St. Augustine’s School of Iba Inc.

Iba, Zambales SY 2020-2021

GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

MODULE 1

THE WORLD OF THE CELL

NAME:Preiy Julian M. De Guia

GRADE AND SECTION: Grade 12 STEM B

Prepared by: Clarinda A. Bautista

 CURRICULUM CONNECTION

LIFE PERFORMANCE OUTCOME

LPO 1 : Mindful, Self-directed Learners and Role Models

LPO 4 : Conscientious, Adept Performers and Achievers

PROGRAM OUTCOME

All St. Augustine’s School, Inc. graduates can accurately apply and
integrate sound concepts, skills, processes, technologies, and information from
the major scientific disciplines to develop and implement workable strategies
that have a direct bearing on their daily lives and decisions.

ESSENTIAL PERFORMANCE OUTCOME

EPO4 : Describe and explain the new Scientific abilities they have developed as
the result of self-initiated learning experiences and projects

EPO3 : Explain the factors that generally affect their decisions and actions, and
assess the consequences they produce.

EPO6 : Consistently seek feedback from informed, credible individuals on the

accuracy, clarity, authenticity, and scientific techniques and practice revising
and restating them until they are well received.

EPO10 : Openly demonstrate their basic and advanced Science Process skills as
experienced individuals and improve them according to the feedback they
receive.

CONTENT STANDARDS

The learners demonstrate understanding of cell theory, cell structure and

functions, prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cells, cell types and cell modifications.

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The learners should be able to construct a 3D model of a plant/animal/

bacterial cell using recyclable materials.

APPLICATION COMMITMENT

Initiate and sustain efforts that draw attention to environmental issues

and propose workable measures to reduce and eventually eliminate them.
 UNIT 1 : THE WORLD OF THE CELL
Learning competencies
At the end of the lesson, you
should be able to:

1. Explain the postulate of the cell

theory.
2. Describe the structure and
function of major and subcellular
organelles.
3. Distinguish prokaryotic from
eukaryotic cells according to their
distinctive features
Figure 1. An electron micrograph scans of gram-positive Mycobacterium 4. Classify different cell types and
tuberculosis bacteria that cause tuberculosis. specify the functions of each.
5. Describe some cell
Introduction to Cell Biology modifications that lead to
adaptation to carry out specialized
There are more than 350 000 species of known plants and
function
more is to be discovered and name. Their fascinating morphology
and their ability to regulate and maintain homeostasis are studied by
botanist.

What do paramecium and whales have in common? Why is

the shape of a neuron different from that of a red blood cell even if
it carries the same genetic code? What do cancerous cells mean?

Understanding the basics of cell structure will lead us to the

answer to these questions. As a student, you will be able to
understand the basic structure among all organisms, that is, the cell. Figure 2: Plant cell’s chloroplast.

Cellular Structure
Your body has many kinds of cells each specialized for a
specific purpose. Human body is like a house made from a variety
of building materials constructed from many cell types. For
example, an epithelial cell protects the surface of the body and
covers the organ and body cavities within. Bone cells produce
substances to support and protect the body. Cells of the immune
system fight invading bacteria. Blood and blood cells carry nutrients
and oxygen throughout the body while removing carbon dioxide.
Figure 3: Animal’s red blood cells.

Each of these cell types plays a vital role during the growth, development and day-to-day
maintenance of the body. In spite of their enormous variety, however, cells from all organism even ones as
diverse as bacterium, onion and human share certain fundamental characteristics.
The Cell Theory

Prior to the invention of the very first microscope, everything

that could not be seen by the naked eye was unexplained. In 1665,
Robert Hooke was able to observe in a piece of cork specimen structure
which appear as tiny compartments similar to small rooms that are fitted
to each other ( Figure 4). Hook coined the word “cell” to describe these
 Activity 1: The Discovery and Binding Mechanisms of Life
Directions: Carefully read, analyze and answer the activity below. Watch a video or make research about
the “Cell Theory” which tells about the story of the discovery of cell. Identify the scientist by their work
statement and explain how they discover it. Choose from the box which scientist gave the following. Write
your answer in the table.
Rudolf Virchow Anton Va n Leeuwenhoek Matthias Schleiden
Theodor Schwa nn SCIENTIST
STATEMENT Robert Hooke EXPLAINATION

Thousands of tiny empty Cell Organelles

in cork are called cell (1665) Robert Hooke The invention of the microscope led to the
discovery of cell by Hooke
Van leeuwenhoek It was he who discovered bacteria, free-
Tiny living organisms are observed
living and parasitic microscopic protists,
(1676)
sperm cells, blood cells, microscopic
nematodes and rotifers, and much more.
Matthias Schleiden Contributions to Phytogenesis”, in which he
All plants are made up of cells
stated that the different parts of the plant
(1838)
organism are composed of cells or
derivatives of cells.
Theodor Schwann German physiologist who founded modern
All animals are made up of cells
histology by defining the cell as the basic
(1839)
unit of animal structure.

