Subject: Computer Fundamental

Class: BCA & BSCIT SEM - 01

Unit -1: (Introduction To Computer)

Q.1 Explain Definition of Computer

The word “computer” comes from the word “COMPUTE”. Which means to
calculate.
A computer is an electronic device which reduces the mental efforts to solve the
problem.
A programmable electronic device designed to accept data, perform prescribed
mathematical and logical operations at high speed, and display the results of
these operations.
desktop and laptop computers, tablets, and smartphones are some of the
different types of computers..
Computer can operate on various kinds of data.
Charles Babbage is the father of computer.

Q.2 Explain Data Processing Cycle

The activities processing of data using a computer is called Data.

Data Process Information

Data processing consists of three sub activities

 Capturing the input data

 Manipulating the data and
 Managing the output results.

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 Data is raw material use as input and information processed data obtained as
output of data processing.
We must have some data first of all which can be processed and after
processing information can be produced.
If you don‘t have raw data to be processed how can you obtain some
information?
If the data is incorrect, the processing will be incorrect and ultimately you
will get wrong output.

Q.3 Discuss Characteristics of computer

1. Automatic:-

Computers are automatic machines because once started on a job, they

carry on until the job is finished, normally without any human assistance.
Computers being machines cannot start them selves.
They cannot go out and find their own problem of coded instructions that
specify exactly how a particular job is to be done.
2. Speed:-
A computer is a very, fast device.
It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human being
can do in an entire year.
If he worked day and night and did nothing else.
To put it in a different manner, a computer does in one minute what
would take a man his entire lifetime.
3. Accuracy:-
The accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of
accuracy of a particular computer depends upon this design.
But for a particular computer each and every calculation is performed
with the same accuracy.
4. Diligence (ખંત):-
A computer is free form monotony (variation), tiredness, lack of
concentration, etc.
A computer can perform millions of tasks or calculations with the same
consistency and accuracy.

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 5. Versatility (Multitasking):-
Versatility is one of the most wonderful things about the computer.
It is preparing the results of particular examination, preparing electricity
bills.
Computer is capable of performing almost any task provided that the task
can be reduce to a series of logical steps.

6. No Feelings :-
A computer has no feeling because they are machine.
Based on out feeling task, knowledge and experience we often make
certain judgment in our day to day life.
But computer goes exactly the way which we have given the instructions.

7. Storage: –
The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of
data.
You can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, pen
drive which can be kept outside your computer and can be carried to other
computers.

Q.4 Define the Generation of computers

1. First Generation (1942-1955):-

First generation computers were made up of vacuum tubes.

These computers were of very big sizes, expensive consume lot of power.

For example,
 ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator (1943-46)
 EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (1946-52)
 EDSAC – Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (1947-49)
 UNIVAC – Universal Automatic Computer (1951 - 54)

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Limitations
They were too large in size requiring rooms for installation.
Thousands of vacuum tubes that were used so it can produce large
amount. Hence the air-conditioned required.
High power consumption and Generating too much heat.
Commercial production of these computers was difficult and costly.
Limited programming capabilities
No portable.

2. Second Generation (1955-64):-

The second generation computers were
manufactured using transistors instead of
vacuum tubes.
Compared to vacuum tubes they are in size
and having more life.

Advantages
They were more then 10 times faster than
first generation computers.
They were much smaller in size then first
generation computers.
Requiring smaller space for installation.
They accept less power than the first generation computers.
They were much easier to program and use than the first generation
computers.

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Limitations
They had more than one transistors to made this type of computers
It is very difficult and costly.
Repairing charge is very costly.

3. Third Generation (1964-75):-

The third generation was based on IC (Integrated Circuits) technology.
The IC technology was also known as ―microelectronics‖ technology
because it made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit
components into very small i.e. less than 5 mm square surface of silicon
known as ―chip‖.

Advantages
They were much more powerful than the second-
generation computers.
Smaller in size as compared to second-generation
computers.
Less power than the second-generation computers.
Commercial production was easier and cheaper.
They are portable.

Limitation
Third generation computers were located had to be properly air-conditioned.
Highly sophisticated technology and expensive setup was required for the
manufacture of IC chips.

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 4. Fourth Generation (1975-89):-
The fourth generation computers were also made by IC
technology and microprocessor.
It is known as Small Scale Integration (SSI).
After the advance technology in the production of IC
chip it was possible to coordinate 100 components on
one chip.
It is known as Medium Scale Integration (MSI).
Latest and advance IC technology is Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) in which more than 10 lakhs components can be coordinate on
one chip.
Fourth generation computers were based on LSI technology.

