most significant factor

that leads to a project's delay followed by late payment, insufficient financial resources and

financial market instability (Hamzah, Roshana, & Wong, August, 2009).

One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the

“Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case

Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem, 2010), which discussed and

highlighted the main causes of improper solid waste management in developing countries like

improper ways of waste disposal. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may

create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution,

obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

Another study, which is about effects of improper garbage disposal (Boehlke, 2017), also

implied that humans are not the only ones who are affected but also animals. As water can be

contaminated, marine life is also in danger. When wastes cluster and form algal bloom, it can

suffocate and contaminate everything near it – may it be a habitat which includes corals or an

organism like fishes, mollusks, etc.

Furthermore, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) also claimed that improper hazardous

waste disposal doesn’t just contaminate soil and the local water supply, but it can also pollute the

air. An area with a reputation for a toxic environment can also be susceptible to lower property

values, so not following proper disposal procedures can even affect the cost of houses' properties.
Long term execution of improper waste disposal of municipal wastes can affect soil and water

properties and productivity. It also produces lethal gases such as carbon monoxide and methane

gas.

It firmly believes that the General Santos City is entitled to a healthy and productive life

in harmony with nature. To make the City livable and competitive, proactive urban plans and

support policies are needed. These socio-economic developments within the City, however, have

largely resulted to Solid Waste Management (SWM) problems. It is estimated that 292,572

kg/day (292.5 tons/day) are generated within the City. Average per capita waste generation from

households within the collection area is approximately 0.44 kg. per day.

City’s rising solid waste generation is projected as population and economic activities are

expected to increase. At present, solid wastes seen in vacant lots, canals, creeks and rivers are

evidences of the City’s more serious Solid Waste Management-related problems, including:

mixed waste collection; improper disposal management; relatively low volume of wastes

diverted at source; intermittent public and private participation; insufficient functional support

mechanisms such as engineering support, advocacy and enforcement, non-implementation of

Solid Waste Management incentives and Integrated Sustainable Waste Management (ISWM)

framework that serves as a guide for the City in improving its Solid Waste Management

program. Existing structure of Waste Management Office (WMO) is not responsive to the

function or mandate of the office. Non-appointment of Waste Management Office head

  In General Santos City, a report from the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (CDRRMC) said the floods affected around 600 families in Barangays Lagao, Baluan

and Bula, which were placed under a state of calamity. City Councilor Richard Atendido said the

floods worsened due to the still unfinished drainage projects in Barangays Baluan, Buayan and
Bula as well as the clogged canals. He said most of the canals were clogged due to the

accumulation of garbage that was not disposed properly by local residents

Nowadays, we are suffering environmental dilemmas such as global warming, flash

floods, and etc. One of the causes of these problem is the misbehavior of the people towards

waste management. Some people are reckless in throwing their garbage. They do not think of the

possible results of their actions on the environmental as well as on health.

 II. Existing Solutions

A study in Ecuador which centered around the development of organic fertilizers from

food market waste and urban gardening by composting (Jara-Samaniego, Pérez-Murcia,

Bustamante, Paredes, & Pérez-Espinosa, 2017) can reduce the effects of improper waste

disposal and even prevent the pile up of wastes. Biodegradable wastes can be used for

agricultural purposes because of the high concentration that can be found on organic matters

and nutrients contents of the wastes like in food market and urban gardening wastes that can be

managed and recycled through composting obtaining end-products like compost or fertilizer.

 The Philippines has alarming garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003. RA 9003 further calls for the

establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every barangay or cluster of

a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975

nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials Recovery

Facilities out of a total of 142. Recognizing the importance of the environment’s immediate

recovery and effects of improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for

understanding and reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment.

The national government claims to be doing all it can to curb the garbage menace facing

the country. Serafin said that in addition to the usual push to recycle, reuse and reduce, especially

when it comes to plastic products, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources has

trained and deployed over 300 individuals to capacitate local environment officers across the

country to enforce RA 9003. The government, through its environment department, is also

providing financial assistance to LGUs to build sanitary landfills to replace their open dumpsites.
 RA No. 9003 prohibits the use of open dumps for solid waste disposal and enjoins the

LGUs to convert their open dumps into sanitary landfill. Moreover, in its Administrative Order

No. 50-1998, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) prescribed

guidelines for identifying and establishing sanitary landfills such that, among others: (a) the site

should not be located in existing or proposed residential, commercial, or urban development

areas, and areas with archeological, cultural, and historical importance; (b) the site should not be

located in or up gradient of shallow unconfined aquifers for drinking water supply; (c) the site

should not be located near airports; and (d) the site should not be located in soft and settling

soils. As of last year, however, the DENR’s National Solid Waste Management Commission

disclosed that a total of 384 open dumps still operate nationwide except in Metro Manila.

