AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR

THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS

João Batista Camargo Jr.1

Paulo Sérgio Cugnasca
Jorge Rady de Almeida Jr.

University of São Paulo (USP)

Abstract

This paper presents some research works on air traffic control conducted by the Safety Analysis
Group (GAS) of the Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil, related to
the CNS/ATM (Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management) context.
These research works aim to highlight the new challenges that will be adopted by
computational systems that will automate the air traffic control process, or support collaborative
decisions. These new challenges make sense due to the growing demand on air traffic and aim
to maintain the safety levels compatible to those used nowadays, or even to increase them. The
new air traffic control systems will depend more and more on computational systems, for
control, decision support and risk assessment. These researches have as new focus to certify
that the risk levels are equal to or even smaller than the current ones, in an environment of
increasing demand. Interdisciplinary concerns will have a very important role in this context,
because computer and aeronautic engineering must work together, seeking to attain this new
automation paradigms and a harmonious control of future needs, having in mind the human
agents involved in this process: pilot and air traffic controller.

Keywords: Safety Analysis, Certification, Air Traffic Control, Risk Assessment, Automation

1
Contacts:

João Batista Camargo Jr., Paulo Sérgio Cugnasca, Jorge Rady de Almeida Jr.
{joao.camargo, paulo.cugnasca, jorge.almeida}@poli.usp.br
Grupo de Análise de Segurança (GAS)
Departamento de Engenharia de Computação e Sistemas Digitais (PCS)
Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (Poli-USP)
Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, Trav. 3, N. 158 – São Paulo-SP, CEP: 05508-900, Brazil
Tel. +55 11 3091-5401 – Fax. +55 11 3091-5294
36 JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH SOCIETY • VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 1 • 2008

2. THE CNS/ATM CONTEXT

1. INTRODUCTION
The International Civil Aviation Organization
This paper aims to provide an overview of the
(ICAO), by means of a special committee,
researches being conducted by the Safety
called the Future Air Navigation Systems
Analysis Group (GAS), associated to the
(FANS), from the early 1980s, identified
Department of Computer and Digital Systems
serious limitations in the traditional systems
Engineering (PCS) of the Polytechnic School
of air navigation. The same committee also
of the University of Sao Paulo (Poli-USP).
had to study, identify, analyze and evaluate
The presented overview allows for further
new concepts and technologies, in order to
consideration with respect to the trends in the
increase the safety and efficiency levels in air
air traffic control and its impacts, which can
operations worldwide, and to introduce the
be seen as challenges to be faced in the
required improvements to support civil
development of future computer systems that
aviation of the XXI century. The work of the
will support critical decisions.
committee led to the design of a new system,
The new air traffic control systems will
free of most of the intrinsic limitations
depend more heavily on computer systems,
existing so far.
both for control and decision support, and for
The design recommended by ICAO, known as
the evaluation of the new risks involved. The
CNS/ATM System, enables to adequately
main focus will be the proof that the new
combine communication and navigation
systems present risk levels equal or smaller
technologies based on satellites with optical
than the existing systems, considering them in
elements installed on land. By means of the
an environment of increasing demand. The
integration with the air traffic systems
interdisciplinary concerns will represent a key
management, and considering the increasing
role as aeronautical engineers and computer
use of automation, it is expected to achieve
engineers should have a broad debate in order
the required results. The key features of the
to achieve a paradigm of automation and
new systems and their application principles,
control harmonious with the future needs.
specific goals, and restrictions are already
They have to list the human actors involved in
relatively well known. However, the
the process: the pilot and the air traffic
development and implementation of new
controller.
features and concepts that provide the basis
for the implementation actions are the
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS 37