Advantages
The PCs were much smaller and cheaper as compared to previous
generations.
They consumed much less power than the third-generation computers.
They had faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage devices
as compared to third-generation computers.
PCs are used for office and home usage.
The PCs of the fourth generation made computers affordable even by
individuals for their personal use at home.

Limitations
Highly difficult technology required for the manufacture of LSI chips.

5. Fifth Generation (1989 Onwards):-

This generation computers use the ULSI (Ultra
Large Scale Integration) for making IC chips.
Size of this computer is reduced and speed is
increase.
These computers are very powerful and compact
as compared to fourth generation computers.

Advantages
In this generation PCs are much smaller and
handy the PCs of the fourth generation.
They consume much less power.

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 They have faster and larger primary memory and secondary storage devices
as compared to other generation.
They are totally general purpose machines.
Commercial production of these systems is easier and cheaper.

Q.5 Define Classification of Computer by Data processed

Analog Computer
Analog is a Greek word meaning to find the equality between two units.
Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data.
Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have
discrete values.
We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact
values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current.
Analog computers directly accept the data from the measuring device
without first converting it into numbers and codes.
They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally
render output as a reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury
thermometer are examples of analogue computers.

Hybrid Computer
It is a combination of digital and analog computers combining the good
qualities of both.
Hybrid computer has the speed of analog computer and the accuracy and
efficiency of digital computer.
It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before
processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both
analogue and digital data is processed.

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 For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the
measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price.
Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications.

Digital Computer
Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations
at high speed.
It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0
and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the
output.
All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we
use at home or office are digital computers.
It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily
whenever you need it.
You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily.
The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology.

Classification of Computer by processing Capabilities

1. Microcomputer
Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer.
It is a general-purpose computer that is designed for individual use.
It has a microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area,
input unit and output unit.
Laptops and desktop computers are examples of microcomputers.

They are suitable for personal work that may be making an assignment,
watching a movie, or at office for office work.
It is the smallest in size among all types of computers.
A limited number of software can be used.
It is capable of multitasking such as printing, scanning, browsing, watching
videos, etc.
It is designed for personal work and applications. Only one user can work at
a time
It is less expansive and easy to use.

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2. Mini computers OR Mini frame computers
It is a midsize multiprocessing computer.
It consists of two or more processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one
time.
Mini frame computers are used in institutes and departments for tasks such
as billing, accounting and inventory management.
A minicomputer lies between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is
smaller than mainframe but larger than a microcomputer.
It is light weight that makes it easy to carry and fit anywhere.
It is less expensive than mainframe computers.
It is very fast compared to its size.
It remains charged for a long time.
3. Mainframe computer
Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands of
users simultaneously.
They can support multiple programs at the same time.
It means they can execute different processes simultaneously.
These features of mainframe computers make them ideal for big
organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need to manage and
process high volume of data.
It can process huge amount of data, e.g. millions of transactions in a second
in the banking sector.
It has a very long life. It can run smoothly for up to 50 years after proper
installation.
It has the ability to protect the stored data and other ongoing exchange of
information and data

4. Super Computer
Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are designed to
process huge amount of data.
A supercomputer can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has
thousands of interconnected processors.
Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering
applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations and nuclear
energy research.
The first supercomputer was developed by Roger Cray in 1976.
It has the ability to decrypt your password to enhance protection for security
reasons.
It produces excellent results in animations.
It helps in extracting useful information from data storage centres or cloud
system.

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 It helps in scientific research areas by accurately analysing data obtained
from exploring the solar system, satellites, and movement of Earth.
It also used in a smog control system where it predicts the level of fog and
other pollutants in the atmosphere.

Q.6 Discuss Simple Model of Computer [Block Diagram]

 Input Device:-
All i/p devices are electromechanical devices that accept data from outside
world & translates them into a form the computer interpret (i.e. binary).
There are mainly three type of input devices
Standard Input Device
Pointing Input Device
Special Input device

 CPU (Central Processing Unit):-

 Input Unit:-
 An input unit of a Computer system performs the following functions:
 It accepts (or read) instructions and data from outside word.
 It converts these instructions and data in computer acceptable
form.
 It supplies the converted instructions and data to the computer
system for further processing

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 Output Unit:-
 An output unit of a computer system performs the following functions
:
 It accepts the results produced by the computer, which are in
coded form and hence, cannot be easily understood by us.
 It converts these coded results to human acceptable (readable)
form.
 It supplies the converted results to outside word.