Moreover, RA No. 9003 prohibits the littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in

public places, or causing or permitting the same. Any person who commits this offense shall,

upon conviction, be fined for not less than P300 but not more than P1,000, or render community

service for not less than one day to not more than 15 days to an LGU where such prohibited acts

are committed.

The City of General Santos conducted various plans in order to lessen the arising

problems against improper waste disposal. Such as opening of the category of GSC Sanitary

Landfill Facility located at Barangay Sinawal and simultaneously closing the Tambler open

dump site. General Santos City is also a recipient of UNIDO’S Demonstration Project on Best

Available Techniques (BATS)/Best Environmental Practices (BEPS) in open burning activities

in response to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). The first

establishment large scale Central Material Recovery Facility (CMRF). The said facility is located
in Barangay Sinawal, and will be the Philippines’ first large scale mechanized CMRF capable of

processing up to 40 TPD of municipal solid waste.

In additional, the Local Government Unit of General Santos City conducted projects and

activities in order to aids the problem of improper waste disposal around the local government.

The government decided to have a continuous SWM Enforcers Training and Deputation of

barangay enforcers; PNP (regular, auxiliary and volunteers). Formulation of Enforcement

Mechanism and allocating funds for the implementation. Implementation of rewards and

incentives for Enforcers and the share of the Barangays from penalties, to sustain enforcement

system. Also, the LGU conducted “Education and Awareness Raising” which this seminar is on

Integrated Solid Waste Management and an “Awareness Fun Run” which the focus of the said

activity is spread awareness to the community the importance of environmental management.

Moreover, City of General Santos agreed to pass the City Ordinance No.12, series of

2008 also known as the “General Santos City Ecological Solid Waste Management Ordinance of

2008”. The Goals, Provisions and objectives are very much alike with the Republic Act

9003. This was an effort to create awareness among the public on the importance of

environmental protection and preservation. The barangay shall be responsible for the collection,

segregation, recycling of biodegradable, recyclable, compostable and reusable wastes.

The City’s Ecological Solid Waste Management plan seeks to deepen understanding and

participation of public and private sector participation in solid waste management. It reinforces

not only compliance to Republic Act (RA) 9003-The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000, but also good governance practices in solid waste management such that transparency,

accountability, participation and functionality are upheld in the City’s Solid Waste Management
program. Ultimately, with the vision of making General Santos City a globally competitive one,

this ESWM Plan is expected to enable the City to deliver quality solid waste management

services and increase public and private sector participation for improved public health and

sustainable environmental management.

III. Actions Undertaken to the Problems:

In this section it entails the actions being undertaken by the researcher in order to

resolve the problems of improper waste disposal in General Santos City. It involves also the

recommendations that is essential to further give information’s to everyone that could best

help in resolving the problem of the waste.

A. Action Plan

 The researchers plan to conduct solid waste management in some places

around the city which wastes is visible and rampant.

1. Conducting of clean-up drive which is the efficient way to lessen the

increasing amount of garbage’s around the city. Clean-up drive is done

regularly until a good outcome is observed.

2. Recycling materials also is one of the definite solutions because

recycling reduces the need for a raw material; it also uses less energy,

therefore preserving natural resources for the future. Like for examples

recycling newspaper which it can be made into egg cartoons, etc.

3. Putting of garbage bins (using of reusable sacks can be an alternative

bin instead of buying) in places like Queen Tuna Park for about a

month is definitely can help reduce the waste.

4. Segregation of garbage’s is also good at least two (2) waste

classifications: biodegradable and non-biodegradable). Segregation of

garbage’s is done by the researchers until a good result is observed.

 5. Spreading awareness to the community about the importance of waste

management. This is done by collaborating and supporting the LGU of

General Santos City in their projects and abided laws concerning the

protection of the environment.

B. Recommendations:

 The researchers recommended that the Local Government of General Santos

City should strictly establish, implement and continuously improve governance

and management policies, competencies, systems and structures for solid waste

management and in order to improve public health and a sustainable

environmental management.