responsibility of the countries in a scope of master and doctoral students of the Safety
regional planning and overall coordination. Analysis Group, including both the work
The ATM system provides the Air Traffic already completed, and those still in progress.
Management by means of cooperative The works are described in correlation with
integration of human resources, information, the ATM major functions, seeking to support
technology, facilities and services, for all the collaborative decisions.
ATM community. One of the major goals is Depending on the action line of the Safety
the establishment of a single global and inter- Analysis Group, much of the research fall
functional ATM system during all flight under Air Traffic Organization and
phases, for the whole ATM Community that: Management, Demand and Capacity Balance,
meets the standards of operational safety Traffic Synchronization and Conflict
established, provides optimized operations, is Managing/Management. Other researches
sustainable in relation to the environment and have been conducted, considering the
satisfies the national security requirements Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs).
(Pequeno, 2007).
3.1. RESEARCHES IN AIR TRAFFIC
Considering this context, it is important to
MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION
highlight the major functions of ATM:
a) Availability Evaluation of Critical
• Air Traffic Organization and Management;
Computational Systems for Airspace Control
• Airports Operation;
using Analytical Models of Queuing Theory
• Demand and Capacity Balance;
(Pizzo and Cugnasca, 2006).
• Traffic Synchronization;
The use of the airspace is growing,
• User Traffic Operations;
considering civil aviation (expansions in
• Conflicts Management, and
aerial movements, airports and number of
• Management of ATM Service Deliveries.
passengers and volume of cargo) and military
The researches performed by the Safety
aviation, increasing the diversity of the
Analysis Group are within this approach and
activities to be accomplished in the airspace
are briefly described in the next item.
control activities. There is an increasing
3. RESEARCHES PERFORMED BY THE technical complexity, considering the
SAFETY ANALYSIS GROUP introduction of new features into the existing
The purpose of this section is to describe the automation systems or even the introduction
researches in the ATM area, conducted by of additional resources to automate some
38 JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH SOCIETY • VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 1 • 2008

functions previously performed by human performed by controllers and for the

operators, using manual procedures. This additional activities, occasionally imposed to
situation has increased the dependence upon their workload, when some automation
the overall availability of the computer function becomes momentarily unavailable.
systems involved in the services provided by
3.2. Researches on Demand and Capacity
aeronautical authorities. Project directives and
Balance
operational procedures are established in
a) Demand Optimization Model in Aeronautic
order to maintain the safety integrity levels of
Infrastructure (Naufal, 2005).
the systems, in case of any failure events.
This work of doctoral research, already
However, the availability becomes a critical
finished, presents a proposal for an
parameter, since the occurrence of failure
optimization model for a problem of high
events can force an undesirable state of
complexity and hard safety requirements
degraded operation, jeopardizing the nominal
found in the Brazilian and world aeronautic
capacity of the services being performed
infrastructure. This problem is related to the
through any controlled air space.
imbalance between capacity and demand in
Therefore, this work presents availability
aeronautical infrastructure systems in air
models for the computer systems used in
transport. Thus, the work proposes a Demand
airspace control centers, based on modeling
Optimization Model in aeronautic
analysis provided by the queuing theory. A
infrastructure, through the artificial
general model is first presented, referencing a
intelligence technique called Genetic
case study that describes the use of queuing
Algorithms. The research analyzes the
models to access availability of a generic data
efficiency of the proposed model in terms of
center operation. Further considerations are
the resolution of the problem as well as on the
introduced to extend this general model in
quality of the responses obtained.
order to propose its application for the
Additionally, the importance of each
specific computer systems used in airspace
optimization model parameter is evaluated
control centers, where the operational control
through its flexibility.
relies on the human controller’s activities. In
b) Impact Analysis of the Dynamic
this case, the process control requires
Resectorization in the Workload of the Air
intensive use of human-machine interfaces
Traffic Controller by means of Computational
(HMI), both for the regular activities
Simulations (Teixeira et al, 2007)
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS 39