 Storage Device:-
 The storage unit of a computer system holds (or stores) the following:
 Data and instructions required for processing (received from
input devices)
 Intermediate results of processing
 Final result of processing, before they are released to an output
device
 There are two types of storage:
 Primary storage
 Secondary storage

 Primary storage :-
 Used to hold running program instructions
 Used to hold data, intermediate results, and result of
outgoing processing of job(s).
 Fast in capacity
 Primary Memory is of two types: RAM and ROM.

 Secondary storage :-

The secondary storage devices which are built into the computer or
connected to the computer are known as a secondary memory of the
computer. It is also known as external memory or auxiliary storage.
The secondary memory is accessed indirectly via input/output
operations. It is non-volatile, so permanently stores the data even when
the computer is turned off or until this data is overwritten or deleted.
Some of the secondary memory or storage devices are described
below: Hard disk, pen drive, SD card, Cd and DVD

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 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) : -

It is the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logical

functions.
Arithmetic functions include addition, subtraction, multiplication division,
and comparisons. Logical functions mainly include selecting, comparing,
and merging the data.
A CPU may contain more than one ALU. Furthermore, ALUs can be used
for maintaining timers that help run the computer.

 Control Unit (CU):-

It is the circuitry in the control unit, which makes use of electrical signals to
instruct the computer system for executing already stored instructions.
It takes instructions from memory and then decodes and executes these
instructions.
So, it controls and coordinates the functioning of all parts of the computer.
The Control Unit's main task is to maintain and regulate the flow of
information across the processor.
It does not take part in processing and storing data.

Q.7 Define Introduction to Mother Board

The motherboard serves as a single platform to connect all of the parts of a

computer together. A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives,
optical drives, video card, sound card, and other ports and expansion cards
directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone of a computer.

A motherboard is the primary board and foundation of a computer that is

also known as mboard, mobo, mainboard, modb, base board, backplane
board, system board, planar board, or main circuit board. On Apple
computers, it is called a logic board.

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1. Mouse & keyboard:
 Keyboard Connectors are two types basically. All PCs have a Key board port connected
directly to the motherboard.
 The oldest, but still quite common type, is a special DIN, and most PCs until recently
retained this style connector.

2. USB (Universal serial bus):

USB is the General-purpose connection for PC. You can find USB versions of
many different devices, such as mice, keyboards, scanners, cameras, and even
printers.
A USB connector's distinctive rectangular shape makes it easily recognizable.
USB has a number of features that makes it particularly popular on PCs. First,
USB devices are hot swappable. You can insert or remove them without
restarting your system.

3. Parallel port:
Most of the old printers are used parallel port to connect. It uses more than one
wire to send or receive a collection of bits of data in one go where serial port
uses one wire. Additionally, a 25-pin female DB connector is used by parallel
ports.

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4. CPU Chip :
The central processing unit, also called the microprocessor performs all the
calculations that take place inside a pc. CPUs come in Variety of shapes and
sizes.
Modern CPUs generate a lot of heat and thus require a cooling fan or heat sink.
The cooling device (such as a cooling fan) is removable, although some CPU
manufactures sell the CPU with a fan permanently attached.

5. RAM slots:
Random-Access Memory (RAM) stores programs and data currently being used
by the CPU. RAM is measured in units called bytes.

6. Floppy controller:
The floppy drive connects to the computer via a 34-pin ribbon cable,
which in turn connects to the motherboard. A floppy controller is one that is
used to control the floppy drive.

7. PCI slot:
It allows users to add internal components to a desktop computer. In 1992, it
was designed and introduced by Intel. It stands for Peripheral Component
Interface that is used to connect the addition of PCI devices such as modems,
sound cards, video cards, and network hardware cards

8. CPU slot:
To install the CPU, just slide it straight down into the slot. Special notches in
the slot make it impossible to install them incorrectly.
So remember if it does not go easily, it is probably not correct. Be sure to
plug in the CPU fan's power.

9.Power supply plug in:

The Power supply, as its name implies, provides the necessary electrical
power to make the pc operate.
The power supply takes standard 110-V power and converts into 12-
Volt, 5-Volt, and 3.3-Volt DC power.