 The LGU of General Santos City should install effective and efficient

technologies, physical infrastructure, service delivery mechanisms and

processes for waste reduction, collection, processing and disposal.

 The LGU should have an effective partnership and collaborations with the civil

society and private sectors for solid waste management public education,

community participation and service delivery.

 Complements pertinent agencies and institutions in achieving their respective

mandates that relate to solid waste management, especially in standards

enforcement, public education and special projects.

 Creating enforcement activities with monetary rewards in order to sustain and

for the maintenance of environmental management.

 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Conceptual Literature

According to Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam from ResearchGate (December,

2017), “Without an effective and efficient waste management program, the waste generated from

various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards and have

negative impact on the environment.”. An effective and efficient waste management program is a

way for an area to have a clean and safe environment. The researchers have formulated a way to

accomplish the aim of Iyyanki Muralikrishna and Valli Manickam.

Treatments and disposal methods depends on the type of problem that any community

has. Residents or any responsible citizen of the community are able to conduct an appropriate

solution for the sake of their environment. Based on their research, it is also said that various

human activity can result a negative impact that can also cause health hazards to the residents.

Proper discipline and awareness of residents is needed. Nowadays, the main problem of

everybody about solid waste management is the lack of discipline of some people, that causes

growing rate of garbage problems that also affects air pollution, water and soil contamination,

floods and excessive breeding of rodents and vermin.

However, Taguti, Francoso, Viera (2017) claimed that, “Biodegradable materials are

substituting the conventional materials in many different applications. Among these, an

important class is the biodegradable polymers, also known as ecofriendly polymers mainly due

to their ability to erode fast by composting without any toxic effect.” Solid waste management

can be done in different eco-friendly ways. Some of these are: Creating less waste through

reusing, rehoming for waste removal and refining footprint example is using plastic bags from
mall and using it again instead of throwing it away, as well as plastic cups that can be use as pot

of plants or people could try and sell the reusable products. Another way is composting as waste

removal, where in waste can be put in compost pit, will decompose, and eventually turn into

fertilizer. Also, food waste can be fed to farm animals like cows, pigs and goats rather than

throwing it.

Related Studies

Improper waste disposal is one of the existing problems that the Philippines is facing

right now with difficulty as humans are the root of this problem. There are several studies

conducted throughout the past years that deduced the importance of proper waste disposal in the

community and the effects of improper disposal of the waste to the community, environment,

and the health of the residents.

According to Khylle Tumala (January 2015) from her study in the effects of improper

waste disposal in the Philippines, “Improper waste disposal is one of the biggest environmental

issues here in the Philippines. It caused bigger problems that affect not only the environment but

also the health and life of the people. This problem may be resolve or it will remain problem to

the country in the next few years”. A law in the Philippines approved by the Office on the

President on January 26, 2001 was created in response to the rapidly growing rate of garbage

problems in the country caused by improper waste disposal. Unfortunately, even though there is

a law, improper waste disposal in the Philippines was ranked 3rd as top source of water

contamination in a study on February 2015.

One of the significant studies that can also be applied to this research is the

“Environmental Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case

Study of Rawalpindi City” (Ejaz, Akhtar, Nisar & Ali Naeem, 2010), which discussed and

highlighted the main causes of improper solid waste management in developing countries like

improper ways of waste disposal. An inefficient municipal solid waste management system may

create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution,

obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

Furthermore, Marianne and Fred Sandford (2015) also claimed that improper hazardous

waste disposal doesn’t just contaminate soil and the local water supply, but it can also pollute the

air. An area with a reputation for a toxic environment can also be susceptible to lower property

values, so not following proper disposal procedures can even affect the cost of houses' properties.

Long term execution of improper waste disposal of municipal wastes can affect soil and water

properties and productivity. It also produces lethal gases such as carbon monoxide and methane

gas.

Disposal of refuse without proper supervision often amounts damage to the environment

and ultimately to the human body system. A public health physician, Professor Akin Osibogun,

justified that improperly disposed refuse has both direct and indirect health effects to humans

which were observed in the study of how improper waste disposal damages health (Obama,

2015). Excessive breeding of rodents and vermin like rats, cockroaches, mosquitoes, and flies are

the direct health effects caused by improper disposal as those vermin transmit diseases like

leptospirosis, lassa fever and salmonellosis from rats; malaria from mosquitoes, shigellosis and

diarrheal diseases from flies. Indirect health effects, on the other hand, include the contamination

of water and soil from leachate – a very harmful liquid mixture of chemicals that forms as water

flows from a contaminated area.

