Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 85 views

    Types of Muscles: Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Haru Matsubuchi
    The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones, producing movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The basic unit of muscular contraction is the sarcomere, driven by the proteins actin and myosin. Muscle fibers contract through a sliding filament mechanism in response to neural stimulation. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic depending on whether muscle length changes. Regular exercise leads to increased muscle size, strength and efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Types of Muscles: Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Haru Matsubuchi
    85 views13 pages
    The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones, producing movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The basic unit of muscular contraction is the sarcomere, driven by the proteins actin and myosin. Muscle fibers contract through a sliding filament mechanism in response to neural stimulation. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic depending on whether muscle length changes. Regular exercise leads to increased muscle size, strength and efficiency.

    Original Title

    Muscular-System-handouts.-Luz

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones, producing movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The basic unit of muscular contraction is the sarcomere, driven by the proteins actin and myosin. Muscle fibers contract through a sliding filament mechanism in response to neural stimulation. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic depending on whether muscle length changes. Regular exercise leads to increased muscle size, strength and efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    85 views13 pages

    Types of Muscles: Muscular System

    Uploaded by

    Haru Matsubuchi
    The muscular system consists of three types of muscles - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Skeletal muscles are voluntary and attach to bones, producing movement. Smooth muscles are involuntary and found in organs. Cardiac muscle is only located in the heart. The basic unit of muscular contraction is the sarcomere, driven by the proteins actin and myosin. Muscle fibers contract through a sliding filament mechanism in response to neural stimulation. Contractions can be isometric or isotonic depending on whether muscle length changes. Regular exercise leads to increased muscle size, strength and efficiency.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 13

    Muscular System

    Introduction
     The muscular system animates the bones and joints of the skeletal system which provide a
    framework for it
     The skeletal muscles are responsible for every body movement
     The cardiac and smooth muscles handle less visible motions
     Muscle tissues accounts for roughly 40% of the total body weight
     Three basic muscle types are found in the body
    o Skeletal muscle
    o Cardiac muscle
    o Smooth muscle
     Differs in cell structure, location and functions

    Types of muscles

    Characteristics of muscles:
     Muscle cells are elongated
    (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
     Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments
     All muscles share some terminology
     Prefix myo refers to muscle (myocardial)
     Prefix mys refers to muscle (myastenia gravis)
     Prefix sarco refers to flesh (sarcolema)
     Muscle tissue consists of fibers that contain the protein actin and myosin
     Myosin – most abundant protein in muscle
     Myosin and actin are responsible for muscle contraction
     Each muscle is innervated by sensory and motor neurons

    Functions of muscles:
     Produce movement
     The integrated function of muscle bones and joints produces body movements
     Maintain posture
     Skeletal muscle contractions maintain posture by holding body parts in postural
    positions
     Stabilize joints
     Keeps joints stable
     Generate heat
     Muscles generate during contraction

    4 special properties of muscles that help maintain homeostasis


     Excitability
     Allows a muscle to receive and respond to a stimulus so that the body can respond to
    internal and external environment
     Contractility
     Allows a muscle to shorten when it receives a stimulus of sufficient strength
     Extensibility
     Allows a muscle to stretch
     Elasticity
     Allows a muscle to return to its original shape after contraction

    Muscle fiber stimulation


     Nerve impulses control the muscles, although the different types receive and respond to
    stimulation in somewhat different ways
     Axon nerve fibers transmit impulses from the CNS to muscle fibers
     The axon terminates near a small depression on the surface (motor end plate) of the muscle
    fibers
     The small gap (synapse) separates the axon terminal and the motor end plate
     The motor end plate and the axon terminal together are called the neuromuscular junction
    Action Potential
    SKELETAL MUSCLES
     Most are attached by tendons to bones
     Cells are multinucleate
     Striated – have visible banding
     Voluntary – subject to conscious control
     Cells are surrounded and bundled by connective tissue

    Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle


     Cells are multinucleate
     Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
     Sarcolemma–specialized plasma membrane
     Myofibril
     Bundles of myofilaments
     Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct bands
     I band = light band
     A band = dark band
     Organization of the sarcomere
     Thick filaments = myosin filaments
     Composed of the protein myosin
     Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)
     Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
     Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) – stores calcium