The growing demand for air transportation has Separation Assistance System (ASAS).
caused an increase in the density of aircraft With this system, which is still in
flow in the airspace. The overload of aircraft experimental phase, pilots become aware of
in airspace sectors, which are under the air the surrounding air traffic risks with up to 15
traffic controllers’ responsibility, causes a minutes in advance, without the help of air
permanent alert state in the air traffic traffic controllers on the ground. This
management. A single controller’s fault with antecedence is much greater than the one
monitoring and controlling a sector may provided by the current Traffic Collision
endanger hundreds of people’s lives. The air Avoidance System (TCAS). ASAS uses a
traffic controller has to perform many more advanced communication technology
activities in order to ensure safety to the air than Mode-C transponder, broadly used in the
space, being exposed to a certain workload. current civil aviation for collision avoidance
The Dynamic Resectorization can aim to purposes. The development of ASAS is being
balance the workload of the air traffic carried out intensively in Eurocontrol and in
controllers. The goal of this research work is other initiatives in the United States of
to investigate the behavior of the air traffic America, and this novel system is intended to
controller workload through the use of work in parallel with the current collision
Dynamic Resectorization, having as a case avoidance systems, acting as safety nets. The
study a Brazilian air space with high aircraft present study approaches the ASAS
density. application to improve the precision of
spacing between aircraft that sequentially
3.3. Researches in Traffic Synchronization
arrive at an airport, using the so called
a) Risk Analysis of Airborne Temporal
mathematical formalism “Stochastically and
Spacing by means of Stochastically and
Dynamically Colored Petri Net”, for
Dynamically Colored Petri Net (Oliveira,
evaluating quantitative data about accident
2007)
risks. These data indicate that the accident risk
Airspace safety can be considerably increased
is significantly smaller when aircraft pairs use
with the use of airborne spacing and
ASAS Spacing than when aircraft pairs do not
separation operations. Under this paradigm,
use ASAS Spacing.
the task of maintaining a safe distance
between aircraft is delegated to the pilots,
which will be supported by the Airborne
40 JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH SOCIETY • VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 1 • 2008

3.4. Researches on Conflict Management for verifying safety conditions in air traffic

a) Hazard Evaluation of Collision between control systems. Among these systems, a

specific case was chosen, which consists of a
Aircrafts in Approaches Operation in Parallel
Runways (Ogata, 2004). hypothetical system for conflict detection of

In this master’s research, already finished, the aircraft trajectories in confluence, to be

modeling of a decision-making aid tool is studied in more detail. To attain this aim, first

proposed based on the assessment of the the formal mathematical content is presented;

hazard level of collision between two aircraft next, the application context, that is

in operation UCSPA - Ultra Closely Spaced constituted by the Air Traffic Service,

Parallel Approaches, supported by the observing its evolution in face of the

CNS/ATM scenario. This tool shows CNS/ATM Project (Communication,

promising results in terms of the analysis of Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic

distance minimization between parallel Management) is explained and, prior to

runways, according to the minimum hazard approaching the specific case study, an
overview of using Hybrid Automata in Air
level regulated by the authorities. This tool is
based on a dynamic model of two aircraft in Traffic Control Systems is presented.

UCSPA approach operation scenarios under c) Aircraft Position Prevision Model for

adverse weather conditions. The prediction of use in Airspace Surveillance Systems

the position of a possible aircraft “intruder" is (Navarrete, 2006).

shaped by uncertainty translated in terms of This research presents a contribution to the

probability distributions, the distributions of evaluation of the predicting aircraft future

which represent the uncertainties in the bow, positions problem considering the Brazilian

lateral position, longitudinal position and airspace. These predictions are very important

speed. The tool used in the computational for airspace surveillance systems, mainly for

simulation and in obtaining the numerical data detecting conflict among aircraft. The

is based on the Monte Carlo method. problem is studied for en route flights,

b) Safety Verification in Aircrafts Trajectory considering position predictions from 1 to 20

Confluence using Hybri Automata (Oliveira, minutes. First, the problem is proposed, so

2003) that its application context to air traffic

This research work presents the application of management automation can be cleared. Then,

the Hybrid Automata mathematical language the necessary mathematical methods used to
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS 41