 Another study, which is about effects of improper garbage disposal (Boehlke, 2017), also

implied that humans are not the only ones who are affected but also animals. As water can be

contaminated, marine life is also in danger. When wastes cluster and form algal bloom, it can

suffocate and contaminate everything near it – may it be a habitat which includes corals or an

organism like fishes, mollusks, etc.

A study in Ecuador which centered around the development of organic fertilizers from

food market waste and urban gardening by composting (Jara-Samaniego, Pérez-Murcia,

Bustamante, Paredes, & Pérez-Espinosa, 2017) can reduce the effects of improper waste disposal

and even prevent the pile up of wastes. Biodegradable wastes can be used for agricultural

purposes because of the high concentration that can be found on organic matters and nutrients

contents of the wastes like in food market and urban gardening wastes that can be managed and

recycled through composting obtaining end-products like compost or fertilizer.

In the study of Mamady (March 8, 2016), improper waste disposal happens due to the

community residents who had poor knowledge and unsafe behavior in relation to waste

management. The answers of the respondents about the reasons and factors that causes improper

waste disposal mainly focused on three themes: insufficient funds, absence of garbage trucks,

lack of awareness and knowledge, and lack of discipline.

Our country is now grappling on the massive volume of wastes everywhere especially on

urban areas. Waste disposal is important to practice for us to be safe from diseases and disasters.

Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Chair Francis Tolentino said 48 trucks of garbage

had been collected so far from Roxas Boulevard, which went underwater due to storm surge.

(Philippine Daily Inquirer, Inquirer.net, 2012). Garbage’s could cause some diseases just like of
skin and blood infections resulting from direct contact with waste, and from infected

wounds; eye and respiratory infections resulting from exposure to infected dust, especially

during landfill operations; different diseases that results from the bites of animals feeding on the

waste; and lastly, Intestinal infections that are transmitted by flies feeding on the waste.

 The Philippines has alarming garbage problems despite the passage of the Ecological

Solid Waste Management Act or the Republic Act (RA) 9003. RA 9003 further calls for the

establishment of materials recovery facilities, or ecology centers, in every barangay or cluster of

a barangay. To date, only 1,923 ecology centers exist, serving 2,133 barangays of a total 41,975

nationwide. In Quezon City alone, only 52 barangays have established Materials Recovery

Facilities out of a total of 142. Recognizing the importance of the environment’s immediate

recovery and effects of improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need for

understanding and reformation of attitudes and concern towards the protection of environment.

Insufficient funds caused by “wala masyadong nabibigay na pondo ang barangay sa

pangangailangan ng mga tao” and “walang sapat na budget ang barangay” is the most

affecting factor as to why the barangay is having difficulty to create and implement projects that

will solve the issues in the barangay. Poor cash flow management is the most significant factor

that leads to a project's delay followed by late payment, insufficient financial resources and

financial market instability (Hamzah, Roshana, & Wong, August, 2009).

Additionally, lack of discipline and knowledge about waste disposal and management

greatly affects the respondents’ view of the importance of practicing waste disposal and

management. From a case study on the “Knowledge, Attitudes, Awareness Status and Behaviour

Concerning Solid Waste Management” (Desa, Kadir & Yusoof, 2010), explained that the lack of
awareness and knowledge among Malaysian community about solid waste management (SWM)

issues, and being ignorant about the effect of that improper SWM has definitely worsened the

problem. People should be aware, disciplined, and knowledgeable about the problems existing

within their area to be able to formulate a solution or alternative regarding their problem and to

prevent the situation from getting worse.

RA No. 9003 prohibits the use of open dumps for solid waste disposal and enjoins the LGUs to

convert their open dumps into sanitary landfill. Moreover, in its Administrative Order No. 50-

1998, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) prescribed guidelines for

identifying and establishing sanitary landfills such that, among others: (a) the site should not be

located in existing or proposed residential, commercial, or urban development areas, and areas

with archeological, cultural, and historical importance; (b) the site should not be located in or up

gradient of shallow unconfined aquifers for drinking water supply; (c) the site should not be

located near airports; and (d) the site should not be located in soft and settling soils. As of last

year, however, the DENR’s National Solid Waste Management Commission disclosed that a

total of 384 open dumps still operate nationwide except in Metro Manila.