 Features of Motherboard

A motherboard comes with following features:

Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of
memories.
Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with
motherboard to function properly

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 Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work
properly together.
o Popular Manufacturers
Intel
ASUS
AOpen
ABIT
Biostar
Gigabyte
MSI

Q.8 Explain about Processors

The brain or engine of the PC is the processor (sometimes called

microprocessor), or central processing unit (CPU).
The processor tells your computer what to do and when to do it, it decides
which tasks are more important and prioritizes them to your computers need.
The CPU performs the system‘s calculating and processing. The processor is
easily the most expensive single component in the system, costing up to four
or more times greater than the motherboard it plugs into.
Intel is generally credited with creating the first microprocessor in 1971 with
the introduction of a chip called the 4004.
Today Intel still has control over the processor market, at least for PC
systems. This means that all PC-compatible systems use either Intel
processors or Intel-compatible processors from a handful of competitors
Processors can be identified by two main parameters: how wide they are and
how fast they are.
Speed is counted in megahertz (MHz), which means millions of cycles per
second—and faster is better!

 TYPES OF PROCESSOR

 Dual processor
 Processor Technology
 Intel i3
 Intel core i9

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Q.9 Discuss about Memory structure and Types of Memory

The computer memory holds the data and instructions needed to process raw
data and produce output.
The computer memory is divided into large number of small parts known as
cells. Each cell has a unique address which varies from 0 to memory size minus
one.
Computer memory is of two types: Volatile (RAM) and Non-volatile (ROM).
The secondary memory (hard disk) is referred as storage not memory.
There are two types of memory : 1) Volatile Memory 2) Non Volatile Memory
 Volatile Memory :
It is the memory hardware that fetches/stores data at a high-speed.
It is also referred as temporary memory.
The data within the volatile memory is stored till the system is capable of, but
once the system is turned off the data within the volatile memory is deleted
automatically.
RAM (Random Access Memory) and Cache Memory are some common
examples of volatile memory. Here, data fetch/store is fast and economical.

 Non-Volatile Memory:

It is the type of memory in which data or information is not lost within the
memory even power is shut-down.
ROM (Read Only Memory) is the most common example of non-volatile
memory.
It‘s not economical and slow in fetch/store as compared to volatile memory
however stores higher volume of data.
Non-volatile memory has a huge impact on a system‘s storage capacity.

A)RAM (Random Access Memory) :-

RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is a hardware device
generally located on the motherboard of a computer and acts as an internal
memory of the CPU.
It allows CPU store data, program, and program results when you switch on
the computer.
It is the read and write memory of a computer, which means the information
can be written to it as well as read from it.

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 RAM is a volatile memory, which means it does not store data or instructions
permanently.
RAM comes in the form of a chip that is individually mounted on the
motherboard or in the form of several chips on a small board connected to the
motherboard.
It is the main memory of a computer.
It is faster to write to and read from as compared to other memories such as a
hard disk drive (HDD), solid-state drive (SSD), optical drive, etc.
Types of RAM:
Integrated RAM chips can be of two types:
1. Static RAM (SRAM):
2. Dynamic RAM (DRAM):

1) Static RAM:

SRAM itself identifies its meaning by word ―static‖.

As SRAM is static it does not need continuously power in order to
maintain the data. It does not need periodic refresh.
It uses multiple transistor, typically four to six, for each memory cell but
doesn‘t have a capacitor in each cell.
It is used primarily for cache.
SRAM is more expensive, but faster and significantly less power
hungry than DRAM.

2) Dynamic RAM
Dynamic Random Access Memory is a volatile memory.
It allows fast access to data and is ideal for use as the primary store of
computer systems.
However, the information is stored as electrical charges and the charges
need to be constantly refreshed in order for the data to be maintained.
If power is not supplied continuously, the content inside DRAM are
wipped off.
Or you can say that the whole memory would be considered as ‗0‘ which
means the whole data is lost.

B) ROM (Read Only Memory)

Read Only Memory is non-volatile.
it stays within the unit even when the power is turned off.
So, it is a non-volatile memory as it holds the information even when the
power is turned off, or you shut down your computer.

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 ROM, which stands for read only memory, is a memory device or storage
medium that stores information permanently.
It is also the primary memory unit of a computer along with the random
access memory (RAM).
It is called read only memory as we can only read the programs and data
stored on it but cannot write on it..
A simple example of ROM is the cartridge used in video game consoles
that allows the system to run many games. The data which is stored
permanently on personal computers and other electronic devices like
smartphones, tablets, TV, AC, etc. is also an example of ROM.
Types of ROM

1)Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM):

PROM is a blank version of ROM.
It is manufactured as blank memory and programmed after manufacturing.
We can say that it is kept blank at the time of manufacturing.
You can purchase and then program it once using a special tool called a
programmer.
Once it is programmed, the data cannot be modified later, so it is also called
as one-time programmable device.
Uses: It is used in cell phones, video game consoles, medical devices, RFID
tags, and more.