Rudolf Virchow Rudolf Virchow concluded that all cell

All cells come from pre-existing
come from pre existing cells thus
cells (1858)
completing the classical theory

cell is generally microscopic, but its size varies from one organism to another and also from the parts of the organism itself. Ce
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 Activity 2: Organelles Nicknames
Directions: Complete the table. Write the name of each organelle in the blanks. In the second column,
indicate
Figuresit is found
5 and in animal cell,Plant
6: Respectively, plantand
cellanimal
or both.organelles
Create a nickname for each organelle that is connected
3D structure.
to its function. Write its function and comparison in the last column and answer the guide questions below.

Animal/
Organelle plant/ Nickname Function In the same way…
both
The security guard controls
Plasma Security Cell membrane controls what
Both that comes in and goes out of
Membrane Guard comes into and out of the cell
the school premises.
Both cell's brain
Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Endoplasmic
Reticulum

Golgi
Apparatus

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton

Cilia

Flagella

function of the cell and maintain homeostasis. Predict what would happen if one of the organelles was removed. How would th

ctivity, which organelles do you think is the most important?

 Cell Types
f two groups: eukaryotes or prokaryotes. Cellular structure determines which group an organism

The difference between

while “karyon” means “nucleus.”
called “nucleoid” that has no membrane. However, both types of cells possess cytoplasm. In prokaryotes, aside from not havin

Figure 7: This figure shows the generalized structure of a prokaryotic cell. All prokaryotes have chromosomal
DNA localized in a nucleoid, ribosomes, a cell membrane, and a cell wall.
Figure 8: Examples of microbial cell shape.
 All prokaryotic organisms are unicellular (single-celled) which include the members of Kingdom
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. They are much simpler in unicellular structure (Figure 7) and may occur
singly,
Figure 9: in
Thepairs, chains,
figure showsclusters, aggregates
relative sizes or colonies.
of microbes Prokaryoticscale
on a logarithmic organisms are each
(recall that extremely
unit ofmicroscopic
increase in
ranging from
logarithmic scale1-10 micrometers
represents a 10-foldinincrease
diameters compared
in quantity to measured).
being eukaryotic cells that are bigger with 10-100
micrometer in diameter. Some species are rod-shaped (bacilli), spherical (cocci), spiral, etc.

All multicellular organisms including humans, which are composed of complex or many cells, are
examples of eukaryotic cells. Kingdom Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia are the members of eukaryotes’
cellular structures perform variety of functions. Plasma membrane and cell wall are found in both cell types;
however, their composition and structure are highly dissimilar. Different eukaryotic organisms have varying
features in terms of the composition, structure, and function of the cell organelles. For instance, fungi cell is
different to plant cell in many aspects.

Activity 3: Present or Absent?

Directions: Complete the table. Write in the table “Present” if the organelle is present to prokaryotic or
eukaryotic and if not write “absent” and answer the guide questions below.

Organelle
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Plasma Membrane Present Present

Present Absent
Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton
Present Present
Cell Wall

Vesicles and Vacuoles

Guide Questions:
Are all prokaryotes unicellular? Can they be multicellular? Explain.

What is the significant of compartmentalization of eukaryotic cells?

 Let’s Review
Cells are the smallest functional unit that makes up all living things.
The cell membrane is a dynamic barrier that is semi-permeable and fluid, composed of a phospholipid bilayer and pr
The endomembrane system is composed of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes; transport vesicl
Unicellular organisms have different cell structures than multicellular organism; plant cells have different structu

Congratulations, you had just finished your module 1! After studying our lesson, kindly write the things you learne

Congratulations, you have finished your lessons in module 1! After studying our lesson, kindly
write the things you learned, found interesting and question as your learning summaries.

My Reflection:

1. What points do I learned while doing the activities?

2. What difficulties have I encountered in doing the activities?

REFERENCES
ferences:
, Ma. Rea, M.,et al, 2017, General Biology 1, Rex Book Store, Inc.
sar, et al, 2017, General Biology 1, Vibal Publishimg
nternet References:
Hooke’s drawing of cork Animal cell organelles 3D
ell organelles 3D
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Plant cell chloroplast

al cell shape httpsgoogle.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miraclesregenerative.com%2Fanti-
%2F&psig=AOvVaw0DPvdksPIoYCmqqfPtE4MW&ust=1599155804279000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved= 0CAIQjRxqFwoTCNCdmuCFy-sCFQAAAAAdAA