Moreover, RA No. 9003 prohibits the littering, throwing, dumping of waste matters in

public places, or causing or permitting the same. Any person who commits this offense shall,

upon conviction, be fined for not less than P300 but not more than P1,000, or render community

service for not less than one day to not more than 15 days to an LGU where such prohibited acts

are committed.

  In General Santos City, a report from the City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Council (CDRRMC) said the floods affected around 600 families in Barangays Lagao, Baluan
and Bula, which were placed under a state of calamity. City Councilor Richard Atendido said the

floods worsened due to the still unfinished drainage projects in Barangays Baluan, Buayan and

Bula as well as the clogged canals. He said most of the canals were clogged due to the

accumulation of garbage that was not disposed properly by local residents

Moreover, City of General Santos agreed to pass the City Ordinance No.12, series of

2008, also known as the “General Santos City Ecological Solid Waste Management Ordinance of

2008”. The Goals, Provisions and objectives are very much alike with the Republic Act

9003. This was an effort to create awareness among the public on the importance of

environmental protection and preservation. The barangay shall be responsible for the collection,

segregation, recycling of biodegradable, recyclable, compostable and reusable wastes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 Abdul- Rahman H., Takim, R., & Sze Min, W. (2010, August). Financial-related
causes contributing to project delays. Journal of Retail &
Leisure  Property, Volume 8, Issue 3, pp 225 - 228. Retrieved April 11, 2018,
from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/rlp.2009.11
 Anikwe, M. N., Nwobodo, K. A. (2002, July). Long term effect of municipal
waste disposal on soil properties and productivity of sites used for urban
agriculture in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Elsevier: Bioresource Technology, Volume 8,
Issue 3, pp 241 - 250. Retrieved February 6, 2018,
from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960852401001547/
 Boehlke, J. (2017, June 13). The Effects of Improper Garbage Disposal.  Retrieved
February 6, 2018, from https://www.livestrong.com/article/124375-effects-
improper- garbage-disposal/
 Brasch, B. (2017, July 18). Lack of Truck Drivers Creates Mountain of Garbage
at Cobb Dump.  Retrieved April 11, 2018, from The Atlanta-Journal Constitution
website: https://www.ajc.com/news/local/lack-truck-drivers-creates-
mountain-garbage- cobb-dump/DpCojjGQltz2nPnzoy2x1M/
 Chris. (2015, February 6). Ready to Get Your Junk Removed? Retrieved February
6, 2018, from https://junkit.ca/consequences-of-improper-waste-disposal/
 Desa, A., Abd Kadir, N. B., & Yusooff, F. (2010). A Study the Knowledge,
Attitudes, Awareness Status and Behaviour Concerning Solid Waste
Management. Kongres Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran UKM, Volume 18,
pp 643 - 648. Retrieved April 16, 2018, from School of Psychology and Human
Development, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
website: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.095
 Ejaz N., Akhtar N., Nisar H., & Ali Naeem, U. (n.d). Environmental Impacts of
Improper Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Case Study of
Rawalpindi City. Retrieved February 6, 2018,
from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-transactions-on-ecology-and-
the- environment/142/21677/
 Hayes, L. (2016, May 31). Environmental Benefits of Waste Management.
Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/environmental-
benefits/ Waste-management-Leon-hayes
 Jara-Saramaniego, J., Perez-Murcia, M. D., Bustamante, M. A. (2017, July 20).
Development of Organic Fertilizers from Food Market Waste and Urban
Gardening by Composting in Ecuador. Retrieved February 6, 2018, from
 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0181621
 Larney, F. J., Sullivan, D. M., Buckley, K.E., & Eghball, B. (2006). The Role of
 Leach, M. (2017, September 30). Effects of Improper Solid Waste Disposal.
Retrieved February 6, 2018, from https://healthyliving.azcentral.com/effects-of-
improper-solid-waste-disposal-12184010.html/
 Leslie, K. (n.d). The Effects of Improper Waste Disposal.
Retrieved February 6, 2018, from https://www.hunker.com/13421035/the-effects-
of- improper-waste-disposal/