2)Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM):

EPROM is a type of ROM that can be reprogramed and erased many times.
The method to erase the data is very different; it comes with a quartz
window through which a specific frequency of ultraviolet light is passed for
around 40 minutes to erase the data.
So, it retains its content until it is exposed to the ultraviolet light.
You need a special device called a PROM programmer or PROM burner to
reprogram the EPROM.
3)Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory
(EEPROM):
ROM is a type of read only memory that can be erased and reprogrammed
repeatedly, up to 10000 times.
It is also known as Flash EEPROM as it is similar to flash memory.
It is erased and reprogrammed electrically without using ultraviolet light.
Access time is between 45 and 200 nanoseconds.
The data in this memory is written or erased one byte at a time; byte per
byte, whereas, in flash memory data is written and erased in blocks.
So, it is faster than EEPROM. It is used for storing a small amount of data in
computer and electronic systems and devices such as circuit boards.
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Q.10 Explain about Slots

Slots are known as expansion slots or motherboard slots as they are used to
extend the hardware capacity of your computer.
A slot is a long narrow slit in a machine for something to be inserted.
For ex. If you want to increase your ram or may be want to add some game
cards or you can say graphics card in order to have some additional
functionality.
You can fit them into expansion slot which are available on motherboard.
The original slot, or Slot 1 was first released by the Intel Corporation in
1997
Today, slot processors are no longer found in new computers and have been
replaced by sockets.

Types of Computer Expansion Slots Expansion

slots are located on the motherboard, and openings on the back of the
computer allow the ports on the cards that go in the slots to be accessed.
There are several types of expansion slots, including AGP, PCIe (also
known as PCI express), PCI, and ISA.
Types of Expansion Slots: ISA and PCI

1) ISA Slot (Industry Standard Architecture)

ISA slots are an older type of expansion slot, twice as big as PCI slots and
slower than PCI slots as well.
ISA slots are usually black, while PCI slots are usually white.
ISA slots are not used much anymore, but most computers still have at least
one of them.
ISA networking cards, ISA sound cards, ISA video cards, and other types of
ISA expansion cards can be used in the ISA slots.

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 2) PCI Slot (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
PCI expansion slot, the most common expansion slot.
PCI slots can handle 64 bits of data at a time, twice as fast as ISA slots,
which can only handle 32 bits of data at a time.
PCI is an abbreviation for "Peripheral Component Interconnect." A 64-bit
PCI slot has 64 connections to the motherboard, and each connection is
capable of handling 1 bit of data at a time.
As technology changes new expansion cards become available.
These include video cards, which allow a monitor to be connected to the
computer, sound cards, which allow speakers and a microphone to be
connected to the computer, and networking cards, which allow computers to
be linked together.

Q.11 Discuss about Sockets

Sockets allow communication between two different processes on the same or
different machines.
To be more precise, it's a way to talk to other computers using standard Unix file
descriptors.
In Unix, every I/O action is done by writing or reading a file descriptor.
A file descriptor is just an integer associated with an open file and it can be a
network connection, a text file, a terminal, or something else.
A Unix Socket is used in a client-server application framework.
A server is a process that performs some functions on request from a client.
Most of the application-level protocols like FTP, SMTP, and POP3 make use of
sockets to establish connection between client and server and then for exchanging
data
Sockets were first introduced in 2.1BSD and subsequently refined into their current
form with 4.2BSD.
The sockets feature is now available with most current UNIX system releases.

Q.12 Explain about Cables OR Ports

A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be
connected to the computer.
A port can also be programmatic docking point through which information
flows from a program to computer or over the internet.
A cable is one or more wires covered in a plastic covering that connects a
computer to a power source or other device.
The power cord is just one example thousands of other cables found in and
around computers.
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There are two main types of computer cables, a data cable and a power cable.
A data cable is a cable that provides communication between devices.
For example, the data cable that connects your monitor to your computer and
allows your computer to display a picture on the monitor.
Other examples of data cables include the CAT5, IDE/EIDE, SATA, and USB
cables.
A power cable is any cable that powers the device.
For example, the power cord that connects to your computer and a Molex style
cable inside the computer are both good examples of power cables.
Below, is a listing of the most common types of cables found with computers
and electronics and examples of devices that use them.
There are 3 types of cables.