    Properties of skeletal muscles

     Irritability – ability to receive and respond to a stimulus


     Contractility – ability to shorten when an adequate stimulus is received

    2 types of muscle contractions


     Isotonic contractions
     Myofilaments are able to slide past each other during contractions
     Tension in the muscles increases
     The muscle shortens
     Isometric contractions
     Tension in the muscles increases
     The muscle is unable to shorten
    Muscle and Body movements
     Movement is attained due to a muscle moving an attached bone
     Muscles are attached to at least two points
     Origin – attachment to a moveable bone
     Insertion – attachment to an immovable bone

    Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by a nerve to contract


     Motor unit
     One neuron
     Muscle cells stimulated by that neuron
     Neuromuscular junctions – the site of nerve and muscle association
     Synaptic cleft – gap between nerve and muscle
     Nerve and muscle do not make contact
     Area between nerve and muscle is filled with interstitial fluid
    Transmission of nerve impulse
     Neurotransmitter – a chemical released by the nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse
     The neurotransmitter - acetylcholine
     Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma
     Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+)
     Sodium enters the cell and generates an action potential
     Once started, muscle contraction cannot be stopped

    Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle


     Muscle fiber contraction is “all or none”
     Within a skeletal muscle, not all fibers may be stimulated during the same interval
     Different combinations of muscle fiber contractions may give differing responses
     Graded responses – different degrees of skeletal muscle shortening

    Types of Graded responses


     Twitch
     Single, brief contraction
     Not a normal muscle function
     Tetanus (summing of contractions)
     One contraction is immediately followed by another
     The muscle does not completely return to a resting state
     The effects are added
     Unfused (incomplete) tetanus
     Some relaxation occurs between contractions
     The results are summed
     Fused
     No evidence of relaxation before the following contractions
     The result is a sustained muscle contraction

    Muscle response to strong stimuli


     Muscle force depends upon the number of fibers that are stimulated
     More fibers contracting results in greater muscle tension
     Muscles can continue to contract unless they run out of energy

    Energy for muscle contraction


     Muscles use stored ATP for energy
     Bonds of ATP are broken to release energy
     After this initial use, other pathways must be utilized to produce ATP
     Direct phosphorylation
     Muscle cells contain creatine phosphate
     After ATP is depleted, ADP is left
     CP transfers energy to ADP, to regenerate ATP
     Aerobic Respiration (Cellular respiration)
     Series of metabolic pathways that occur in the mitochondria
     Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water, releasing energy
     This is a slower reaction that requires continuous oxygen
    Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen debt
     When a muscle is fatigued, it is unable to contract
     The common reason for muscle fatigue is oxygen debt
     Oxygen must be placed
     Oxygen is required to rid of accumulated lactic acid
     Increase acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of ATP causes the muscle to contract less

    Connective Tissue Wrappings of Skeletal Muscle


     Endomysium – around single muscle fiber
     Perimysium – around a fascicle (bundle) of fibers
     Epimysium – covers the entire skeletal muscle
     Fascia – on the outside of the epimysium

    Skeletal muscle attachments


     Epimysium blends into a connective tissue attachment
     Tendon – cord-like structure
     Aponeuroses – sheet-like structure
     Sites of attachment
     Bones
     Cartilages
     Connective tissue coverings

    SMOOTH MUSCLES
     Has no striations
     Spindle-shaped cells
     Single nucleus
     Involuntary – no conscious control
     Found in walls of hollow organs
    CARDIAC MUSCLES
     Has striations
     involuntary
     Usually has a single nucleus
     Joined to another muscle cell at an intercalated disc
     Found only in the heart

    Effects of Exercise on muscles


     Results of increased muscle use
     Increase in muscle size
     Increase in muscle strength
     Increase in muscle efficiency
     Muscle becomes more fatigue resistant

    Types of muscles
     Prime mover – muscle with the major responsibility for a certain movement
     Antagonist – muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
     Synergist – muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation
     Fixator – stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

    Naming of skeletal muscles


     Direction of muscle fibers
     Example: rectus (straight)
     Relative size of the muscle
     Example: maximus (largest)
     Location of the muscle
     Example: many muscles are named for bones (e.g., temporalis)
     Number of origins
     Example: triceps (three heads)
     Location of muscle’s origin and insertion
     Example: sterno (on the sternum)
     Shape of the muscle
     Example: deltoid (triangular)
     Action of the muscle
     Example: flexor and extensor (flexes or extends a bone)
    Head and neck muscles

    TRUNK MUSCLES
    Deep trunk and arm muscles

    Pelvis, Hips and Thigh muscles


    Muscles of the lower leg

    Superficial muscles: Anterior


    Superficial muscles: Posterior

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy