Meloidogyne Incognita Vigna Unguiculata .: Management of Root-Knot Nematode On Cowpea (L Walp.) With Oil Cakes
Meloidogyne Incognita Vigna Unguiculata .: Management of Root-Knot Nematode On Cowpea (L Walp.) With Oil Cakes
Meloidogyne Incognita Vigna Unguiculata .: Management of Root-Knot Nematode On Cowpea (L Walp.) With Oil Cakes
2014
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box
TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
Abstract
Nematodes pose a threat to cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) production. Since management of
phytopathogens by plant extracts are safer than agrochemicals, the efficacy of oil cakes of Indian almond
(Terminalia catappa), Palm kernel (Elaes guineensis) and Shea nut (Vitelleria paradoxa) against root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) was tested in a Completely Randomised Design with four replications.
Cowpea plants were inoculated with 1000 root-knot-nematode eggs/100g of soil two weeks after sowing before
measuring plant height, number of leaves, canopy spread, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, root
galling and root-knot nematode population. Indian almond cake-treated plants had a significantly lower
(P<0.05) root-knot nematode population and infection index (root gall) and a significantly higher (P<0.05) yield
than the other treatments and the control. Since Indian almond cake was the most effective in reducing galling
and nematode population, farmers can use it as a soil amendment.
* Corresponding Author: Frederick Kankam esowley@gmail.com
Several investigators have reported a reduction in the Soil preparation and sterilization
population level of root-knot nematodes following the Top soil was collected from the experimental site and
addition of soil amendments, such as oil seed cake of sieved to remove large particles, stones, plastic
mung bean (Vigna radiata) (Tiyagi and Alam, 1994; materials and plant debris. It was then mixed with
Kolade et al., 2005). Generally nematicides are river sand in the ratio 3:1. The mixing was done on a
recommended for the control of nematodes but they concrete floor to obtain a uniform mixture. The soil
are harmful to beneficial flora and fauna of the soil. mixture was moistened, and then put into a cut drum
The environment is also affected as a result of before heating at 85°C for 20 minutes and then
Genstat (Discovery Edition 4), and treatment means There were significant differences (P<0.05) in plant
were separated using the least significant difference height at 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting (WAP) (Fig.
(LSD) at 5%. 1). The palm kernel cake treatment produced the
tallest plants at 2, 4 and 6 WAP. However, at 8 WAP,
Results Indian almond cake produced the tallest plants
Effect of soil amendment with oil cakes on growth followed by those treated with palm kernel cake, Shea
and yield of cowpea nut cake and the control.
Plant height
Table 1. Effect of oil cake on number of pods per plant and number of seeds per pods.
Treatments Pods/plant Seeds/Pod
Control 2.67 9.33
Number of pods per plant and number of seeds per produced by other treatments and the control except
pod Shea nut cake (Table 1).
Plants treated with Indian almond and Shea nut cakes
produced the same number of pods per plant (3.67) Effect of soil amendment on root nematode
which was higher than those of other treatments and infestation of cowpea:
the control but the differences were not significant Root galling and egg mass
(P>0.05). Plants treated with Indian almond cake Plants treated with Indian almond cake produced the
produced a higher number of seeds per pod (15.67) least number of galls and egg masses followed by
which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those those treated with Shea nut cake, palm kernel cake
and the control and the differences were significant Indian almond cake-treated plants recorded a
(P<0.05) (Table 2). significantly lower (P<0.05) population of nematodes
Effect of oil cake on root-knot nematode population followed by Shea nut cake (1.89), palm kernel cake
(2.43) and the control (3) (Table 3).
Discussion
Effect of oil cakes on plant growth and yield
Plants treated with palm kernel cake produced the
tallest plants from 2 to 6 WAP but Indian almond
Fig. 2. Effect of oil cake treatments on number of
cake treated plants were the tallest at 8 WAP. Plants
leaves.
treated with palm kernel cake produced more leaves
and wider canopies than the other treatments and the
Plants treated with Indian almond and Shea nut cakes
control. Additions of oil cakes to the soil could have
produced a higher number of pods per plant but they
increased the organic matter content, thus favoring
were not significantly different (P>0.05) from the
growth of the plants and also increased the water
other treatments and the control. Indian almond
holding capacity of the soil. The promotion of growth
treated plants produced a significantly higher
by palm kernel cake confirms the findings of Kolade
(P<0.05) number of seeds per pod than the other
et al. (2005) who reported that palm kernel waste
treatments and the control except Shea nut cake. The
promoted plant growth parameters such as plant
control plants developed poorly probably due to
height, stem girth, canopy spread and number of
heavy infestation which could have resulted in lower
leaves. The relatively poor performance of Shea nut
numbers of pods per plant and numbers of seeds per
cake treatment with respect to growth could be due to
pod, a confirmation of Tiyagi and Alam (1994) report
the presence of some anti-nutritive factors such as
that nematode infestation can result in 50-80% yield
oxalate, tannin and phytate in the leaves and other
loss. Rachie and Lawal (1975) also reported that
parts of the tree (AOAC, 1999). A similar report was
Meloidogyne spp. is the most economically important
made by Sikora (1992) that poor performance of Shea
Conclusion
Gallaher RN, McSorley R. 1993. Population
Although palm kernel cake promoted growth, Indian
densities of Meloidogyne incognita and other
almond cake completely inhibited galling. Since
nematodes following seven cultivars of cowpea.
Indian almond cake completely inhibited galling, its
Nematropica 23(1), 21-26.
use by farmers as a soil amendment should be
encouraged.
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