study en route aircraft future position penalizing the safety levels of the air traffic
prediction are shown. The proposed model system. The reduction of the minimum values
employed to find the predictions makes use of of applied separation between aircrafts is one
linear regression of known aircraft positions, of the ways to enable the increase in the air
extrapolating its future positions. En route traffic system capacity. Considering its
flight conditions permit this approach. practical application, this work aims to
Prediction results are then compared with real contribute as a formal method to
aircraft positions, so that position estimates quantitatively evaluate the impact on safety
quality can be evaluated. Finally, ways of levels of air traffic systems, considering
practical application of the proposed model changes in its conceptual architecture,
inside computational systems used for aircraft improving the quality of its services and its
future position prediction are presented. This capacity.
allows surveillance airspace systems to make
3.5. Researches on Air Traffic Control
use of the predictions.
involving Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
d) Impact Assessment of the Use of New
a) Unmanned Aerial Vehicles modeling based
Surveillance Technologies on Air Traffic
on Multiagent Systems (Correa et al, 2006).
Control Safety (Vismari and Camargo, 2005).
This PhD research proposes a modeling of an
The main purpose of this Master’s research,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle – UAV taking as
already finished, is to propose and implement
its starting point the mobile robot concepts.
a new method, based on hybrid modeling
The most relevant concepts involve the
techniques and accelerated simulation,
"intelligent function," which means making
assessing the impact of the use of new
decisions, recognizing environments, adapting
technologies, especially the Automatic
to or learning, as well as taking "actions
Dependent Surveillance - ADS, on the air
similar to those of the human being" mean act
traffic system safety level . More specifically,
in the air as a real pilot, considering the rules
this work aims to evaluate the possibility to
of a safety flight, to fulfill its tasks. Once the
use surveillance systems based on ADS as a
robotics nature of the UAVs is understood,
way of reducing inaccuracies, to increase the
they, in general, must deal with environments
surveillance coverage levels of Aeronautics
partially observed - stochastic, dynamic and
and consequently reduce the values of
ongoing. Thus, a UAV needs to incorporate
minimum separation between aircraft, without
all knowledge about itself, about previous
42 JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH SOCIETY • VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 1 • 2008

missions and its environment and about the network distributed throughout the territory of
tasks it will perform, so the UAV can learn the countries. Thus, the hazards such as an
quickly, and perform its duties safely. Finally, emergency landing without a proper runway,
a UAV should communicate and collaborate the lack of fuel at cruising altitude, and even
with other UAVs, civil aircrafts and air traffic the failure of any equipment inside the aircraft
controllers, all in accordance with the rules of are critical situations that this study is
the CNS / ATM. Therefore, a modeling from proposing.
the point of view of multiagent systems is c) Challenges in Application of Sensor Fusion
necessary to complete the robotic model. on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - UAV
b) Reliability and Safety of Unmanned Aerial (Furtado and Camargo, 2007)
Vehicles (UAVs) in Civil Aviation (Correa et Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are
al, 2006) becoming a reality in several countries, in the
The pressure from the aviation airlines and the military and in the civil sphere areas. In
entire aviation market demands new Brazil, there are already several researches
technologies, allowing an increase in the involving different aspects such as reliability,
number of aircraft in the controlled airspace. autonomy, communication and safety for the
Considering this kind of application, many development and support of this new
researches are being made in the area of challenge to the aviation world. The sensor
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). fusion can be an important contribution to
However, this type of aircraft is still in a very make possible the implementation of these
preliminary development stage for use in vehicles as a way of "feeling" the
commercial aviation. This doctoral research environment around the aircraft, bringing
aims to assess solutions that employ UAVs, more precise data for the on board systems.
verifying and assuring their reliability and This PhD research seeks to identify the
critical safety, since such automation solutions problems involved, as well as the key issues
imply the replacement of pilots by computers. to be explored and to propose appropriate
Another consequence of this research is also methods using sensor fusion techniques,
the possibility of replacing air traffic viewing their implementation in UAVs.
controllers by another automated system, d) Assessment of Quantum Communication in
which would imply a fully automatic critical Aeronautic Telecommunication Network
system, depending on a wide computer (Costa and Camargo, 2006).
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS 43