 Llagas, B. (2017, June 27). The Cause of Flood is Not Poor Drainage System,
 It’s Poor Discipline. Retrieved April 16, 2018,
from http://nolisoli.ph/16585/cause-flood- not-poor-drainage-system-poor-
discipline/
 Licy, C. D., Raghavan, V., Saritha K., & Josphina, C. T. (2013, January).
Awareness, Attitude and Practice of School Students towards Household Waste
Management. Retrieved April 16, 2018,
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269520226_Awareness_At
titude_and_Pra
ctice_of_School_Students_towards_Household_Waste_Management
 Lopez, C. (2018). Analyzing Root Causes of Problems: The "But Why?"
Technique.  Retrieved April 11, 2018, from https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-
contents/analyze/analyze-community-problems-and-solutions/root-
causes/main
 Mamady, K. (2016, March 8). Factors Influencing Attitude, Safety Behavior,and
Knowledge regarding Household Waste Management in Guinea: A Cross-Sectional
Study. Retrieved April 11, 2018,
from https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jeph/2016/9305768/
 Metropolitan Transfer Station. (2017, October 8). 6 Negative Effects of Improper
Waste Management. Retrieved February 6, 2018,
from http://www.metropolitantransferstation.com.au/blog/negative-
effects-of-improper- waste-management/
 Obinna, C. (2015, August 6). How Improper Waste Disposal Damages Health.
Retrieved February 8, 2018, from https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/how-
improper- waste-disposal-damages-health/
One Stop Disposal (2017, May 9). The Benefits of Recycling and Proper
Garbage and Disposal. Garbage Disposal, Recycling. Retrieved April 11, 2018,
from http://www.onestopdisposal.com/news/the-benefits-of-recycling-
and-proper- garbage-disposal/
 Panganiban, J. A. (2016, November 17). Lack of discipline bring about waste
disposal problem. Suloy - Ang Gintong Uhay. Retrieved April 16, 2018,
from https://suloyanggintonguhay.wordpress.com/2016/11/17/lack-of-
discipline-bring- about-waste-disposal-problem/
 Pongracz, E., Phillips, P. S., & Keiski, R. L. (2004, June). Evolving the Theory
of Waste Management-Implications to waste minimization. ResearchGate.
Retrieved February 27, 2018,
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229015605_Evolving_the_
Theory_of_Wa ste_Management-Implications_to_waste_minimization
 Pongracz, E., Phillips, P. S., & Keiski, R. L. (2004, October). Evolving the
theory of waste management: Defining key concepts. International Journal of
Environment and Waste Management.
Retrieved February 25, 2018,
from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289022652_Evolving_the_
theory_of_waste_management_Defining_key_concepts
 Pongracz, E., Phillips, P. S., & Keiski, R. L. (2004). Evolving The Theory of
 Waste Management: Defining Key Concepts. Witpress, Volume 78, p 10.
Retrieved February 25, 2018, from https://www.witpress.com/elibrary/wit-
transactions-on-ecology- and-the-environment/78/14399
 Shaun (2014, December 5). Attack the Discipline Problem and Cure the
Improper Garbage Disposal Issue.
Retrieved April 16, 2018
from https://tdeshaun11.wordpress.com/2014/12/05/attack-the- discipline-
problem-and-cure-the-improper-garbage-disposal-issue/
 Tsagolov, N. (2014, December 8). Quesnay's Tableau Economique and Its
Significance.  Taylor & Francis Online, Volume 1, Issue 12, pp 74 - 78. Retrieved
April 10, 2018, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.2753/PET1061-
1991011274
 Tumala, K. (2017, January 31). Improper Waste Disposal in the Philippines.
Retrieved February 6, 2018 from http://thisismekhy.blogspot.com/
 UK Essays. (2017, May 23). Improper Waste Disposal - Effects of.
Retrieved February 6, 2018,
from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/environmental- sciences/improper-
waste-disposal-can-create-environmental-problem-environmental- sciences-
essay.php/
 Zaborski, E. (2015, August 24). Composting to Reduce Weed Seeds and Plant
Pathogens. Retrieved February 6, 2018,
from http://articles.extension.org/pages/28585/
composting-to-reduce-weed-seeds-and-plant-pathogens/
 https://www.researchgate.net/project/A-Case-Study-about-the-Improper-Waste-
Disposal- in-Barangay-Mojon-Tampoy-Philippines
 (http://www.mindanews.com/governance/2012/10/29/p120m-for-additional-infra-in-
gensan/).
 (http://spgensantos.ph/2011/10/ordinance-12-series-of-2008/#
 (http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/solwaste/health.htm#impact)