1) Serial Cable
A serial cable is a cable that can be used to transfer information between
two devices using serial communication, often using the RS-232
standard.
Serial cables may use D-subminiature connectors, but other connectors
are used.
A specially wired cable used for connecting two similar computer serial
ports directly is known as a null modem.

2) parallel port
Less commonly referred to as the Centronics interface or Centronics
connector after the company that originally designed it,
the port was later developed by Epson.
The parallel port is found on the back of IBM compatible computers and is a
25-pin (type DB-25) computer interface commonly used toconnect printers
to the computer.
Below is an example of the DB25 interface found on the back of the
computer.

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 3) USB Cable
Short for Universal Serial Bus, USB is a plug-and-play interface that allows
a computer to communicate with peripheral and other devices.
USB-connected devices cover a broad range; anything from keyboards and
mice, to music players and flash drives.
USB may also be used to send power to certain devices, such as
smartphones and tablets, as well as charge their batteries.
The first commercial release of the Universal Serial Bus (version 1.0) was in
January of 1996.
This industry standard was then quickly adopted by Intel, Compaq,
Microsoft and other companies

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 4) PS/2 Port
 Used for old computer keyboard and mouse
 Also called mouse port
 Most of the old computers provide two PS/2 port, each for the mouse and
keyboard
 IEEE 1284-compliant Centronics port

5) HDMI cable
HDMI (High definition Media Interface) is a type of computer cable which
is used for transmitting high definition video and audio signals.
Using the HDMI cables the audio and video signal can be easily transmitted
without compromising the quality of images and can send crystal clear
images using this cable.
The HDMI cables are used to connect cable boxes, TVs, DVD players,
media streamers and other electronic devices.
All types of Av devices can be connected to one standard cable which is
HDMI cable.
Also, one HDMI cable is capable to transmit both audio and video signals at
the same time.

Q.13 Discuss UPS

A port is a physical docking point using which an external device can be

connected to the computer.
A port can also be programmatic docking point through which information
flows from a program to computer or over the internet.
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is an external box containing a
battery that provides power to a computer and other electronics in case there
is a loss of power.
There are two types: standby (offline) and online.
A standby UPS uses regular power from a wall outlet for a computer. When
a problem arises, it immediately switches (usually under 5 milliseconds) to
the battery using an inverter so the PC will not lose power and can be shut
down properly. The battery charges as long as the unit connects to AC
power.
With an online UPS, the computer is constantly using the battery, which is
continuously recharged. As a result, there is no switch over time as with a
standby.
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Q.14 Explain Graphic Cards or AGP Card:-

Graphic card are also known as AGP card where AGP stands for
Accelerated graphic port which is used for good quality video and audio.
The graphic card is responsible for delivering the image you see in your pc
monitor.
Its GPU processes the data and changes to a signal to the monitor.
A graphic card also known as video card, graphic adapter, graphic
controller or graphic board.
The image you can see on you monitor are made of tiny dots called pixel.
Most video cards offer various functions such as accelerated rendering of 3D
scenes and 2D graphics, MPEG-2/MPEG-4 decoding, TV output, or the
ability to connect multiple monitors (multi-monitor).

Q.15 Explain Network card

A network interface controller (NIC, also known as a network interface
card, network adapter, LAN adapter or physical network interface and by
similar terms) is a computer hardware component that connects
a computer to a computer network.
Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented
on expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and
ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most newer computers have a
network interface built into the motherboard.
The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either
by using cables or wirelessly.
The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides
physical access to a networking medium and, for IEEE 802 and similar
networks, provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC
addresses that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces.

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Q.16 Explain Sound Cards

A sound card (also known as an audio card) is an

internal computer expansion card that facilitates economical input and
output of audio signals to and from a computer under control of computer
programs.
The term sound card is also applied to external audio interfaces that use
software to generate sound, as opposed to using hardware inside the PC.
Typical uses of sound cards include providing the audio component for
multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio,
presentation, education and entertainment (games) and video projection.
Sound functionality can also be integrated onto the motherboard, using
components similar to plug-in cards.
The integrated sound system is often still referred to as a "sound card".
Sound processing hardware is also present on modern video cards with
HDMI to output sound along with the video using that connector.

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