The technological impact represented by the non-occurrence of accidents. Considering

transition from current silicon classical the current trend of joint operation of Manned
technology to new technologies that make use Air Vehicles and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
of quantum phenomena has motivated intense (UAVs) using a unified data network, it is
research worldwide on development of very important and significant to formally
devices capable of processing quantum evaluate the benefits and feasibility of the
information. Despite several issues still not implementation of quantum cryptographic
completely settled in this area, it has already algorithms in a future context of air traffic
been shown that quantum computers have control.
their own computational complexity rules, e) Safety Analysis of the use of UAV on the
being able to treat certain classes of classic Brazilian Air Space (Oliveira and Cugnasca,
problems much more efficiently. Among the 2006).
various impacts arising from the processing of This research is being developed and focuses
quantum information, those related to the analysis of reliability and safety levels for
information security are gaining great operation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
attention. This is because the main (UAVs) together with manned vehicles in the
cryptographic methods currently used are Brazilian airspace. The evaluation of these
becoming vulnerable. This scenario does not reliability and safety levels involves the
arise with respect to the quantum aircraft, including its dimensions and reached
cryptographic algorithms, which are more speeds, when it is over dense populated
robust even in scenarios of greater regions. So far, there is no specific legislation
computational capacity. for operating UAVs, be it in Brazil or in other
In the current context, in which traffic data are countries and the release for operation and
gaining increasing importance, being flights are examined case by case by ANAC
responsible for several critical functions, the (National Agency of Civil Aviation) in Brazil,
security maintenance in data transmission has and the corresponding organizations, in the
become a strategic aspect. This Master’s case of other countries, such as USA, Britain
research aims to assess the impact of this new and Australia.
technology in the context of aeronautical
telecommunications, in which aspects of
information security are closely related to the
44 JOURNAL OF THE BRAZILIAN AIR TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH SOCIETY • VOLUME 4 • ISSUE 1 • 2008

4. CHALENGES FOR THE of these systems and the need to ensure its
COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS safety and reliability.
The evolution of air traffic control systems is Following this trend, enormous challenges
an ever increasing need in the light of a will be imposed to the computer systems;
growing demand. Considering the CNS/ATM among them, the following can be
paradigm, new management and control forms emphasized: computational modeling of
should be investigated with special attention artificial complex systems, the transition from
to the decision support systems. Pilots and air the traditional silicon technologies to other
traffic controllers should be advised by ones, and development of quality systems,
support systems. Without such systems, it will considering their availability, accuracy,
be very difficult to meet the huge demand. safety, scalability, persistency and ubiquity.
These decision support systems are directly Computation is becoming increasingly
related to the distribution of intelligence ubiquitous, i.e., it is everywhere. Therefore,
between the various elements of the air traffic there is a great challenge, that is, the way of
control system. At first, some tasks can be checking the safety of complex critical
transferred from the air traffic controller to the systems, bearing in mind the emergence of
pilots. At a second moment, however, many new technologies such as quantum
of the tasks performed by the controllers and computing, which may endanger the safety
pilots may be supported by automated aspects guaranteed by classical cryptography.
systems, which will support the decisions of Considering the huge complexity of critical
the human beings involved. systems and also new forms of threats that are
Therefore, there should be a greater emerging because of new technologies, other
distribution of decisions, providing the risk analysis methods must be rethought in
creation of fault tolerant distributed systems order to obtain a greater confidence in the
with high availability and safety level. These analysis performed. Taking into consideration
systems should be fully integrated, promoting that the absence of failures can not be
collaborative decision-making in real time. guaranteed, the most adequate is to work with
Thus, the computer systems tend to acquire a robust and fault tolerant systems, able to self-
growing responsibility. This implies that one correct, or even able to continue generating
must bear in mind the enormous complexity safe services despite having less capacity or
functionality (degraded operation).
 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND THE CHALLENGES GENERATED FOR THE FUTURE COMPUTATIONAL SYSTEMS 45

5. CONCLUSION NAUFAL JR., J.K. Modelo de otimização de demanda

em infra-estrutura aeronáutica. 260 p. Tese (Doutorado) –
Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo,
This paper has presented some research lines 2005.
TEIXEIRA, R.J.G.; ROMANI, Í.R.; CUGNASCA, P.S.
of the Safety Analysis Group, seeking to Analysis of the impact of the use of the dynamic
resectorization in air traffic control workload by
identify new challenges, considering the computational simulations. In: Air Transport Research
Society World Conference, 2007, Berkeley – USA.
future trends in air traffic control, specially OLIVEIRA, Í.R. Análise de risco da operação de
espaçamento temporal aerotransportado por meio de um
with regard to ATM. As already mentioned, modelo em rede de petri estocástica e dinamicamente
colorida. 265 p. Tese (Mestrado) – Escola Politécnica,
the new air traffic control systems will depend Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2007.
OGATA, P.H. Avaliação do perigo de colisão entre
more heavily on computer systems, aeronaves em operação de aproximação em pistas de
aterrissagem paralelas. 124 p. Tese (Mestrado) – Escola
considering the functions of control and Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2004.
OLIVEIRA, Í.R. Verificação de segurança em confluência
decision support. A very important aspect is de trajetórias de aeronaves utilizando autômatos híbridos.
116 p. Tese (Mestrado) – Escola Politécnica, Universidade
the evaluation of the new risks, in which the de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2003.
NAVARRETE, M.C. Modelo de previsão de posição de
main focus will be the proof that the new aeronaves para uso em sistemas de vigilância do espaço
aéreo. 116 p. Tese (Mestrado) – Escola Politécnica,
systems will present risk levels equal to or Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2006.
VISMARI, L.F.; CAMARGO JR., J.B. Evaluation of the
smaller than the already existing systems, impact of new technologies on aeronautical safety: an
approach through modelling, simulation and comparison
always viewing a growing demand. The with legacy systems. Journal of the Brazilian Air
Transportation Research Society, São Paulo - SP, v.1, p.
interdisciplinary concern will represent a key 19-30, 2005.
CORREA, M.A.; CAMARGO JR, J.B.; GIMENES, R.A.V.;
role as aeronautical engineers and computer ALMEIDA JR, J.R. Safety concerns on operating UAV
using cooperative multiagent negotiation. In: First IFAC
engineers should have a broad debate in order Workshop on Multivehicle Systems, 2006, Salvador.
Proceedings of First IFAC Workshop on Multivehicle
to achieve an automation and control Systems, 2006. v.1, p. 102-107.
FURTADO, V. H.; CAMARGO JÚNIOR, J. B. Desafios na
paradigm harmonious with the future needs, Aplicação de Sensor Fusion em Veículos Aéreos não
Tripulados. In: VI SITRAER - Simpósio de Pesquisa em
while listening to the human agents involved Transporte Aéreo, 2007, Maringá - PR., p. 294-306.
COSTA, C.H.A.; CAMARGO JR., J.B. Segurança da
in the process, to the pilot and to the air traffic informação em telecomunicações aeronáuticas: discussão
da viabilidade e benefícios da utilização de criptografia
controller. quântica. In: V SITRAER - Simpósio de Pesquisa em
Transporte Aéreo, 2006, São Paulo - SP : ed. por L.
Weigang e E. Santana, 2006. v.1, p. 173-179.
REFERENCES OLIVEIRA, C.P.; CUGNASCA, P.S. Cenário atual e futuro
a respeito de utilização de VANTs no espaço aéreo
PEQUENO, A. M. Palestra “A Concepção Operacional do brasileiro e os níveis de segurança esperados. In: V
Gerenciamento do Tráfego Aéreo Nacional" - Brigadeiro Simpósio de Transporte Aéreo (SITRAER), 2006, Brasília
Alvaro M. Pequeno - Membro da Comissão CNS/ATM do - DF. Trabalhos Apresentados ao V Simpósio de
DECEA durante o IV SafetyWorkshop do Grupo de Transporte Aéreo (SITRAER). São Paulo : Ed. por L.
Análise de Segurança, em 28 de agosto de 2007. Weigang e E. Santana, 2006. v.1, p. 133-142.
PIZZO, W.N.; CUGNASCA, P.S. Aplicação da teoria das
filas para a avaliação de disponibilidade em sistemas de
controle do espaço aéreo. In: V Simpósio de Transporte
Aéreo (SITRAER), 2006, Brasília - DF. Trabalhos
apresentados no V Simpósio de Transporte Aéreo
(SITRAER). São Paulo - SP : ed. por L. Weigang e E.
Santana, 2006. v.1, p. 305-314.